Kev paub tsis meej ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Indian kev vam meej tau tshwm sim

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kev suav pej xeem loj ntawm cov haiv neeg thaum ub ntawm Central thiab South Asia tau pab cov kws tshawb fawb los tshawb pom qhov paub tsis meej ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Indian kev vam meej. Lawv qhov kev tshawb pom tau luam tawm hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv hluav taws xob biorXiv.org.

"Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb pom qhov tsis meej ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cov lus Indo-European uas hais hauv Is Nrias teb thiab Europe. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev uas txhua tus neeg hais lus ntawm cov lus no tau txais ib feem ntawm lawv cov genome los ntawm Caspian pastoralists. Qhov no qhia tias lig. Proto-Indo-European lus, ib qho "cov poj koob yawm txwv" ntawm txhua yam lus Indo-European, yog hom lus ntawm cov nomads no," sau David Reich ntawm Harvard (USA) thiab nws cov npoj yaig.

Indian, los yog Harappan, kev vam meej yog ib qho ntawm peb txoj kev vam meej tshaj plaws, nrog rau cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub thiab Sumerian. Nws pib txog tsib txhiab xyoo dhau los nyob rau hauv Indus Valley ntawm ciam teb ntawm niaj hnub Is Nrias teb thiab Pakistan thiab mus txog nws lub hnub qub nyob rau hauv 2200-1900 BC.

Thaum lub sij hawm no, ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm kev lag luam thiab "kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb" tau tshwm sim, kev npaj ntawm kev nyob hauv nroog, cov chaw huv huv, kev ntsuas thiab qhov hnyav tau raug ntsuas, thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm Indian kev vam meej tau nthuav mus rau tag nrho cov teb chaws. Tom qab xyoo 1900 BC, nws tau poob rau hauv kev lwj - lub megacities ntawm cov neeg Isdias Asmesliskas thaum ub tau dhau los ua qhov khoob, thiab lawv cov pab pawg tau tsiv mus rau cov zos me me ntawm ko taw ntawm Himalayas.

Cov kws tshawb fawb, raws li Reich sau tseg, tau ntev tau xav tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau lub cev qhuav dej ntawm qhov kev vam meej thaum ub, tab sis kuj nyob hauv nws keeb kwm. Qhov tseeb yog tias txoj kev kawm ntawm cov monuments ntawm kab lis kev cai, kev ntseeg thiab lus ntawm Indian civilization tau tsim ib tug ntau ntawm controversy ntawm historians, archaeologists thiab linguists txog lub luag hauj lwm nws ua si nyob rau hauv lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm Ancient India.

Piv txwv li, thaum cov kws sau keeb kwm thiab cov kws paub lus tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab tias nws cuam tshuam li cas nrog kev sib kis ntawm cov lus Dravidian thoob plaws Indian subcontinent, txawm tias nws cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov classical Indian pantheon thiab lwm yam "tus ncej" ntawm Vedism, thiab nws lub neej li cas. los yog kev tuag yog txuam nrog cov pab pawg neeg Indo-Aryan …

Reich thiab nws cov npoj yaig tau nqis tes ua kom tau txais cov lus teb rau tag nrho cov lus nug no los ntawm kev txiav txim siab thiab kawm cov qauv ntawm yuav luag plaub puas genomes ntawm cov neeg qub qub ntawm Lavxias Urals, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan thiab qaum teb Pakistan. Cov no suav nrog ob qho tib si niaj hnub ntawm Harappan kev vam meej thiab cov neeg uas nyob tom qab ntau, thaum lub sij hawm Hlau, thaum "Aryans" twb tsim nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Is Nrias teb.

Los ntawm kev sib piv cov kev hloov pauv me me hauv lawv cov genomes, nrog rau kev sib piv nrog cov DNA ntawm cov neeg nyob niaj hnub no ntawm cov cheeb tsam hauv ntiaj teb, paleogeneticists tau sau ib daim ntawv qhia kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov neeg thaum ub, uas tau lees paub lawv cov lus xaus yav dhau los txog "Caspian" keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Indo-European hom lus tsev neeg thiab nthuav tawm ntau yam tshiab thiab tsis xav txog hauv lawv cov kev hloov pauv.

Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb, uas nyob hauv Anatolia thiab Middle East, muaj cov noob caj noob ces tsis yog rau thawj cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv Tebchaws Europe, tab sis kuj rau lawv cov "cov npoj yaig" los ntawm yav tom ntej Asian koom pheej ntawm Soviet. Union thiab Iran. Qhov no tuaj raws li kev xav tsis thoob rau cov keeb kwm, txij li thaum lawv tau xav tias kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev yug nyuj tuaj ntawm no ntau tom qab, nrog rau cov neeg los ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Caspian steppes.

Daim ntawv qhia kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm cov neeg thaum ub hauv Eurasia

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov genomes ntawm cov neeg nyob tom qab ntawm Iran thiab nws ib puag ncig tsis muaj DNA sib cuam tshuam los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Caspian Yamnaya kab lis kev cai. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej "Aryan" haiv neeg tsis dhau los ntawm nws thaj chaw thaum lub sij hawm "Great Migration" mus rau sab qab teb, tsiv mus rau Turan lowland, thiab nkag mus rau thaj chaw ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Asia ntau tom qab.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau pom ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus rau South thiab Southeast Asia. Qhov no qhia tias tag nrho cov cim ntawm Indo-European DNA tau txais los ntawm lawv los ntawm thawj cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm thaj av Caspian, uas nkag mus rau Indus Valley txog plaub txhiab xyoo dhau los.

Cov neeg no, raws li Reich thiab nws cov npoj yaig tau pom, tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub thiab cov neeg qub qub hauv Is Nrias teb, suav nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Harappan lig. Lawv qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm Indus Valley, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb paleogenetics, ua rau muaj ob pawg neeg sib txawv - "Aryan" sab qaum teb thiab "autochthonous" yav qab teb cov neeg Isdias Asmesliskas, sib txawv ntawm cov caj ces thiab hom lus.

Interestingly, qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm "steppe" DNA tau pom ntau dua ntawm cov Indian castes thiab haiv neeg, uas nws cov neeg sawv cev, piv txwv li, Brahmins, tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev sib kis ntawm Vedism hauv ancient sij hawm. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, qhov no ua pov thawj pom zoo ntawm qhov tseeb tias kev cuam tshuam ntawm Indo-Aryan pawg neeg tiag tiag cuam tshuam rau kev tsim ntawm classical Hinduism.

Tag nrho cov no, raws li Reich thiab nws cov npoj yaig, ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Caspian kev xav ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Indo-European lus tsev neeg, thiab tseem qhia tau hais tias Indian kev vam meej tsis ploj mus yam tsis muaj kab. Nws tau los ua, ua tsaug rau qhov ntxeem tau ntawm Indo-Aryan pab pawg neeg, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm ob sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb ntawm Is Nrias teb, uas muaj ntau yam sib txawv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab lus niaj hnub no.