Dab tsi yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm nrog phau ntawv "Taras Bulba" los ntawm Nikolai Gogol

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov zajlus ntawm "Taras Bulba" yog nplooj siab rau cov xwm txheej ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, raws li tsev kawm ntawv cov phau ntawv. Tab sis tsis yog txhua yam yooj yim heev hauv Gogol's chronology.

Tsis paub dab tsi txog keeb kwm

Taras Bulba tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm txoj haujlwm keeb kwm loj uas Gogol tau xeeb tub thaum xyoo 1830s. "Tam sim no kuv tau khaws keeb kwm ntawm peb ib leeg, neeg pluag Ukraine. Tsis muaj dab tsi soothes li keeb kwm, zoo li kuv yuav sau nws, uas kuv yuav hais ntau yam uas tsis tau hais ua ntej kuv, "nws qhia nws cov phiaj xwm hauv 1833 hauv tsab ntawv rau ib tus phooj ywg. Nyob rau hauv 1834, tus kws sau ntawv tau txawm cuv npe kawm ua tus xibfwb qhia keeb kwm ntawm St. Petersburg University, tab sis Gogol tsis ua tiav hauv daim teb no. Txawm hais tias tsis ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv pedagogical teb tsis deprived Nikolai Vasilyevich ntawm lub ambitions ntawm ib tug historian.

Nws kawm ntau cov ntawv sau, cov nkauj pej xeem, thov kom xa nws cov lus piav qhia "ua ntej lub sijhawm hetman", cov ntawv sau, phau ntawv, rau txim rau nws niam los sau cov dab neeg ntawm qhov ncauj. Los ntawm qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov keeb kwm, cov lus dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg, ib tug xov tooj ntawm tseem tsis tau tiav cov ntawv sau tau yug los, zoo li "Taras Bulba". Cov hauj lwm tau nqis los rau peb hauv ntau yam: 1835, 1842, 1851, thiab txhua zaus tus kws sau ntawv hloov qee yam, rov sau dua thiab ntxiv qee yam.

Gogol tau dhau los ua tsis yog tus kws kho kom huv si. Cov neeg sau ntawv keeb kwm Jeremiah Aizenstock, uas tau koom nrog hauv kev npaj ntawm kev kawm sau ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, tau sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm Taras Bulba, cov xwm txheej tau raug ntaus nqi rau xyoo pua 15th. Thaum npaj Mirgorod rau kev tshaj tawm, Gogol pauv cov xwm txheej mus rau xyoo pua 16th, tab sis nws tsis tau kho txhua qhov chaw, uas txawm tias tom qab ntawd ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab. Cov kws sau ntawv, uas qee zaum tsis nkag siab tus sau cov lus, kuj tau pab txhawb nqa. Yog li niaj hnub no peb tseem pom qhov tsis sib xws hauv zaj dab neeg, suav nrog cov xwm txheej.

Raws li cov xwm txheej muaj tseeb

Peb tuaj yeem yooj yim txhais cov xwm txheej keeb kwm hauv qab zaj dab neeg ntawm Taras Bulba: "Tag nrho lub teb chaws tau sawv, vim kev ua siab ntev ntawm cov neeg tau dhau mus - nws tau sawv los ua pauj rau kev thuam ntawm nws txoj cai, rau kev txaj muag ntawm nws txoj kev coj ncaj ncees, rau kev thuam tus kev ntseeg ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv thiab kev cai dawb huv. Cov tub ntxhais hluas, tab sis lub siab muaj zog hetman Ostranitsa coj nrog tag nrho cov suav tsis txheeb Cossack lub zog. Nyob ze tau pom ib tug neeg laus, muaj kev paub txog tus phooj ywg thiab tus kws pab tswv yim, Gunya."

Kev tawm tsam ntawm Ostryanin (Ostranytsa) thiab Guni yog ib qho kev tawm tsam loj tawm tsam Polish gentry hauv 1638. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm Cossacks nrog Cov Neeg Sawv Cev yeej ib txwm nyuaj, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th lawv ua tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Xyoo 1625, tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Mark Zhmailo, Polish hetman Stanislav Konetspolsky thiab Zaporozhye Cossacks tau kos npe rau Kurukovsky Treaty. Cov ntaub ntawv txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov npe Cossacks uas tau ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm, txwv lawv txoj cai, thiab xa mus rau lwm tus rau serfs. Indignant txoj kev ywj pheej-hlub Cossacks rushed mus rau Zaporozhye Sich thiab tau sawv los tawm tsam rau lawv txoj cai.

Xyoo 1632, qhov ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb tshiab. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus huab tais Polish Sigismund III, Cossacks tau thov kom lav lawv txoj cai los ntawm Sejm, tab sis tau txais cov lus teb hauv qab no: "Thaum muaj ob peb ntawm lawv (Cossacks. Poland". "Txoj Cai" ntawm 1638 nruj cov ntsia hlau ntau dua. Cov kev txwv hnyav ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tshiab, ib qho ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Yakov Ostryanin.

Ostryanin yog tus hetman ntawm tsis tau sau npe Zaporozhye Cossacks, uas yog, lawv tsis nyob rau hauv kev pab cuam. Lawv feem ntau nyob hauv lub npe hu ua Niza, thaj chaw uas nyob sab qab teb mus rau thaj av Kiev thiab Podolia. Nyob ntawd, hauv qab Dnieper nrawm, Zaporozhye nyob. Qhov chaw muaj chaw nyob zoo thiab muaj ntau, nws tau dhau los ua qhov chaw ntawm Sich, lub koom haum tub rog uas Cossacks feem ntau tuaj txog rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav thiab siv tag nrho lub caij ntuj sov ua liaj ua teb lossis kev tawm tsam. Thiab txawm tias kev tawm tsam.

Kev tawm tsam ntawm Ostryanin thiab Guni pib thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1638. Lub Cossacks, muab faib ua peb detachments, tsiv raws lub Dnieper. Ostryanin nrog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ua rau muaj kev vam meej, tab sis thaum Lub Rau Hli nws poob kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Zhovnin (tam sim no lub zos no nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Cherkasy cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine) thiab thim rov qab mus rau thaj av tswj hwm los ntawm Russia. Ntawm no cov Cossacks nyob hauv Chuguev, qhov chaw lawv nyob mus txog 1641.

Tom qab Ostryanin txoj kev tawm tsam, cov neeg ntxeev siab ua rau Dmitry Gunia hetman thiab txuas ntxiv kev tawm tsam, tab sis thaum Lub Yim Hli qhov kev tawm tsam thaum kawg raug tua. Tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm Cossacks tswj kom khiav mus rau Don av.

Ntsig Nrab Hnub nyoog

Txawm li cas los xij, cov xwm txheej ntawm Gogol zaj dab neeg zoo li yuav raug kaw nyob rau hauv ob peb xyoos ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th; lawv nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov hnub nyoog nruab nrab, qhov twg chronology raug kho dawb. Yog li, lub sij hawm ntawm kev ua ntawm "Taras Bulba" stretches los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th ("Bulba yog ib tug heev tawv tawv. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov cim uas tsuas muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub rough 15th caug xyoo") mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Nws hloov tawm hais tias Bulba nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no Gogol yuav muaj ntau tshaj 200 xyoo, tab sis qhov no tsis thab tus sau.

Tom qab tag nrho, nws hnyav 20 phaus, ntau tshaj 300 kilograms ("Bulba dhia rau ntawm nws tus dab ntxwg nyoog, uas rov madly, hnov ib tug nees nkaum-phaus nra rau nws tus kheej"), me ntsis ntau dhau mus rau hauv tus account lub mos txwv, yog li ntawd nws yog ib tug tus hero tiag tiag uas tsis tuaj yeem saib xyuas tsawg dua rau ntau pua xyoo.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm ntau yam xwm txheej hauv zaj dab neeg kuj ua rau peb ntseeg tias Gogol tsis tau txaj muag los ntawm qhov tsis sib xws hauv ntau xyoo. Piv txwv li, nws hais tias Bulba cov tub kawm nyob rau hauv Kiev Academy, thiab nws pib hu ua nyob rau hauv 1658, uas yog, tsuas yog nees nkaum xyoo tom qab lub uprising ntawm Ostryanin thiab Guni. Thiab, raws li cov ntawv nyeem, Ostap thiab Andrii kawm nyob rau hauv Adas Kisel, uas nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag coj lub Kiev Voivodeship tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1649.

Ib lo lus nug cais yog hom kev siege Gogol piav qhia. Nws zoo nkaus li tias qhov chaw qhia - Dubno. Dubensky tsev fuabtais, tsim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, tau tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm Cossacks, tab sis dua tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1648, thaum lub sij hawm Khmelnytsky uprising. Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv series ntawm discrepancies piav, qhov no yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob.

Puas muaj Taras?

Yog li nws puas tsim nyog nrhiav tus qauv tiag tiag ntawm Taras Bulba hauv Gogol lub ntiaj teb uas muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm lub sijhawm? Vim li cas ho tsis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim muaj ntau tus neeg sib tw.

Ohrim Makukha yog "kev cai" qauv. Nyob rau hauv lub 1640s, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov kuren atamans ntawm lub Cossacks. Nws muaj peb tug tub: Nazar, Omelko thiab Khoma. Nazar poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog ib tug poj niam Polish thiab mus rau sab ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Ohrim tau ua phem rau nws txiv txoj kev sim siab thiab tua nws.

Ostap (Evstafy) Gogol, ib qho ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Nikolai Vasilievich, hetman ntawm Right-Bank Ukraine thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Cov kws sau keeb kwm sau tseg tias Ostap Gogol muaj ob tug tub, thiab lawv cov cim tau zoo ib yam li Ostap thiab Andriy. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias nws yog lawv uas Gogol coj ua qauv.

Taras Fedorovich (Shaken) - hetman ntawm Zaporozhye unregistered Cossacks, ib tug rov koom nyob rau hauv uprisings tawm tsam lub tebchaws, nrog rau cov uprising ntawm 1630. Nws hais rau kev hloov ntawm ib feem ntawm Zaporozhye Cossacks mus rau qhov kev pab cuam ntawm Russia.

Semyon Paliy (Paley) - colonel uas ua haujlwm hauv Sich hauv xyoo 1660; Nyob rau hauv 1702-1704 nws tau tsa ib tug uprising nyob rau hauv lub Right-Bank Ukraine tawm tsam cov Poles.

Daniel tus Thwj Tim - hetman ntawm Zaporizhzhya Army nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Nws tau los ua ib tug tub ceev xwm thaum muaj hnub nyoog 14, tawm tsam bravely, nws unpretentiousness thiab simplicity yog legendary. Nws muaj ob tug tub uas kuj tau los ua tub rog.

Thiab muaj lwm yam contenders. Txawm hais tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv keeb kwm, cov duab ntawm Bulba yog qhov tseeb, thiab lub ntiaj teb ntawm zaj dab neeg tseem muaj sia nyob uas koj tsis ntseeg nws. "Txhua yam uas nyob hauv keeb kwm: haiv neeg, cov xwm txheej - yuav tsum muaj sia nyob thiab, raws li nws tau ua, ua ntej lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg mloog lossis cov neeg nyeem, kom txhua tus neeg, txhua lub xeev khaws nws lub ntiaj teb, nws cov xim," Gogol sau. Zoo, lub ntiaj teb no ntawm "Taras Bulba", nplua nuj thiab thawj, nrog feats thiab yeej, nrog heroes zoo li titans thiab heroes, tag nrho embodies lub tswv yim no.