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Video: Qhov twg "Celtic" crosses tuaj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj thaum ub?
2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06
Ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj Novgorod thaum ub, koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntoo khaub lig nrog lub voj voog, ib txwm muaj rau Celts. Nws yog dab tsi tiag?
Hauv ib lub nroog qub tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia, Veliky Novgorod, cov tsev teev ntuj qub tshaj plaws tau khaws cia. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj ib tug txawv feature: ntoo khaub lig yog piav nyob rau hauv lub facades, inscribed nyob rau hauv lub voj voog - ib tug txawv txawv tshwm sim rau Lavxias teb sab qhov muag. Tom qab tag nrho, paub Lavxias teb sab Orthodox ntoo khaub lig yog ua los ntawm plaub kab - ob perpendicular (tus ntoo khaub lig nws tus kheej) thiab ob tug ntxiv.
Lub nuance yog qhov txawv txawv crosses muaj nyob rau hauv Novgorod thiab tsawg heev nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob sib ze, thaum nyob rau hauv lwm lub cheeb tsam lawv tsis. Lawv tuaj ntawm no li cas?
Novgorod hla
Kom txog rau thaum kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Lavxias teb sab av rau hauv ib lub xeev nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, lub Novgorod av rau peb centuries yog ib tug ywj pheej koom pheej nrog ib tug xaiv tsa hwj chim, thaum nyob rau hauv feem ntau lwm yam Lavxias teb sab chaw muaj ib tug princely hereditary hwj chim. Qhov no piav qhia qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub XIV-XV centuries Novgorod tsim nws tus kheej lub tsev teev ntuj architecture thiab nws tus kheej lub tsev teev ntuj cim cim. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov Tatar-Mongols tsis ncav cuag Novgorod, yog li ntawd nws yog nyob rau hauv Novgorod tias cov feem ntau ancient pawg ntseeg nrog cov cim tau ciaj sia.
Plaub-taw tes hla, uas lub voj voog yog superimposed, txawm hu ua "Novgorod". Hauv lub nroog koj tuaj yeem pom "kev pe hawm" hla hauv ib lub voj voog, lawv sawv ib leeg, qee zaum txawm nyob ntawm txoj kev. Cov no feem ntau mob siab rau hnub nco txog lossis kev yeej tub rog. Lawv tuaj yeem piav txog cov xwm txheej ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo, thiab lawv yuav luag 2 meters siab.
Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus ntoo khaub lig tau pw hauv niches ntawm lub facades ntawm pawg ntseeg. Cov no raug ntsia rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg tuag.
Nws zoo li ntau tus "tsim" zoo li lub npe nrov "Celtic ntoo khaub lig", lub cim ntawm Celtic pab pawg neeg ntawm British Isles, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Ireland, thiab Fabkis, dav nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lub voj voog txhais tau tias lub cim pagan ntawm lub hnub, xws li kev txuas ntxiv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov Celts uas nyuam qhuav tau txais kev ntseeg Vajtswv.
Hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm Celtic keeb kwm ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, ntau qhov chaw muab cov lus dab neeg zoo kawg. Ib qho ntawm lawv, piv txwv li, qhia txog "Celtic-Varangian" keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev. Allegedly, Rurik muaj Celtic cov hauv paus hniav … Indirectly, qhov no yuav paub meej tias muaj ob peb crosses nyob rau hauv lub voj voog nyob rau hauv Izborsk (qhov twg Truvor mus coj Rurik).
Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis paub meej tias vim li cas cov kab lig kev cai ntawm erecting Celtic crosses nyob rau sab qaum teb Europe tau paub txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th, thaum lub pob zeb Lavxias teb sab "hloov nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog" tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th - 15th. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov duab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig "Novgorod" txawv ntawm cov duab ntawm "Celtic" ib tug. Nyob rau hauv Novgorod, cov npoo ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig zoo li cov hniav thiab protrude tsawg vim yog tus ntoo khaub lig nws tus kheej.
Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau yam "Novgorod crosses", uas tau muab tso rau hauv lub voj voog thiab tsis zoo ib yam li Celtic sawv daws yuav.
Cov ntoo khaub lig zoo sib xws kuj tau pom hauv Izborsk, thaj av Pskov thiab hauv thaj tsam ntawm Lake Ladoga, nrog rau hauv Tebchaws Europe - hauv thaj chaw qub ntawm Livonian Order. Cov lus txib Livonian thiab Teutonic rov tawm tsam Novgorod thaj av, uas tau muab sijhawm rau cov neeg sau keeb kwm los xav tias cov ntoo khaub lig no yog kev cuam tshuam ntawm Germanic, thiab tsis yog Celtic, kab lis kev cai.
Qhov tseeb hais tias Novgorod pauv nrog cov teb chaws Europe thiab yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Hanseatic League (ib tug loj nom tswv thiab kev lag luam union ntawm lub nroog nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb hnub poob teb chaws Europe, muaj mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th) kuj hais txog lub hwj chim ntawm German kab lis kev cai.
Thiab tseem, feem ntau cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav tias tsis muaj dab tsi rau zej zog nrog Celts, British thiab lwm cov neeg European sab hnub poob, cov ntoo khaub lig no tsis ua.
Thawj zaug, historians sim mus kawm txawv txawv Novgorod hla rov qab nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th - thaum ntxov 20th centuries - thiab txiav txim siab tias cov ntoo khaub lig zoo li cov kev lig kev cai ntawm Byzantium, los ntawm qhov chaw Orthodoxy tuaj rau Russia. "Cov duab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig piav los, ib tug yuav tsum xav tias, los ntawm ib txwm Byzantine crosses nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog, uas txhais tau tias, ze tshaj ntawm tag nrho cov, ib tug halo, los yog tej zaum ib tug crown ntawm pos," sau historian A. Spitsin nyob rau hauv 1903. Qhov kev xav no kuj tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm hauv zos niaj hnub no.
Los ntawm txoj kev, twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, lub "fashion" rau puag ncig crosses nyob rau hauv Novgorod ploj mus: historians ntseeg hais tias txawm yog vim kev tsov kev rog thiab kev sib kis tsis muaj craftsmen, los yog lub zog Moscow tsoom fwv txiav txim siab txwv Novgorod los ntawm kev siv nws lub regional txawv. cim.
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