Video: Puas yog alchemists charlatans lossis cov kws tshawb fawb?
2023 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-08-01 19:22
Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, alchemists ua ib colossal pab rau txoj kev kawm ntawm cov khoom, tshuaj thiab variants ntawm lawv kev sib raug zoo.
Cov tswv yim hais txog qhov ua tau ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau, uas yog, hais txog kev hloov pauv ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov, tau nrov txawm nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Antiquity. Ntawm chav kawm, nws yog hais txog kev hloov cov hlau lead lossis tin rau hauv kub lossis nyiaj. Tab sis tsis yog lwm txoj hauv kev! Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev nthuav dav tiag tiag ntawm kev sim nrog kev xav ua kom tau txais cov hlau hauv paus rau hauv cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe tau pib hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog.
Qhov ze ntawm kub hauv nws qhov zoo rau cov hlau lead thiab mercury tau tshwm sim txawm tias hauv Antiquity. Tab sis yuav ua li cas kom ua tiav kev hloov pauv ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov?
Rau qhov zoo siab ntawm txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm alchemists yav tom ntej, tus kws tshawb fawb Arab Jabir ibn Hayyan tau sau thaum tig ntawm 8-9 centuries tias tus yuam sij rau kev vam meej hauv kev sim nrog kev hloov pauv yog ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog tig cov hlau rau hauv kub, tab sis kuj kho tau. txhua yam kab mob, uas txhais tau tias muab kev tsis txawj tuag rau nws tus tswv. Cov tshuaj no tau pib hu ua "zoo elixir" lossis "philosopher's pob zeb".
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, cov lus qhia ntawm Jabir ibn Hayyan tau ua pov thawj kom nrov heev hauv Tebchaws Europe. Kev nqhis dej kom tau txais kev nplua nuj sai, thiab txawm tias lub zog dhau lub sijhawm, ua rau muaj qhov tseeb tias ntawm cov neeg laus laus thiab cov neeg nplua nuj hauv nroog muaj kev xav tau ntau rau alchemists. Ntawd yog, cov neeg uas muaj kev txawj ntse tsim nyog los tshawb nrhiav lub pob zeb philosopher. Ntau pua lub chaw soj nstuam zais cia tau tshwm sim (kom khaws cov kev paub dawb ceev zais cia), qhov uas tsis muaj kev sim nrog txhua yam khoom raug ua tiav rau lub hom phiaj nyiam.
Hauv cov teb chaws Europe medieval, txhua tus huab tais hwm tus kheej tswj hwm nws tus kheej pab pawg ntawm alchemists thiab muab txhua yam lawv xav tau. Ib txhia txawm mus ntxiv lawm. Yog li ntawd, tus huab tais ntawm Dawb Huv Roman faj tim teb chaws Rudolph II nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw nyob tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug zais cia hauv qab daus rau dubious thwmsim, tab sis ib tug tiag tiag alchemical chaw. Nrog xws li kev txhawb nqa thiab kev txhawb nqa, cov txiaj ntsig tau tsis ntev tom ntej.
Tau kawg, tsis muaj leej twg pom lub Pob Zeb Philosopher. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, tib neeg txoj kev paub txog cov khoom ntawm cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo kawg nkaus. Thiab nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tau ua uas muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev.
Nyob rau xyoo pua 13th, Askiv Franciscan yawg Roger Bacon, sim nrog ntsev, tau txais cov hmoov dub. Thaum tig ntawm 13-14 centuries, Spanish alchemist Arnold los ntawm Villanova tau tsim ib txoj hauj lwm uas nws tau piav qhia meej tsis tsuas yog ntau yam tshuaj lom, tab sis kuj muaj tshuaj tua kab mob, nrog rau cov khoom siv tshuaj ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Qhov no yog ib kauj ruam loj rau pem hauv ntej rau cov tshuaj medieval. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, German alchemist hauj sam Vasily Valentin (uas nws muaj, txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb los ntawm qee cov kws tshawb fawb) pom sulfuric acid, thiab tseem piav qhia txog antimony hauv kev nthuav dav thawj zaug.
Tus Swiss alchemist Paracelsus, uas nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, ua ib tug loj pab rau kev vam meej. Nws yog nws uas tau hloov cov kev sim alchemical rau hauv kev tshawb fawb loj. Thiab tsis ntev, kev txaus siab hauv alchemy pib poob qis. Rau cov neeg kawm ntawv, qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm txhua qhov kev sim kawm yuav ua li cas tig mercury los yog lead ua kub tau pom tseeb.
Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom uas peb paub los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv (thaum lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm hauv kev kawm chemistry) tau tsim thiab qhia rau hauv kev ncig los ntawm alchemists. Los yog tsawg kawg yog yoog rau kev sim kuaj. Cov no yog, piv txwv li, beakers, flasks ntawm cov duab sib txawv, txhua yam ntawm cov ntxaij lim dej, droppers los yog pipettes, coils, raws li zoo raws li burners nrog ib tug ntaus ntawv rau kho qhov siv ntawm cov nplaim taws.
Curiously, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, cov hauj lwm ntawm alchemists tau hais tias yog ib tug nkim sij hawm. Nws tau ntseeg tias cov neeg tshawb nrhiav medieval yog cov neeg txawj ntse thiab cov neeg taug txuj kev nyuaj uas tsuas yog xav txog qhov tsis paub ntawm tib neeg. Thiab lawv tej hauj lwm tsis muaj qhov tshwm sim. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua 20th uas qhov kev ntsuam xyuas no raug tso tseg thiab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm alchemists hauv kev tsim cov chemistry niaj hnub tau lees paub.
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