Russia nyob rau hauv lub tsom teeb ntawm txawv teb chaws architects

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thaum kawm Valerian Kiprianov phau ntawv "The Picturesque History of Russian Architecture", kuv pom tias nws tsis tau hais txog Lavxias tus kws tsim vaj tsev, lossis cov kws tsim vaj tsev zoo nkauj, raws li lawv tau hu ua ntej, tab sis puas yog neeg txawv teb chaws caw tuaj rau kev tsim kho?

Lo lus "kws tsim kho", uas peb tam sim no siv, thiab uas yog siv los xaiv cov kws tsim vaj tsev nyob hauv txhua lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, los ntawm Greek "tus kws tsim vaj tsev" - tus thawj coj, tus kws tshaj lij ntoo, tus tsim. Nws hloov tawm tias cov Greeks yog thawj tus tsim nyob hauv Europe. Yog hais tias peb pib delve rau hauv lub ntsiab lus, nws hloov tawm hais tias tim Nkij teb chaws tsis yog xws li ib tug ancient tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj lub npe zoo li no hauv daim ntawv qhia qub. Piv txwv li, ntawm Fra Mauro daim ntawv qhia:

Fragment ntawm Fra Mauro daim ntawv qhia, 1459.

Daim ntawv qhia nyeem: Ltalis, Macedonia (tsim los ntawm Mavro Orbini, i.e. Mavar Orbin rau lub Slavic lub teb chaws), Albania, Rasia, Bulgaria, Croatsia, Ungaria (Hungary), inhabited nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm los ntawm cov Slavs. Tab sis dab tsi yog lub 15th (Fra Mauro) los yog 16th (Mavro Orbini) centuries, txawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th lawv nco ntsoov cov Illyrians nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm niaj hnub tim Nkij teb chaws thiab cov Etruscans - nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm niaj hnub Ltalis, uas, raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm. Cov chaw nyob sab Europe, cov neeg Loos thiab tau txais kev kos duab ntawm engineering thiab kev tsim kho.

Thiab nws yuav tsis xav tsis thoob tias West European Slavs pab lawv cov kwv tij sab hnub tuaj nrog kev tsim kho. Tab sis qhov tseeb nws hloov tawm hais tias, feem ntau yuav, yog tias tsis yog tag nrho, ces feem ntau ntawm cov txawv teb chaws architects nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yam tsawg kawg nkaus nyob rau hauv lawv "homeland" rau ib co yog vim li cas tsis muaj dab tsi paub txog lawv. Tab sis txhua yam nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim.

Txawv teb chaws architects 11-14 centuries

Thawj qhov hais txog txawv teb chaws architectshais txog lub xyoo pua 11th. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Sophia nyob rau hauv Kiev tau tsim Greek architects thiab dai kom zoo nkauj Greek artists:

Lwm lub tsev, tsis muaj npe nrov ntawm cov ancient monuments ntawm Russia, yog lub Cathedral ntawm St. Sophia nyob rau hauv Kiev, ua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo. los ntawm 1017 txog 1037Xyoo los ntawm Grand Duke Yaroslav Vladimirovich, ua kev nco txog kev yeej ntawm Pechenegs. Qee qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj no tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no hauv lawv lub xeev qub. Txoj kev tsim cov phab ntsa thiab ncej ntawm lub tuam tsev no, kuj tsim Greek architects, zoo ib yam li uas tau saws rau pawg ntseeg ntawm Dima. Judging los ntawm dab tsi yog tshuav rau peb nrog decorations ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm Yaroslav, nws yuav tsum tau xav tias nws tag nrho cov sab hauv yog decorated nrog mosaics. Saint Olympus ntawm lub qhov tsua, paub txog nws lub sijhawm ua tus kws kos duab zoo nkauj thiab tus tswv ntawm mosaics, ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom dai los ntawm Greek architects ».

Reconstruction ntawm tus thawj saib ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kiev

"Lub Cathedral ntawm St. Sophia nyob rau hauv Novgorod tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1045 los ntawm Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich, kuj tau ua. Greek architects, yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws Byzantine style … Hais txog txoj kev ntawm kev tsim kho thiab kev siv cov ntaub ntawv, nws txawv me ntsis ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Kiev"

Saib ntawm Hagia Sophia hauv Novgorod

Italian kws kes duab vajtse Aristotle Fioraventi, 15th caug xyoo

Tab sis txij li cov npe ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev no tsis muaj sia nyob, nws nyuaj rau kev txheeb xyuas tam sim no. Pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, cov npe tshwm sim:

"Kev los rau lub hwj chim ntawm Ivan III (1440 -1505) tau qhib tshiab kov hauv kev kos duab, architecture, sab ntsuj plig thiab sab ntsuj plig, ua rau muaj kev paub zoo, raws li peb tuaj yeem txiav txim los ntawm cov monuments uas tshuav rau peb. John III tau hu bricklayers los ntawm Pskov uas kawm lawv cov khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm German craftsmen; Nws tau hu los ntawm Venice tus kws kos duab nto moo thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Aristotle Fioraventi, ib txwm nyob hauv Bologna. Cov tom kawg tau qhia Muscovites kom ua cov cib loj dua thiab muaj zog dua li cov uas lawv tau siv los txog tam sim no, ua cov txiv qaub denser thiab muaj zog dua, siv cov cib rau cov phab ntsa, tsis tawg, thiab tawm tom kawg tsuas yog rau cov hauv paus, khi cov phab ntsa nrog hlau crampons., tsim cib vaults, fashionable av nplaum decorations, nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, tsim cov tsev nrog ntau dua ncaj thiab precision."

Zoo li ntawd Aristotle Fioraventi(1415-1486) yog nto moo heev nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws ua ntej mus txog rau Russia, tab sis tsis yog ib tug kws kes duab vajtse, tab sis ntau tshaj li ib tug engineer. Nws muaj peev xwm txav tau tus pej thuam 25-meter, nrog lub hauv paus 5-meter, hnyav txog 400 tons, ntau tshaj 13 meters rau sab. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov no hauv Lavxias thiab Italian. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 60 xyoo, nws tuaj txog hauv Russia thiab nyob ntawd rau 20 xyoo ntxiv. Nws tau koom nrog kev tsim kho ntawm Cathedral ntawm Assumption nyob rau hauv Moscow, thiab feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub reconstruction thiab kev tsim kho ntawm lub Kremlin, thiab tejzaum nws txawm npaj lub cia rau lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai.

Assumption Cathedral ntawm Moscow Kremlin

Txawv teb chaws architects Fryaziny, 15-16 centuries

Tom ntej no los tag nrho lub galaxy ntawm Fryazin architects: Aleviz Fryazin Stary, Aleviz Fryazin Novy, Anton Fryazin, Bon Fryazin, Ivan Fryazin, Mark Fryazin thiab Petr Fryazin (ntau tus neeg paub los ntawm lub npe no). Cov peev txheej thov. Hais tias cov qub Lavxias teb sab "fryaz" txhais tau tias "neeg txawv teb chaws", "neeg txawv tebchaws", yog li ntawd, thaj, cov neeg txawv teb chaws no tau txais ib lub xeem rau tag nrho cov. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Tsars Ivan III thiab Vasily III, los ntawm 1485 txog 1536. Cov no yog cov tsev teev ntuj, cov tuam tsev thiab cathedrals. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus kws kes duab vajtse Mark Fryazin tsim lub Faceted Chamber, Aleviz Fryazin - lub Kremlin palace (ntaus)

Aleviz Fryazin Qub

Trinity Ntauwd ntawm Moscow Kremlin

Hauv Ltalis, tsis muaj dab tsi paub txog Aleviz Fryazin QubDhau li ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws yog ib tug kws kos duab Italian nquag thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance nyob rau hauv Russia. Hauv lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe nws zoo ib yam. Tib yam siv rau Aleviz Fryazin Novy.

Aleviz Fryazin New

Archangel Cathedral nyob rau hauv Moscow

Cov ntaub ntawv Italian sab:

"Aloìsio Nuovo, hu ua Lavxias teb sab li Aleviz Novy los yog Aleviz Fryazin, yog ib tug Italian Renaissance architect uas tau caw los ntawm Tsar Ivan III mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Moscow. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb Italian tau sim txheeb xyuas nws nrog Venetian sculptor Alevizio Lamberti da Montagnano, tab sis tsis pom kev pom zoo."

Txog Anton Fryazine: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?kuj tsis muaj dab tsi paub, tsuas yog hais tias nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia. Italian thiab Fab Kis qhov chaw tshaj tawm txog nws, xa mus rau Lavxias teb sab lus - Zemtsov S. M.., Architect of Moscow, M., Moskovsky Rabochiy, 1981, 44-46 p. Architects ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th thiab thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th:

Antonio Frjazin, ua tauItalian lub npe Antonio Gilardi los yog Gislardi yog Italian kws kes duab vajtse thiab diplomat uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm 1469 txog 1488.

Lub npe menyuam yaus "Fryazin" (uas yog, Franco) tau muab los ntawm cov neeg qub qub ntawm Muscovy rau txhua tus neeg tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Europe yav qab teb, tshwj xeeb, Italians. Cov ntaub ntawv me me tau pom txog tus kws kes duab vajtse: nws paub tias nws yog los ntawm Vicenza, xyoo 1469 nws tuaj txog hauv Moscow, qhov twg xyoo 1485 nws tau koom nrog kev tsim kho thawj pej thuam tshiab ntawm Moscow Kremlin, ua tiav ntawm cib (Taynitskaya ntauwd), thiab peb xyoos tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1488, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub Sviblova ntauwd, tom qab renamed lub Vodovzvodnaya ntauwd. Muaj kev xav raws li qhov uas nyob rau hauv annals ntawm ancient Russia, nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Anton Fryazin, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ob tug neeg txawv yog qhia."

Italian qhov chaw tsis qhia dab tsi txog Bon Fryazin. Ib tug Fab Kis qhov chaw, xa mus rau "Ua tiav sau ntawm Lavxias teb sab chronicles", ceeb toom:

« Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tsis muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov twg nws tuaj los lossis nws tau ua dab tsi ua ntej nws nyob hauv Grand Duchy ntawm Muscovy.… Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov no tsuas yog hais txog kev tsim kho ntawm Ivan lub Great Tswb Ntauwd hauv Moscow Kremlin. Nws yog lub tsev siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Moscow mus txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua puv 19"

Ivan lub Great Tswb Ntauwd, Moscow Kremlin

Mark Fryazinpaub hauv Ltalis:

"Marco Ruffo, lub npe hu ua Marko Fryazin, yog tus kws kos duab Italian ua haujlwm hauv Moscow hauv xyoo pua 15th. Nws ntseeg tau tias Marco Ruffo ua haujlwm hauv Moscow ntawm kev caw ntawm Ivan III ntawm 1485 thiab 1495. Nws tsim ntau lub tsev Kremlin, suav nrog Beklemishevskaya, Spasskaya thiab Nikolskaya. Xyoo 1491, ua ke nrog Pietro Antonio Solari, Ruffo ua tiav kev tsim kho ntawm Palazzo delle Fazett. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, Marco Ruffo ua hauj lwm ua tub rog kws kes duab vajtse hauv Milan, qhov chaw nws tau hu los ntawm Ambassador ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Venice sawv cev ntawm Ivan III. Qhov no yog li cas txoj kev mus rau Russia thiab kev tsim kho ntawm Kremlin pib."

Qhov tseeb, cov ntaub ntawv no kuj yog muab los ntawm ib lub hauv paus ntawm Russia: "Accademia moscovita di architettura", RUSSIAN URBAN ARTS, Storijzdat, 1993

Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws nyob rau hauv Fabkis, lub hauv paus yog dua Lavxias teb sab: S. M. Zemtsov / Zemtsov S. M., architectes de Moscou / Architects ntawm Moscow (phau ntawv), Moscou, Moskovsky Rabochiy, 1981, 59-68 p. "Architects ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th thiab thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th."

Peter Antonin Fryazinpaub nyob rau hauv ltalis tsis tsuas yog los ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Lub xyoo ntawm nws lub neej thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus ntawm nws biography yog paub:

"Pietro Antonio Solari los yog Solaro, paub nyob rau hauv Russia li Peter Antonin Fryazin, yog ib tug Italian sculptor thiab architect, Ameslikas los ntawm lub Canton ntawm Ticino. Nws ua hauj lwm ua ib tug sculptor hauv Certosa di Pavia, Duomo Milan thiab Ca Grande. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau koom nrog kev kho dua tshiab ntawm ntau lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Milan: Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Santa Maria del Carmin, lub Koom Txoos ntawm Santa Maria Incoronata thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm San Bernardino-Allee Monache. Txij li thaum 1487 nws tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Moscow, hu los ntawm Tsar Ivan III Vasilyevich los tsim kho tshiab tiv thaiv yees rau lub Kremlin, ib tug tsis tu ncua ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub coj ntawm Tsar Vasily III. Nws tuag hauv Moscow thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1493."

Cov. nws yog ib tug sculptor nyob rau hauv ltalis. Thiab nws tau koom nrog kev tsim kho dua tshiab, tab sis nws tsis tau tsim dab tsi, hauv kev nkag siab los ntawm kos. Nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev tsim kho ntawm 6 tus yees: Borovitskaya, Konstantino-Eleninskaya, Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Senatskaya thiab Uglova Arsenalnaya.

Spasskaya Ntauwd ntawm Moscow Kremlin

O thib ob Petra Fryazin, tsis zoo li thawj zaug, xyaum tsis muaj dab tsi paub:

"Pietro Francesco yog tus kws kos duab Italian ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Russia thaum xyoo 15th thiab thaum ntxov 16th centuries. Kuj tseem hu ua Pietro Francesco Fryazin, nws tau ua haujlwm raws li txoj cai ntawm Tsar Vasily III. Raws li ob peb lub sijhawm hais txog nws, tus kws tsim qauv tuaj txog hauv Moscow hauv 1494. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1509 thiab 1511, nws tau koom nrog kev tsim kho ntawm Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin hauv kev tsim kho, qhov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas nws ua haujlwm, thiab ua tiav hauv 1515."

Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov chaw Italian no dua yog kev txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Ntawm no kuv txhais li no nkag rau hauv annals:

"Lub caij ntuj sov 7017 (1509), Tsar thiab Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich coj Pyotr Frazin los ntawm Moscow mus rau Nizhny Novgrad, thiab hais kom nws mus khawb ib tug moat qhov twg lub nroog lub pob zeb phab ntsa thiab yees, ntxiv rau lub Dmitrievskaya pej thuam."

Dmitrievskaya pej thuam ntawm Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin

Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov keeb kwm hais txog qhov kwj dej, thiab tsis yog ntawm tus pej thuam nws tus kheej … Tab sis cov no yog cov ntsiab lus tsis tseem ceeb?

Peb Peter FryazinCov neeg Italians tsis hais nws txhua (tej zaum, lawv nkees ntawm kev txhais lus Lavxias). Cov Fabkis hais txog nws, xa mus rau cov lus Lavxias teb sab Les fortifications moyenageuses de type bastion en Russie / Kirpichnikov A. N. "Bastion-type fortresses in medieval Russia". - Monuments ntawm kab lis kev cai. Kev tshawb pom tshiab. Phau ntawv xyoo. Xyoo 1978:

"Petrok Maly los yog Petr Maloy Fryazin (Lavxias teb sab: Petrok Maly) yog ib tug Italian kws kes duab vajtse active nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub 1530s, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm fortifications. Nws tau lub npe menyuam yaus "Fryazin", zoo li lwm tus neeg tuaj txawv teb chaws Italian.

Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm hais txog Petrok ua "tus kws kes duab vajtse". Lo lus no txhais tau hais tias nws muaj tus txheej txheem siab. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, nws yog tus sau cov tsev hauv qab no:

Nyob rau hauv 1532 lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Sawv Rov Los nyob rau hauv Moscow Kremlin, nyob ib sab ntawm lub Ivan lub Great Tswb Ntauwd (ua tiav tsis muaj nws nyob rau hauv 1552 thiab renamed lub Cathedral ntawm lub Nativity ntawm Tswv Yexus), nyob rau hauv 1534 lub earthen fortress nyob rau hauv Moscow hu ua Tuam Tshoj, nyob rau hauv 1535. Lub pob zeb phab ntsa ntawm Kitay-Gorod, nyob rau hauv 1534-1535 biennium earthen fortress nyob rau hauv Sebezh, nyob rau hauv 1536 lwm earthen fortress nyob rau hauv Pronsk, Ryazan cheeb tsam, Petrok kuj muaj nuj nqis rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm lub Ascension nyob rau hauv Kolomenskoye."

Kitaygorodskaya phab ntsa, Moscow

Kiprianov hais txog lwm tus kws kos duab txawv teb chaws hauv nws phau ntawv, tsis muaj npe lawv lub npe:

"Tom qab hluav taws ntawm 1591, thaum lub sij hawm kav Fedor, Moscow yog rebuilt los ntawm Italian thiab German architects thiab lawv cov tub ntxhais kawm Lavxias teb sab. Hloov cov tsev qub, tsis muaj qhov chimney, cov neeg nplua nuj tau pib tsim cov tsev txhim khu kev qha nrog lub sam thiaj, lub vestibule rhuab thiab ob, peb lossis ntau chav."

Retreat: Dutch qhov cub

Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem ceeb heev uas tsis muaj qhov chimneys hauv tebchaws Russia mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Thiab cov Italians thiab Germans tuaj rau Russia los tsim qhov cub nrog chimneys? Kuv tau ntsib cov ntaub ntawv no hauv ntau qhov chaw, tab sis nws tseem nyuaj rau ntseeg. Kev nyab xeeb nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ltalis, yog heev me me tshaj nyob rau hauv Russia. Thiab muaj qhov cub tawg yog qhov paub zoo dua qhov cub. Nov yog qhov ua noj zaub mov zoo li hauv Tebchaws Europe hauv xyoo pua 18th:

Chav ua noj sab hauv nrog ob tus poj niam ua haujlwm, Hendrik Numann

Nws yog qhov qhib hearth, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov cub, nrog lub chimney ncaj nraim. Tom qab ntawd, qhov cub ua noj tau tshwm sim, txuas rau qhov cub:

openluchtmuseum Het Hoogeland

Qhov no yog lub xyoo pua 19th Dutch chav ua noj sab hauv. Thaj, xws li hlau furnaces hu ua "Dutch" nyob rau hauv Russia. Ib qho excerpt los ntawm cov phau ntawv hais txog "Lub cub tawg craftsmanship", sau los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Vasily Sobolshchikov nyob rau hauv 1865:

Tab sis nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, qhov cub tsis tau ua txawv, ib yam li nrog dav deviations, thiab cov Dutch ua lawv ntawm no. Yog vim li cas peb lub qhov cub hauv tsev hu ua Dutch. Yuav tsum yog Cov Dutch ua haujlwm tau zoo: lawv tau tawm mus thiab lawv qhov cub tau yaj rau 40 thiab 50 xyoo.… Tib neeg kawm txhua yam txuj ci los ntawm lwm tus thiab peb cov qub txeeg qub teg ua ncaj ncees tau kawm los ntawm Dutch, thiab lawv cov me nyuam, thaum lawv pib ua hauj lwm zuj zus tuaj, ces lawv mus txog qhov kev txaj muag uas peb pom tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, cov tub hluas uas pab craftsmen kawm ua hauj lwm nrog qhov cub, thiab lawv yuav kawm dab tsi? Yog lawm, peb cov tswv tam sim no, uas kuj yog cov tub thiab saib xyuas cov txwj laus ua haujlwm, tau kawm tib yam. Yog li ntawd, peb txhua tus tau txais los ntawm ib leeg thiab cov neeg tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob, txais yuav los ntawm ib leeg, thaum kawg los txog qhov uas Peb cov tswv tsis tau tsuas yog ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv tus kheej xwb, tab sis lawv tseem tsis tau pom lwm tus ua qhov cub zoo tshaj plaws.

…. Thaum nws tseem yog menyuam tub, nws pom tau tias tus tswv, nws cov xib hwb ua haujlwm li cas. Lawv nchuav dej rau ntawm lub cib thiab nws txaws. Nws yuav xav paub seb cov Dutch tau ua li cas, tab sis ib tus yuav tsum xav tias lawv tau ua nws txawv, vim tias lawv qhov cub tau yaj mus ntev, thiab peb lub sijhawm, lub qhov cub tsis ua haujlwm qee zaum peb xyoos. "

Puas yog huab cua txawv heev uas nws txias dua hauv Tebchaws Europe dua li hauv Russia? Lossis koj puas tau ua kom sov hauv qhov chaw sib txawv? Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, nws tsis yog ib txwm ua kom vestibules nyob rau hauv cov tsev nplua nuj thiab pej xeem vaj tse; lawv tau ntxiv tom qab, twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. Txawm hais tias yav dhau los muaj txoj hauv kev hauv tsev:

"Seni - sab nrauv, qhov txias dua ntawm lub tsev nyob, ntawm qhov nkag, txoj hauv kev; nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev manor, qab lub qab nthab, muaj ib txoj kev, muaj ib tug vestibule, qab lawv pem hauv ntej; cov neeg ua liaj ua teb muaj chaw dav dav nkag los yog ib tug choj ncaj nraim ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab, los yog cais ob lub halves." (los ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus piav qhia ntawm V. Dahl)

Cov. Nws hloov tawm tias thaum xub thawj lawv tsim lub vestibules, ces nres, thiab ces pib dua? Hauv Tebchaws Europe, cov tsev tseem tab tom ua nrog vestibules. Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem cua sov tau dhau los ua qhov yooj yim dua piv rau ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Thiab qhov nruab nrab Lub Ib Hlis Ntuj, piv txwv li, hauv Netherlands tseem zoo.

Txawv teb chaws architects ntawm St

Domenico Trezzini

Rov qab mus rau peb cov kws kos duab txawv teb chaws. Thawj tus kws kos duab ua haujlwm hauv St. Petersburg yog Domenico Trezzini, los yog nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus Andrei Yakimovich Trezin (1670-1734), kws kes duab vajtse thiab engineer, Italian, yug nyob rau hauv Switzerland. V Ltalis, tus kws kes duab vajtse no tsis paub … Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Italian Wikipedia txog nws haum nyob rau hauv peb kab: uas nws yog Swissarchitect thiab urban planner. Nws kawm hauv Rome, ces raug hu los ntawm Peter 1 mus rau St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv 1703. los tsim ib txoj kev npaj dav dav rau lub peev tshiab ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Swiss Wikipedia tsis qhia txog nws tsis muaj dab tsi hlo li. German Wikipedia tshaj tawm tias nws, Tej zaum, kawm hauv Rome. Thiab ntxiv, hais tias Peter kuv caw nws mus rau St. Txog kev ua haujlwm ua ntej kev nkag tebchaws mus rau Russia - tsis yog ib lo lus. Cov lus Askiv Wikipedia kuj qhia tias tej zaum nws yuav kawm hauv Rome. Thiab tom qab ntawd, thaum nws ua haujlwm hauv Denmark, nws raug caw tuaj rau Peter I, nrog rau lwm cov kws tsim qauv tsim vaj tsev nyob rau hauv lub nroog tshiab Lavxias, St. Leej twg ua nws ua haujlwm hauv Denmark thiab qhov nws tsim nyob ntawd - tsis yog ib lo lus … Danish Wikipedia twb tsis hais tus neeg li no thiab.

Peter thiab Paul Cathedral yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm nto moo tshaj plaws los ntawm Domenico Trezzini

Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli

Txhua yam zoo li pom tseeb thiab nkag siab nrog tus kws kos duab Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (1700-1771). Tsuas yog ib qho nuance. Nws ntseeg hais tias thaum muaj hnub nyoog 15 xyoo nws tuaj rau Russia los ntawm Ltalis nrog nws txiv, sculptor uas tau caw los ntawm Peter 1. Tab sis nws txiv, uas, los ntawm txoj kev, kuj hu ua Bartolomeo Rastrelli, tsis paub zoo nyob hauv nws lub tebchaws. Italian qhov chaw tsis qhia dab tsi txog nws.… Nws tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Askiv Wikipedia, hais txog cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias teb sab:

Nyob rau hauv Russia, Rastrelli pib ua hauj lwm feem ntau yog ib tug kws kes duab vajtse. Koom nrog hauv kev npaj ntawm Vasilievsky Island thiab kev tsim kho vaj tse hauv Strelna. Nws kuj tau tshaj tawm nws cov qauv tsim rau Senate lub tsev, ua qauv ntawm cov tshuab hydraulic thiab cov ciav dej, thiab qhia hauv Academy of Sciences. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev nws pib muaj kev sib tw muaj zog nrog Jean-Baptiste Le Blond, tus kws kos duab uas tau tsiv mus rau Russia xyoo 1716 thiab tsom mus rau cov duab puab. Nws thawj txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog lub bust ntawm Alexander Menshikov, uas nws ua tiav thaum kawg ntawm 1716.

Nyob rau xyoo 1720, nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm Grand Cascade thiab Samson Fountain hauv Peterhof Palace thiab ntawm kab kev sib tw tau mob siab rau Great Northern War. Nyob rau hauv 1741 nws ua tiav tus pej thuam "Anna Ioannovna nrog ib tug me nyuam tub dub", uas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej Lavxias teb sab. Xyoo 1719 Rastrelli tau ua daim npog ntsej muag rau Peter, uas nws tau siv hauv nws txoj haujlwm ntawm peb lub busts ntawm Peter."

Nws kuj tau ua ib tug ciab daim duab ntawm Peter 1, uas yog tam sim no rau tso saib nyob rau hauv lub Hermitage. Tab sis qhov tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog nws nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw, nrog rau kev zam ntawm Lavxias teb sab-hais lus, cam khwb cia tsis ntseeg ntawm nws Italian keeb kwm. Thiab, raws li, nws tus tub thiab … Ib tsab xov xwm hais txog Bartolomeo Rastrelli (tus tub) rau British Encyclopedia tau sau los ntawm Andrei Sarabyanov (dua, Lavxias teb sab, txiav txim los ntawm nws lub xeem). Nws qhia Paris ua qhov chaw yug ntawm Rastrelli, thaum lub chaw Italian qhia Florence. Txog Rastrelli txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm:

Nws tsim ib qho yooj yim recognizable style uas yuav pom tau tias yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm lub lig European Baroque, uas yog ib tug txav ntawm Lavxias teb sab Baroque hu ua Elizabethan Baroque sawv cev ntawm poj huab tais Elizabeth I. Nws cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, lub caij ntuj no Palace nyob rau hauv St. thiab Catherine Palace hauv Tsarskoe Selo, yog nto moo extravagance ntawm khoom kim heev thiab nplua nuj ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Nyob rau hauv 1730, Rastrelli tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev hais plaub.

Nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb:

• Annenhof Palace nyob rau hauv Lefortovo, Moscow, 1730 (demolished nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th)
• Thawj lub caij ntuj no Palace nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, 1733 (tom qab demolished)
• Rundale Palace rau Ernst Biron, 1736
• Mitava Palace hauv Jelgava, Courland, dua rau Biron, 1738
• Lub caij ntuj sov Palace hauv St. Petersburg, 1741 (demolished hauv 1797)
• Expansion and reconstruction of the Great Peterhof, 1747
• Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Andrew thawj-Hu rau hauv Kiev, 1749
• Vorontsov Palace nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, 1749
• Catherine Palace hauv Tsarskoe Selo, 1752
• Mariinsky Palace hauv Kiev, 1752 (tam sim no qhov chaw nyob solemn ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Ukraine)
• Stroganov Palace nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, 1753
• Lub caij ntuj no Palace hauv St. Petersburg, 1753

Rastrelli txoj haujlwm kawg thiab xav tau tshaj plaws yog Smolny Monastery hauv St. Petersburg, qhov chaw Empress Elizabeth siv nws lub neej tas li. Nws tau xav tias lub tswb pej thuam no yuav dhau los ua lub tsev siab tshaj plaws hauv St. Petersburg thiab tag nrho Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Kev tuag ntawm Elizabeth hauv 1762 tiv thaiv Rastrelli los ntawm kev ua tiav qhov project grandiose."

Lub caij ntuj no Palace hauv St

Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Leblond

Hais txog ntawm no Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Leblond (fr. Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond; Le Blond; 1679, Fabkis -1719, St. Petersburg) raws li Lavxias teb sab-hais lus qhov chaw yog ib tug Fabkis architect thiab txawm ib tug vaj ntxwv vaj tse, thiab ib tug tswv ntawm toj roob hauv pes architecture. Tab sis tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog Leblond hauv Fab Kis … Tiam sis, nws muaj, tab sis, txiav txim los ntawm lub xeem lub npe, nws tau sau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv: Olga Medvedkova, "Au-dessus de Saint-Pétersbourg, dialogue au royaume des morts entre Pierre le Grand et Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond", pièce. en deux tableaux, Paris, TriArtis, 2013). Quotes los ntawm muaj:

« Royal kws kes duab vajtse, nws tau tsim ntau lub tsev nyob hauv Paris, suav nrog Hotel de Clermont ntawm Rue de Varennes thiab Hotel de Vendome, rue d'Enfer (tam sim no Boulevard Saint-Michel), kos cov phiaj xwm thiab pib kev tsim kho ntawm Archbishop's Palace Auch rau Archbishop. Augustine Moupe, nrog nws ua haujlwm hauv lub vaj ntawm Npis Sov ntawm Castres.

Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1716, 37-xyoo-laus Jean-Baptiste Alexander Leblond tuaj txog hauv St. Petersburg nrog nws tsev neeg thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm. Peter muaj kev cia siab siab rau cov venerable Leblond thiab tsa nws ua tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse ntawm lub nroog, tau subordinated nws mus rau lwm yam architects, xws li Trezzini. Nws muab nws lub npe ntawm General-Architect nrog cov nyiaj hli ntawm tsib txhiab rubles (rau kev sib piv, Trezzini cov nyiaj hli rau tag nrho nws cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia yeej tsis tshaj ib txhiab rubles ib xyoos)."

Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, Leblon tab tom tsim ib tug General Plan ntawm lub nroog, uas, txawm li cas los, yog tsis lees paub los ntawm Peter vim hais tias ntawm nws insolvency (ntxiv rau qhov no nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm hais txog "Impossible St. Petersburg" los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm ib tug European ")

"Nrog Friedrich Braunstein thiab Nicola Michetti, nws tau tsim thawj Peterhof tsev fuabtais (1717). Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nws tau tsim lub Apraksinsky Palace thiab npaj rau lub vaj lub caij ntuj sov."

Yog hais tias Morferrand tiag tiag ntsib Alexander kuv nyob rau hauv 1814 los yog txawm nyob rau hauv 1815, thiab nws nyiam nws paintings, yog vim li cas nws thiaj li mus rau Russia tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1816, thiab nrog ib tsab ntawv pom zoo, tripled raws li ib tug draftsman nyob rau hauv Russia? Tab sis, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias nws tsis yog tus kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev sau cov khoom xws li:

• Xyoo 1817 Richelieu High School hauv Odessa
• 1817-1820 Lobanov-Rostovsky Palace
• 1818-1858 St. Isaac's Cathedral, St. Petersburg
• Xyoo 1819 Kochubei Palace
• 1817-1822 Industrial complex ntawm Nizhny Novgorod kev lag luam ncaj ncees
• 1817-1825 ib Manege hauv Moscow
• Xyoo 1823 Yekateringofsky Park
• 1832-1836 ib Kev tsim kho ntawm Alexander Kem hauv St
• 1837 Kev koom tes hauv kev kho, tom qab hluav taws kub, ntawm sab hauv ntawm lub caij ntuj no Palace hauv St.
• 1856-1858 Kev tsim kho ntawm tus pej thuam equestrian ntawm Emperor Nicholas I hauv St.

Muaj ib tug version ntawm yuav ua li cas nws tag nrho cov tshwm sim:

"Hauv xyoo 1816, Alexander kuv tau txib uas tuaj ntawm Spainengineer Augustine Betancourt, tus thawj coj ntawm lub tshiab tsim "Committee for Structures and Hydraulic Works", npaj ib qhov project rau restructuring ntawm St. Isaac lub Cathedral. Bettencourt tau thov kom tso siab rau qhov project rau tus kws kos duab hluas Auguste Montferrand, uas nyuam qhuav tuaj txog ntawm Fabkis mus rau Russia. Txhawm rau qhia nws cov txuj ci, Montferrand tau ua 24 daim duab kos ntawm lub tsev ntawm ntau yam architectural style (txawm li cas los xij, technically tsis tsim nyog), uas Bettencourt tau nthuav tawm rau Alexander I. Tus Huab Tais nyiam cov duab kos, thiab tsis ntev tau muaj tsab cai lij choj tau kos npe rau Montferrand " tus kws kes duab vajtse imperial". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau tso siab rau kev npaj ib txoj haujlwm rau kev tsim kho St. Isaac lub Cathedral nrog cov xwm txheej los khaws lub thaj tsam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj uas twb muaj lawm." (Butikov G. P., Khvostova G. A. Isaac's Cathedral. - L.: Lenizdat, 1974.)

Ib zaug ntxiv, thiab ntxiv los ntawm 24 daim duab uas Morferrand pleev xim rau hauv 1814, tom qab ntawd hauv 1815, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv 1816. Los yog tej zaum nws yog tib lub album?

Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov kws tsim qauv txawv teb chaws uas ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Russia, tab sis cov duab dav dav hais txog lawv cov keeb kwm lossis lawv qhov kev tsim nyog tshaj lij, kuv xav tias yog qhov tseeb.