Phau Ntawv Hlawv: Ib Qhov Kev Ntseeg ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog yog phau ntawv kub hnyiab, uas tau nce peb zaug hla cov nplaim taws ua lub cim ntawm kev kov yeej ntawm cov ntseeg cov lus qhuab qhia dhau ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm Albigensians.

Cov txuj ci tseem ceeb uas nco qab yog txuam nrog horde - "kev txiav txim ntawm Vajtswv" (Latin ordalium - kev txiav txim, kev txiav txim) raws li ib yam ntawm cov kev cai lij choj archaic, kev coj ua ntawm kev sim ntawm hluav taws thiab dej los tsim qhov tseeb. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1207, hauv Fab Kis lub nroog Fanjo, nrog cov neeg coob coob, muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Catholic tus xibhwb Dominique de Guzman Garces, yav tom ntej Saint Dominic, thiab cov Albigensians - cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib ceg ntawm lub Neo-Manichean sect ntawm Cathars. Lawv sib cav txog qhov uas nws txoj kev ntseeg muaj tseeb.

Lub keeb kwm ntev ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov "Triumph ntawm lub Koom Txoos" fresco los ntawm Basilica ntawm Santa Maria Novella (Florence) los ntawm cov neeg Italian Renaissance thaum ntxov Andrea Bonauti. Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg Dominic qhia tawm tsam cov neeg ntseeg cuav, taw tes taw qhia nws cov menyuam ntawm sab ntsuj plig, qhia tias yog ib pab pawg ntawm cov dev dub thiab dawb - "Aub ntawm tus Tswv" (lat. Domini canes).

Saint Thomas Aquinas, nrog rau phau ntawv qhib "Sum tawm tsam Lwm Haiv Neeg", tab tom ua kev sib tham theological nrog heretics. Ib tug ntawm lawv los kua muag nws phau ntawv, renouncing delusions.

Thaum cov lus sib cav tas lawm, cov neeg txiav txim tau hais kom tso siab rau Vajtswv lub siab nyiam: pov phau ntawv Dominic (raws li lwm tus version - Txoj Moo Zoo) thiab phau ntawv nrog cov lus qhuab qhia Qatar rau hauv hluav taws. Qhov twg yuav ciaj sia yog tus yog. Raws li tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm Dominic, Blessed Jordan ntawm Saxony, phau ntawv heretical hlawv, thiab phau ntawv ntawm Tswv Yexus txoj kev ntseeg raug tsis lees paub peb zaug los ntawm hluav taws thiab tseem tsis raug mob. Tom qab ntawd qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb tau rov ua dua hauv Montreal, tsis yog phau ntawv raug pov rau hauv hluav taws, tab sis sau ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv lub Catholic kev lig kev cai, cov ntaub ntawv no yog hu ua "Lub Miracle ntawm hluav taws" los yog "Lub Miracle nrog ib phau ntawv", tau rov qab ntes nyob rau hauv icon painting thiab painting. Cov duab los ntawm tus kws kos duab Spanish Pedro Berruguete qhia txog kev ntseeg siab nyob rau hauv lub invulnerability ntawm phau ntawv ntawm Tswv Yexus. Zoo li ib tug tubtxib saum ntuj uas muaj tis kub, nws ya tawm ntawm cov nplaim taws thiab nce saum cov neeg coob coob. Nws zoo nkaus li tias cov ntawv tab tom yuav yaj thiab nchuav los nag kub rau cov tsis ntseeg thiab cov neeg tsis ntseeg.

Kev txhais ntawm tib zaj dab neeg los ntawm Berruguete rau lub thaj ntawm Santo Domingo nyob rau hauv lub Monastery ntawm St. Thomas tso cai rau ib tug clearer duab ntawm lub siab lub ntsws ntsiab lus ntawm qhov teeb meem. Ntawm lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib, ib tus tuaj yeem nyeem kev xav tsis thoob, kev xav, kev ntshai, kev npau taws, kev zoo siab - tag nrho cov gamut ntawm kev xav thiab xeev. Rau kev txhawb siab ntau dua, qhov kev sim los ntawm hluav taws tau dhau peb zaug.

Qhov kev piav qhia ua ntej ntawm qhov xwm txheej no rau lub thaj ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Niam Mab Liab, ua los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws Italian masters, Dominican hauj sam Fra Beato Angelico, suav nrog cov koob hmoov ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic, yog txawv los ntawm nws cov laconic muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab txwv xim.

Cov neeg sib sau ua ke zoo li tsis xav tias muaj txuj ci tseem ceeb, txuas ntxiv mus sib cav nrog kev txaus siab. Lub caij no, cov nplaim taws tawm ib phau ntawv me me liab-kho nrog gilded edging. Tab sis tsis yog, qhov no tsis yog ib qho spontaneous jerk tshwm sim los ntawm evaporation ntawm noo noo los ntawm hlawv ntoo, tab sis yog ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb tiag tiag!

Yog tias Berruguete phau ntawv tau nce siab tshaj plaws, cim qhov kev yeej ntawm Christian qhov tseeb, ces Fra Angelico piav qhia txog qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb li ib yam dab tsi tsis ncaj ncees, tab sis ntuj heev. Dominic yeej tsis ua xyem xyav qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb rau ib pliag. Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, tus qauv piv txwv ntawm scene depicted los ntawm Fra Angelico yog subordinated tsis yog worldly, tab sis rau monastic logic. Rau qhov nws tau hais hauv Txoj Moo Zoo: "Raws li koj txoj kev ntseeg, cia nws ua tiav rau koj."

Txawm ntau succinctly, zajlus no yog embodied los ntawm Italian Mannerist artist Domenico Beccafumi rau lub Dominican lub Koom Txoos ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig nyob rau hauv Siena. Qhov chaw nyob ntawm txoj haujlwm no tam sim no tsis paub.

Tus tswv Italian ntawm Tsev Kawm Florentine, Piero di Cosimo, muab phau ntawv hlawv rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov duab kos duab ntawm ib feem ntawm lub thaj Pugliese, hais txog nws lub ntsiab lus, zoo li yog kho qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb nyob mus ib txhis.

Kev txhais cov duab lig ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Saint Dominic thiab Albigensians yog qhov nco txog ntawm ib hom yeeb yam. Artists ntawm txhuam pom nyob rau hauv nws tsis yog li ntawd ib tug kev cai dab qhuas txuj ci tseem ceeb raws li ib tug ruaj khov zajlus uas yuav txuam nrog rau qhov tseeb ntawm ib tug tej lub sij hawm. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog cov duab kos los ntawm Bartolomé de Cardenas, tus neeg pleev kob los ntawm Portugal uas tau ris lub npe ntawm "thawj chav ua yeeb yam ntawm Nws Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Duke". Lub duke nws tus kheej tau piav qhia ntawm no los ntawm tag nrho lub ntsej muag mus rau sab laug ntawm tus neeg saib, tig mus rau hauv tus neeg koom nrog hauv qhov xwm txheej legendary.

Cov tam sim no nyob rau ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb - cov txiv plig, aristocrats, commoners - yog qhia raws li cov neeg zoo tib yam, vividly reacting rau ib tug irrational teeb meem. Txaus siab los ntawm qhov pom tsis tau pom dua, cov neeg hauv nroog tau tawm ntawm lub qhov rais, qw tawm, sib pauv kev xav. Churchmen, raws li befits txiv plig, yog tsom mus rau qhov fiery confrontation ntawm ob tug kev cai dab qhuas kev qhia.

Cov duab tsis zoo khaws cia, tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm kev tua ua rau nws muaj peev xwm xav txog yuav ua li cas cov ntoo tawg hauv qhov hluav taws kub, cov nplooj ntawv ntawm Dominic phau ntawv rustle nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, yuav ua li cas cov neeg coob coob nyob rau hauv lub square buzzes …

Raws li lwm version ntawm cov lus dab neeg, Dominic phau ntawv, thawb tawm los ntawm cov nplaim taws, xaus rau ntawm lub ru tsev nqaj ntawm ib lub tsev nyob ze. Niaj hnub no, ntau lub tsev hauv Fanjo, suav nrog lub tsev teev ntuj hauv zos thiab Dominican lub tsev teev ntuj, thov kom muaj lub teeb ci ntsa iab ua pov thawj ntawm qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb. Yuav ua li cas los xij, kev yeej ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no tau hloov ntau yam kev ntseeg rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Txij thaum ntawd los, ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm St. Dominic lub iconography tau dhau los ua ib phau ntawv, feem ntau qhib rau ntawm nplooj ntawv nrog cov lus: "Mus thiab tshaj tawm."

Nyob rau hauv Slavic thaum ntxov Christian kab lis kev cai, ib tug zoo xws li txuj ci tseem ceeb nrog lub hlawv Txoj Moo Zoo yog paub, manifested ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm pagans los ntawm ib tug npis sov thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Byzantine huab tais Basil I (867-886). Tus npis sov, tau ntsib nrog kev tsis ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov txwj laus ntawm "cov neeg ntawm Lavxias teb sab," qhia qhov tsis muaj hwj chim ntawm hluav taws tshaj phau Vajluskub, tom qab uas cov neeg tuaj koom tau pom zoo txais cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Txawm li cas los xij, zaj dab neeg no tsis tau txais kev pom zoo sib xws hauv kev kos duab kos duab.