Teleportation - Qhov Tseeb: Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Rau cov heroes ntawm science ntawv tseeb films, teleportation yog ib tug ntau yam. Ib tug nias ntawm ib lub pob - thiab lawv yaj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv ob peb vib nas this lawv pom lawv tus kheej ntau pua thiab txhiab kilometers deb: nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws los yog txawm nyob rau lwm lub ntiaj chaw.

Puas yog qhov kev txav no tuaj yeem ua tau tiag tiag, lossis puas yuav teleportation mus ib txhis hauv npau suav ntawm cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws sau tshuaj? Puas muaj ib qho kev tshawb fawb tau ua nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no - thiab peb puas tau ze dua me ntsis rau kev siv thev naus laus zis kom paub txog tus phab ej ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo heev?

Cov lus teb luv luv rau lo lus nug no yog yog, kev sim tab tom ua, thiab nquag heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub tshaj tawm cov ntawv hauv cov ntawv xov xwm tshawb fawb txog kev sim ua tiav hauv quantum teleportation - kom muaj ntau dua thiab ntau dua.

Thiab txawm hais tias ntau tus kws tshaj lij physicists tsis ntseeg tias peb yuav muaj peev xwm tshaj xov tooj rau tib neeg, qee cov kws tshaj lij muaj kev cia siab ntau dua thiab paub tseeb tias teleports yuav dhau los ua qhov tseeb hauv ob peb xyoos.

Cov lus dag, lus xaiv thiab dab neeg

Ua ntej, cia peb qhia meej tias peb tab tom tham txog dab tsi. Los ntawm teleportation, peb txhais tau tias qhov kev txav tam sim ntawm cov khoom ntawm txhua qhov kev ncua deb, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ceev tshaj qhov ceev ntawm lub teeb.

Lo lus nws tus kheej tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1931 los ntawm American publicist Charles Fort, uas yog fond ntawm kev tshawb fawb qhov paranormal. Los ntawm kev ua piv txwv nrog "TV", muab los ntawm Greek τῆλε ("far") thiab Latin video ("saib"), hauv nws phau ntawv "Volcanoes ntawm Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej" nws tau tsim ib lo lus los piav qhia txog kev txav tsis tau ntawm cov khoom hauv qhov chaw (Latin porto txhais tau tias " nqa") …

"Hauv phau ntawv no, feem ntau kuv saib cov pov thawj tias muaj qee yam kev hloov pauv, uas kuv hu ua teleportation. Kuv yuav raug liam tias sib sau ua ke cov lus dag, lus xaiv, lus dab neeg, kev dag ntxias thiab kev ntseeg. Kuv tsuas yog muab cov ntaub ntawv, "sau Fort.

Muaj tseeb ntau cov lus dab neeg hais txog cov kev txav no - piv txwv li, cov lus dab neeg dav dav txog Philadelphia sim xyoo 1943, thaum lub sijhawm Asmeskas tus neeg tua neeg Eldridge raug liam tias tau xa xov 320 km.

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev xyaum, tag nrho cov dab neeg zoo li no tau dhau los ua tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov kev xav ntawm kev koom ua ke theorists, raws li cov tub ceev xwm zais ntawm cov pej xeem ib qho pov thawj ntawm teleportation rooj plaub ua tub rog zais cia.

Qhov tseeb, qhov sib txawv yog qhov tseeb: txhua qhov kev ua tiav hauv cheeb tsam no tau tham dav dav hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, tsuas yog ib lub lim tiam dhau los, cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tau hais txog qhov kev sim ua tiav tshiab hauv quantum teleportation.

Cia peb txav los ntawm nroog cov lus dab neeg thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo heev mus rau kev tshawb fawb nruj.

Los ntawm taw tes A mus rau taw tes B …

Zaj dab neeg ntawm qhov tseeb, tsis yog qhov tseeb, kev xa xov xa xov tau pib xyoo 1993, thaum Asmeskas tus kws kho mob hlwb Charles Bennett ua lej - siv cov qauv - ua pov thawj qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm quantum tam sim ntawd.

Tau kawg, cov no yog cov kev suav theoretical nkaus xwb: kev sib npaug sib luag uas tsis muaj kev siv tswv yim. Txawm li cas los xij, tib txoj kev - kev ua lej - piv txwv li, qhov dub, qhov tsis sib haum xeeb thiab lwm yam tshwm sim twb tau pom, qhov muaj nyob ntawm uas tau sim paub tseeb ntau tom qab.

Yog li Bennett cov kev xam pom tau dhau los ua qhov xav tau tiag tiag. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib ua haujlwm tshawb fawb hauv cov lus qhia no - thiab thawj qhov kev sim ua tiav ntawm quantum teleportation tau ua tiav hauv ob peb xyoos.

Nws yuav tsum tau hais txog ntawm no tias peb tab tom tham txog quantum teleportation, thiab qhov no tsis yog tib yam uas peb tau siv los pom hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab science. Los ntawm ib qho chaw mus rau lwm qhov, tsis yog cov khoom siv nws tus kheej (piv txwv li, photon lossis atom - tom qab tag nrho, txhua yam muaj atoms) raug xa mus, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws lub xeev quantum. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv txoj kev xav, qhov no txaus rau "rov qab" cov khoom qub hauv qhov chaw tshiab, tau txais ib daim qauv ntawm nws. Ntxiv mus, cov kev sim no twb tau ua tiav hauv chav kuaj - tab sis ntxiv rau qhov hauv qab no.

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no peb tau accustomed mus rau, qhov no technology yog yooj yim tshaj los piv nrog ib tug tshuab luam ntawv los yog fax: koj tsis xa cov ntaub ntawv nws tus kheej, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob daim ntawv - tab sis raws li qhov tshwm sim, tus neeg txais kev pab muaj ib tug meej daim ntawv. Nrog rau qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb uas nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm teleportation, cov khoom xa tawm nws tus kheej raug rhuav tshem, uas yog, nws ploj mus - thiab tsuas yog ib daim ntawv xwb.

Cia peb sim seb qhov no tshwm sim li cas.

Vajtswv puas ua si tsuav?

Koj puas tau hnov txog Schrödinger tus miv - tus uas zaum hauv lub thawv tsis muaj sia lossis tuag? Qhov kev ua piv txwv qub no tau tsim los ntawm Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger los piav txog cov cuab yeej tsis meej ntawm cov khoom me me - superposition. Qhov tseeb yog tias quantum hais ib txhij nyob rau hauv ob peb lub xeev ib zaug, uas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no peb yog accustomed mus rau tag nrho cais ib leeg. Piv txwv li, ib qho hluav taws xob tsis tig ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus ntawm lub atom, raws li peb tau xav, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub orbit (nrog rau qhov sib txawv).

Txog thaum peb qhib lub thawv miv, uas yog, peb tsis ntsuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom (hauv peb qhov piv txwv, peb tsis tau txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob), tus miv zaum tsis yog ciaj sia lossis tuag - nws yog ob qho tib si. ciaj sia thiab tuag tib lub sijhawm. Tab sis thaum lub thawv qhib, uas yog, qhov ntsuas tau tsim, cov particle yog nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov xeev tau - thiab nws tsis hloov lawm. Peb cov miv tseem ciaj los tuag.

Yog hais tias lub sijhawm no koj tsis nkag siab txhua yam - tsis txhob txhawj, tsis muaj leej twg nkag siab qhov no. Qhov xwm ntawm quantum mechanics tsis tau piav qhia los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij physicists hauv ntiaj teb tau ntau xyoo lawm.

Lub phenomenon ntawm quantum entanglement yog siv rau teleportation. Qhov no yog thaum ob lub hauv paus ntsiab lus muaj tib lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab nyob rau hauv ib qho kev cuam tshuam lub xeev - nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, muaj ib co inexplicable kev twb kev txuas ntawm lawv. Vim li no, entangled hais tuaj yeem "sib tham" nrog ib leeg, txawm tias nyob deb ntawm ib leeg. Thiab thaum koj paub lub xeev ntawm ib qho particle, koj tuaj yeem kwv yees lub xeev ntawm lwm qhov nrog qhov tseeb tseeb.

Xav txog tias koj muaj ob lub tsuav uas ib txwm ntxiv txog xya. Koj co lawv nyob rau hauv ib khob thiab pov ib tug pob txha qab koj nraub qaum thiab ib tug pem hauv ntej ntawm koj thiab npog nws nrog koj xib teg. Tsa koj txhais tes, koj pom tias koj tau muab pov tseg, hais tias, ib tug rau - thiab tam sim no koj muaj peev xwm ntseeg tau tias cov pob txha thib ob, tom qab koj nraub qaum, poob tawm ib qho. Tom qab tag nrho, cov lej ntawm ob tus lej yuav tsum sib npaug rau xya.

Suab zoo kawg, txoj cai? Nrog rau cov tsuav peb tau siv los, xws li tus lej yuav tsis ua haujlwm, tab sis entangled hais coj raws nraim li no - thiab tsuas yog txoj kev no, txawm hais tias qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov tshwm sim no kuj defies piav qhia.

"Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim tsis txaus ntseeg tshaj plaws ntawm quantum mechanics, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom nkag siab," hais tias MIT xibfwb Walter Levin, yog ib tus kws tshaj lij physicists nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb no."

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis txhais tau tias qhov tshwm sim tsis meej no tsis tuaj yeem siv hauv kev xyaum - tom qab tag nrho, nws tau rov qab lees paub los ntawm ob qho tib si qauv thiab kev sim.

Tswv yim teleportation

Cov kev sim ua tau zoo ntawm teleportation tau pib txog 10 xyoo dhau los hauv Canary Islands nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm Austrian physicist, xib fwb ntawm University of Vienna Anton Zeilinger.

Nyob rau hauv ib lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm Palma cov kob, cov kws tshawb fawb tsim ib khub ntawm photons entangled (A thiab B), thiab ces ib tug ntawm lawv raug xa mus rau ib tug laser beam mus rau lwm lub chaw soj nstuam nyob rau hauv cov kob ntawm Tenerife, 144 km deb. Ntxiv mus, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm superposition - uas yog, peb tseem tsis tau "qhib lub miv lub thawv".

Tom qab ntawd qhov thib peb photon (C) txuas nrog rau rooj plaub - ib qho uas yuav tsum tau teleported - thiab lawv ua rau nws cuam tshuam nrog ib qho ntawm cov khoom sib txuas. Tom qab ntawd physicists ntsuas qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam no (A + C) thiab xa cov txiaj ntsig tau mus rau chav kuaj hauv Tenerife, qhov thib ob entangled photon (B) nyob.

Qhov kev sib txuas tsis meej ntawm A thiab B yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tig B rau hauv daim ntawv qhia tseeb ntawm C (A + C-B) - zoo li nws tam sim ntawd txav ntawm ib kob mus rau lwm qhov yam tsis tau hla dej hiav txwv. Ntawd yog, nws teleported.

"Peb cais cov ntaub ntawv uas tus thawj nqa nqa - thiab tsim ib qho tshiab qub nyob rau lwm qhov," piav qhia Zeilinger, uas twb tau tshaj tawm ntau txhiab thiab ntau txhiab lub ntsiab lus hauv txoj kev no.

Puas yog qhov no txhais tau hais tias yav tom ntej, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav muaj peev xwm tshaj tawm txhua yam khoom thiab txawm tias tib neeg nyob rau hauv txoj kev no - tom qab tag nrho, peb kuj muaj cov khoom zoo li no?

Hauv kev xav, qhov no yog qhov ua tau heev. Koj tsuas yog yuav tsum tsim kom muaj tus lej txaus ntawm entangled khub thiab nqa mus rau qhov chaw sib txawv, muab tso rau hauv "teleportation booths" - hais, hauv London thiab Moscow. Koj nkag mus rau lub rooj muag khoom thib peb, uas ua haujlwm zoo li lub tshuab luam ntawv: lub khoos phis tawj txheeb xyuas lub xeev quantum ntawm koj cov khoom, muab piv nrog cov khoom sib txuas, thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv no mus rau lwm lub nroog. Thiab muaj cov txheej txheem rov qab tshwm sim - thiab koj daim ntawv qhia tseeb yog rov tsim dua los ntawm cov khoom sib txuas.

Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb daws tau

Hauv kev xyaum, tej yam yuav nyuaj me ntsis. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias muaj txog 7 octillion atoms nyob rau hauv peb lub cev (tom qab xya muaj 27 xoom, uas yog, xya billion billion billion) - qhov no yog ntau tshaj li cov hnub qub nyob rau hauv lub observable ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

Thiab tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los soj ntsuam thiab piav qhia tsis yog tsuas yog txhua tus neeg hais xwb, tab sis kuj tag nrho cov kev sib txuas ntawm lawv - tom qab tag nrho, nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tshiab lawv yuav tsum tau sau rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim kom raug.

Nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom sau thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv ntau npaum li cas - tsawg kawg, ntawm theem tam sim no ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis. Nws tsis paub tias thaum twg cov khoos phis tawj muaj peev xwm ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv ntim zoo li no yuav tshwm sim. Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, kev ua hauj lwm tab tom ua kom qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam, thiab tsis yog tus xov tooj ntawm teleportable hais.

Tias yog vim li cas ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias kev npau suav ntawm tib neeg teleportation tsis yog qhov tseeb. Txawm li cas los xij, piv txwv li, tus xibfwb ntawm New York City College thiab ib tus neeg paub zoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb Michio Kaku tau ntseeg tias kev xa xov yuav dhau los ua qhov tseeb thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st - thiab tej zaum txawm tias 50 xyoo tom qab. Tsis muaj npe cov hnub tshwj xeeb, qee tus kws tshaj lij feem ntau pom zoo nrog nws.

"Qhov no yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, txhim kho qhov zoo. Tab sis kuv xav hais tias cov teeb meem tseem ceeb tau raug daws lawm - thiab tsis muaj kev txwv rau kev ua tiav ntxiv," Eugene Polzik, tus xibfwb ntawm Niels Bohr Institute ntawm Copenhagen University hais.

Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lwm cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev. Piv txwv li, "daim ntawv ntawm kuv" puas tau los ntawm kev xa xov tooj tuaj yeem yog kuv tiag? Nws puas yuav xav tib yam, muaj kev nco zoo ib yam? Tom qab tag nrho, raws li tau hais ua ntej, tus thawj ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj raug puas tsuaj vim yog kev tsom xam quantum.

"Rau quantum teleportation, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv teleportable nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem yog qhov tsim nyog thiab kev zam," lees paub Edward Farhi, uas yog tus thawj coj Center for Theoretical Physics ntawm MIT los ntawm 2004 txog 2016 thiab tam sim no ua haujlwm ntawm Google. "Kuv xav tias koj yuav cia li. tig mus rau hauv ib pawg ntawm neutrons, protons thiab electrons, koj yuav tsis saib koj zoo tshaj plaws."

Ntawm qhov tod tes, los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm cov khoom siv nkaus xwb, peb tsis tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom uas peb tau tsim, tab sis los ntawm lawv lub xeev - thiab cov ntaub ntawv no, cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias, tau kis tau zoo heev.

Kuv xav ntseeg tias yog li no. Thiab hais tias kev npau suav ntawm tib neeg hais txog teleportation yuav tsis tig mus rau hauv kev muaj tiag nyob rau hauv lub naas ej ntshai heev zaj duab xis, qhov twg lub cim tseem ceeb tsis pom yuav ua li cas ib tug yoov ya mus rau hauv nws teleportation cabin …