Dab tsi tsis ncaj ncees lawm nrog cov proportions ntawm ancient Greek tuam tsev?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub peev xwm ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb los hloov qhov pom kev pom ntawm cov khoom, kom distort lawv cov xim, cov duab, qhov loj, duab thiab kab tau paub rau cov kws tsim vaj tsev thaum ub, uas tau kawm ua txhaum cov proportions ntawm cov ntsiab lus, deflect lawv los ntawm ntsug lossis kab rov tav, khoov contours thiab cov duab kom ib tug neeg pom cov duab zoo meej.

Hnub no zaj dab neeg yog hais txog yuav ua li cas ingenious architects tswj kom ua tau zoo heev spatial teebmeem.

Optical illusions ntawm ib lub hauv paus chiv keeb yog impressive, thiab qee zaum ua rau peb poob siab tag nrho. Nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob tshwj xeeb yog vim li cas cov neeg sib txawv muaj qhov kev nkag siab zoo ib yam ntawm cov duab, xim, qhov ntev, thiab lwm yam, txawm tias qhov tseeb tsis sib haum rau daim duab uas txhua tus pom.

Optical illusions ua rau peb lub hlwb pom ib kab ncaj nraim li concave, hom kab rov tav cov kauj ruam raws li sagging, thiab tus qauv zoo li txav. Qhov no feature ntawm hlwb deception tau pom nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, ntev ua ntej cov kws tshawb fawb pom ib qho kev piav qhia rau txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia no yog cov Greeks thaum ub, uas tau txiav txim siab "sib ntaus" nrog kev tsis pom kev hauv txoj kev cardinal. Lawv tau hloov pauv rau tus qauv tsim kom cov qauv zoo nkauj saib tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab ua haujlwm zoo. Greek architects pib xyaum ua, siv ntau yam compositional tswv yim, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov uas lawv tswj kom "outwit" lub dag lub zeem muag thiab kho qhov yuam kev ntawm kev xaav.

Lawv kawm siv optical illusions thiab txhim kho lawv cov organically kom ua tiav cov nyhuv wah (hauv cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub). Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov qauv uas tau nqis los rau peb, peb tuaj yeem xav tias feem ntau lawv tau tswj xyuas qhov no ntawm qib siab tshaj plaws.

Cov txheej txheem kev tsim vaj tsev, hu ua curvatura (los ntawm Latin curvatura - curvature), muaj nyob rau hauv kev txhob txwm ua txhaum ntawm nruj symmetry, me ntsis dabtsi yog khoov ntawm kab rov tav lossis ntsug txoj kab nqes, hloov cov duab geometric, dav hlau, kab ncaj, thiab lwm yam.

Lub Parthenon, lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb ntawm Athenian Acropolis (447-438 BC), tau los ua ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm kev siv cov txuj ci ntawm ob txoj kev dag ntxias.

Yuav luag txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv tau hloov kho meticulously, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib tug grandiose architectural monument, tsis muaj tsawg kawg yog ib tug nthuav dav los yog contour uas muaj lub kaum sab xis, ib tug nruj kab, los yog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov duab ntawm geometric duab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau pua xyoo, noob neej tau pom lub tuam tsev yog ib yam khoom ncaj nraim uas tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo.

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm Parthenon, tus kws kos duab Iktin thiab Callicrates tau siv txhua txoj hauv kev los tsim cov duab zoo nkauj thiab raug. Ua li no, lawv hloov cov proportions thiab configuration ntawm lub tsev ntsiab lawv tus kheej. Thiab lawv tau pib nrog lub hauv paus (stylobate) ntawm lub tuam tsev. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob "subsidence" ntawm hauv pem teb, lub pob zeb platform tau ua me ntsis convex nyob rau hauv qhov chaw; rau tib yam, cov kauj ruam ntawm Parthenon tau khoov me ntsis.

Kuv yuav tsum tau tinker nrog cov kab tsis tsawg. Paub txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm lub teeb ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm tib neeg lub qhov muag, lawv suav tias cov kab hauv kaum yuav ib txwm pom los ntawm lub ntuj kaj ntawm Hellas, thaum lwm tus pom tsuas yog tawm tsam qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm lub tuam tsev nws tus kheej. Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob pom qhov txo qis ntawm qhov loj ntawm lub kaum sab xis, lawv tau ua kom dav me ntsis dua li lwm tus, thiab lawv kuj tau muab tso rau ze rau cov neeg nyob sib ze. Ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem no, nws yog ib qho ua tau kom du tawm qhov kev xav ntawm "thinning" ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa huab thiab tsim qhov kev xav ntawm tib qhov kev ncua deb ntawm txhua kab.

Yog tias peb siv qhov ntsuas ntawm txhua qhov kev txhawb nqa tom ntej, nws hloov tawm tias lawv kuj tau hloov kho, thiab kev ua txhaum ntawm cov proportions thiab cov kab ncaj nraim, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm thickenings los yog tsim cov slopes yuav yog ob peb ntawm ib lub caij.

Txhawm rau ua kom lub tsev zoo siab dua thiab ua kom pom lub tuam tsev rushing mus rau saum ntuj, cov kab tau nqaim mus rau saum. Txhawm rau "sib ntaus" qhov kev xav tsis thoob ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa loj, lawv tsuas yog thickened kwv yees li ntawm qib qis thib peb ntawm lub cev. Qhov no txhais tau tias kev them nyiaj yog hu ua "entasis" (los ntawm Greek. Entasis - nro, amplification).

Nrog kev pab los ntawm xws li txhais tau tias ntawm illusory nyiaj them, nws muaj peev xwm mus cuag tau qhov tseeb kev xaav ntawm ntsug thiab kab rov tav kab, uas zoo li tsis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tib lub sij hawm yog hais tias lawv muaj ib tug ntev npaum li cas. Ib kab kab rov tav (architrave), piv txwv li, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm lub peev ntawm txhua kab, tau ua kom nqaim hauv nruab nrab dua li ntawm cov npoo, tab sis los ntawm qhov deb nws zoo nkaus li txawm tias.

Txhawm rau ua kom muaj kev txhawb nqa ntau dua thiab txawm tias, lawv tau me ntsis "dhau" txheeb ze rau lub hauv paus. Tsis tsuas yog qhov kev ua kom yuam kev no pab tswj kom zoo txawm tias cov ces kaum thiab kab rau tib neeg kev nkag siab, tab sis cov qauv kuj tau ua kom ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov.

Xws li cov lus zais thiab cov tswv yim hauv kev tsim vaj tsev loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tuam tsev thiab cov vaj tsev, tau paub thiab siv tsis yog los ntawm Greeks thaum ub. Yog tias koj saib ntawm qhov chaw nto moo ntawm Askiv - Stonehenge, koj yuav pom tias nws cov neeg tsim khoom, thaum lub sijhawm ua cov pob zeb nto, ua rau nws convex, thiab los ntawm tag nrho nws sab.

Vim li no, cov pob zeb lawv tus kheej tshwm sim, thiab cov pob qij txha ntawm cov ncej thiab cov slabs nteg rau lawv yog smoother (cov tib neeg lub qhov muag pom lawv perpendicular).

Lavxias teb sab architects kuj paub txog kho qhov muag illusions thiab feem ntau siv cunning nyiaj pab tswv yim nyob rau hauv lawv creation. Piv txwv li, coj lub Trinity Cathedral nyob rau hauv lub Trinity-Sergius Lavra - lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws monument ntawm thaum ntxov Moscow architecture (1422), tsa lub qhov ntxa ntawm St. Sergius ntawm Radonezh. Nws cov phab ntsa tau ua nrog txoj kab nqes ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev, thiaj li tsis mus dag lub qhov muag, tab sis ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, txhawm rau txhim kho qhov kev xav ntawm nws txoj kev ruaj ntseg.

Nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev, nrog kev pab los ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub dome, nyob rau hauv uas slit-zoo li qhib, nqaim ntawm nws sab saum toj, nws muaj peev xwm mus visually "nce" tus qauv. Cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws yog muaj los ntawm cov kab ntxhab ntawm arches thiab vaults, rushing upwards, uas tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv lub thaj neeb Lavxias teb sab.

Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm yuav ua li cas kom pom kev sib npaug ntawm lub tsev zoo nkauj ntawm qhov siab yog lub tswb pej thuam ntawm Cathedral ntawm Santa Maria del Fiore hauv Florence, uas tau tsim los ntawm Italian tus neeg pleev kob thiab tus kws kos duab ntawm Florence - Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). Thaum xam cov proportions ntawm lub campanile (Tswb pej thuam), nws tau txiav txim siab mus rau qhov kev xav rov qab, uas tau pab kom tsis txhob pom qhov txawv txav ntawm qhov ntev nrog kev hloov ntawm qhov deb.

Txhua leej txhua tus paub tias yog tias koj saib lub tsev siab ntawm hauv qab mus rau sab saum toj, koj yuav tau txais kev xav tias nws sab sauv yog nqaim dua li ntawm lub hauv paus, thaum nws zoo nkaus li tias nws yog "piled" rov qab. Txhawm rau tawm qhov kev nkag siab, Italian ua lub tswb pej thuam kom nws sab sauv loj dua qhov qis dua. Yog li, ib tug neeg pom ib tug kiag li tiaj tus qauv uas yuav txaus siab rau lub qhov muag.

Tab sis cov Greeks thaum ub daws qhov teeb meem no yooj yim dua - lawv tilted sab sauv ntawm lub tsev me ntsis rau pem hauv ntej (kwv yees rau nws txoj hauj lwm ntsug). Raws li txoj cai, qhov no tau ua tiav siv lub pediment, uas tau teeb tsa ntawm lub kaum sab xis (raws li cov duab tau dai rau hauv cov duab kos duab). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov duab puab ntau dua tau muab ntsia rau saum lub tsev, ua kom pom kev zoo nkauj.

Xav txog tag nrho cov piv txwv no, nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg hais tias cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem them nyiaj thiab kho qhov muag kho qhov muag, siv los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev txij li thaum ub, ua pov thawj tias lawv txoj kev tseem ceeb txawm tias tam sim no.