Lub kaw lus ntawm 10 txhiab tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia thiab paranoia ntawm Stalin qhov kev tsim txom

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tej zaum ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj rau Stalinist kev tawm tsam ntawm xyoo 1930 yog kev tshawb nrhiav ib feem ntawm "cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg" los ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm tsarist tub ceev xwm zais cia. Los ntawm 1917, tub ceev xwm zais cia tsuas muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm puv sijhawm ntawm kwv yees li 10 txhiab tus neeg ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam. Noj mus rau hauv tus account ib ntus, tus neeg ua haujlwm ywj pheej ("shtuchnik") - ntau dua 50 txhiab. Piv txwv li, ntawm cov Bolsheviks, nrog rau sab saum toj ntawm tog, muaj ntau tshaj 2 txhiab ntawm lawv. Txhua qhov kev tawm tsam hauv tsarist Russia tau permeated los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tub ceev xwm zais cia. Nyob rau hauv Soviet txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub 1920s, ib co ntawm lawv raug sim, thiab ces lub scale ntawm infiltration ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm zais cia.

Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1880 thiab 1917, muaj txog 10,000 tus tub ceev xwm zais cia hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Tub Ceev Xwm. Thiab qhov no tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho. Ob peb lub sij hawm txawm tias ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, thaum cov thawj coj ntawm lub tuam tsev tau hloov, qee qhov xwm txheej rau cov neeg ua haujlwm raug rhuav tshem. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv tau raug rhuav tshem thaum Lub Ob Hlis-Lub Peb Hlis 1917 thaum lub sij hawm pogrom ntawm tub ceev xwm archives. Tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev tshaj tawm rau hauv ib puag ncig ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam tuaj yeem ncav cuag 20 txhiab tus neeg. Cov. cov uas tau txais nyiaj rau lawv cov dej num. Thiab qhov ntawd tsis suav qhov hu ua. "shtuchnikov" - cov neeg ua haujlwm zais cia ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm tub ceev xwm uas muab cov ntaub ntawv tsis sib xws, lossis tawg nrog tub ceev xwm zais cia tom qab kev tua ntawm qee qhov xwm txheej. Ua ke nrog lawv, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tub ceev xwm zais cia hauv cov neeg tawm tsam tuaj yeem ncav cuag 50 txhiab tus neeg.

Qhov tseeb no yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account thaum peb tham txog cov laj thawj rau kev tsim txom ntawm xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s (thiab txawm tias xyoo 1940 thiab 1950). Nws tsuas yog tom qab Lub Kaum Hli 1917 tias qhov ntsuas ntawm kev nkag mus ntawm cov neeg sawv cev rau hauv kev tawm tsam, suav nrog Bolsheviks, tau tshwm sim. Paranoia overtook lub sab saum toj ntawm Bolsheviks, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tias, raws li tau hais los saum no, qee qhov xwm txheej tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam raug rhuav tshem. Txhua leej txhua tus tuaj yeem xav tias nws yog tus neeg sawv cev zais cia ntawm tub ceev xwm zais cia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd - los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1920s - nws twb paub txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus provocateur Malinovsky, uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm Bolshevik pawg hauv Xeev Duma, Lenin's. nyiam, nrog rau cov xwm txheej ntawm kaum ob ntawm provocateurs. Qee tus Bolsheviks txawm xav tias Stalin tias nws yog tus neeg saib xyuas zais cia ntawm tub ceev xwm, thiab peb tuaj yeem hais dab tsi txog cov thawj coj tseem ceeb ntawm Bolshevik Party.

Ntxiv mus, ntau tus provocateurs yog ob tug neeg sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub ceev xwm zais cia thiab txawv teb chaws txawj ntse kev pab cuam. Qhov no, ib yam nkaus thiab, yav tom ntej, nyob rau hauv 1920s thiab 1930s, tau nce mus rau OGPU / NKVD mus nrhiav "cov neeg soj xyuas hauv qab txaj."

Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv ntawm Vladimir Ignatov "Cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia thiab lub USSR" (tshaj tawm lub tsev "Veche", 2014) qhia txog kev teeb tsa ntawm ib tug system ntawm secrets ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thiab lub USSR. Ib tshooj ntawm phau ntawv qhia yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem no ua haujlwm nyob rau lub sijhawm tsarist lig. Peb muab ib qho luv luv excerpt los ntawm tshooj no.

Raws li kev ntseeg nrov, tsuas yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv (cov neeg ua haujlwm zais cia) tuaj yeem raug nthuav tawm ua ntej kev rhuav tshem ntawm autocracy.

Social Democrats tau ntsib tub ceev xwm provocation ua ntej. Tshiab thiab tsis xav txog rau ntau ntawm lawv yog kev koom tes hauv cov kev ua ub ua no ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tshaj plaws uas tau los txog thaum thawj lub kiv puag ncig. Ib yam li ib zaug cov neeg koom nrog "mus rau cov neeg" ua kom zoo rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg txawj ntse-Marxists tsis khiav tawm qhov kev xav zoo. Nyob rau hauv 1909, Inessa Armand tau hais nrog iab thiab bewilderment: provocation yog dav, nws yog kis "ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse, uas, tom qab tag nrho cov, muaj ib tug paub qab hau instinct nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam rau lawv tus kheej nyiam." "Ib txhia ntawm cov phooj ywg hauv zos," nws sau, hais txog Moscow, "txawm hais tias qhov tshwm sim no nthuav dav tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntse."

Hauv Moscow, tub ceev xwm zais cia tau nrhiav cov neeg ua haujlwm paub zoo xws li AA Polyakov, AS Romanov, AK Marakushev, paub zoo hauv kev hloov pauv milieu. Muaj provocateurs-neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, piv txwv li, V. M. Abrosimov, I. P. Sesitsky, V. E. Shurkanov, uas tau nquag ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub union ntawm metalworkers. Cov neeg qhia ntawv tau sau npe nrog Tub Ceev Xwm, thiab ib rooj plaub raug qhib tawm tsam lawv txhua tus, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws tus cwj pwm, kev ua haujlwm, kev ua tswv cuab hauv cov koom haum hloov pauv, cov npe tog, thiab lwm yam. Daim npav daim npav nrog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tub ceev xwm zais cia tau khaws cia rau hauv Tshooj Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Tub Ceev Xwm.

Kuv tsis tau tseg nyiaj rau "cov ntaub ntawv". Piv txwv li, tus provocateur R. V. Malinovsky, ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Central Committee ntawm lub Bolshevik Party, muaj ib tug nyiaj hli ntawm 700 rubles. ib hlis twg (tus tswv xeev cov nyiaj hli yog 500 rubles). Tus kws sau ntawv MA Osorgin, uas tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg ntawm tub ceev xwm zais cia tom qab Lub Ob Hlis, tshaj tawm txog qhov xwm txheej xav paub: ob tug Bolsheviks hauv av uas koom nrog cov dej sib txawv hauv tog tau ntsib thiab sib cav los ntawm lub sijhawm. Ob leeg tau sau ib tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau tub ceev xwm zais cia txog kev sib tham thiab hais txog tus interlocutor - ob leeg yog provocateurs. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub party tsuas muaj 10 txhiab tus neeg thoob plaws Russia! (Ntawm no, raws li tau hais los saum no, tsuas yog 2070 tus tub ceev xwm zais cia tau sau tseg).

Cov kev ua ub no ntawm Anna Yegorovna Serebryakova tus neeg ua haujlwm zais cia tau paub, kev paub txog kev koom tes nrog Moscow chaw saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg tag nrho 24 xyoo. Serebryakova (yug hauv 1857) kawm tiav los ntawm Moscow Higher Course rau Cov Poj Niam, Xib Fwb V. I. Ger'e, coj cov nom tswv department rau txawv teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Lavxias teb sab Courier". Koom nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Red Cross Society rau Cov Neeg raug kaw hauv tebchaws. Muab cov qhua rau nws lub club salon nrog Marxist cov ntaub ntawv, muab ib chav tsev rau cov rooj sib tham. Nws chav tsev tau mus xyuas los ntawm Bolsheviks A. V. Lunacharsky, N. E. Bauman, AI Elizarova (V. I. Lenin tus niam laus), V. A. Obukh, V. P. Nogin, Marxist P. B. Struve thiab ntau lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv nws lub tsev nyob rau hauv 1898, lub Moscow Committee ntawm lub RSDLP tau ntsib. Los ntawm 1885 mus rau 1908 nws yog ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm zais cia ntawm lub Moscow kev ruaj ntseg department. Agent pseudonym "Mamasha", "Ace", "Subbotina" thiab lwm yam. Tom qab nws tus txiv raug ntes, tus thawj coj ntawm Moscow lub chaw saib xyuas kev ruaj ntseg G. P. Sudeikin, nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj ntawm kev raug ntes, yuam nws kom pom zoo ua tus neeg sawv cev rau Tub Ceev Xwm.

Nws tau xa mus rau tub ceev xwm zais cia ob peb lub kiv puag ncig, lub koom haum Social-Democratic Rabochy Soyuz, cov tswj hwm ntawm Bund, lub koom haum Social-Democratic Yuzhny Rabochy, thiab Moscow Committee ntawm RSDLP. Nws "cov cuab yeej cuab tam" suav nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm lub tsev luam ntawv tsis raug cai ntawm "Cov Neeg Txoj Cai" hauv Smolensk thiab ntau lwm yam "khoom zoo", suav nrog kev raug ntes nyob rau xyoo 1905 ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm pawg thawj coj los npaj kev tawm tsam hauv Moscow. Thoob plaws hauv nws txoj haujlwm ua tus neeg sawv cev, Serebryakova tau txais nyiaj ntau hli los ntawm cov nyiaj ntawm Tub Ceev Xwm Lub Tsev Haujlwm.

Cov thawj coj ntawm Moscow Security Department, Tub ceev xwm Department thiab Minister ntawm Sab hauv P. Stolypin tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau Serebryakova cov haujlwm ua tus neeg sawv cev hauv kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam hauv av. Ntawm lawv txoj kev pib, nws tau them nyiaj ntau. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1908, 5000 rubles. Nyob rau lub Ob Hlis 1911, raws li qhov kev thov ntawm Minister of Internal Affairs, Emperor Nicholas II tau pom zoo teem caij ntawm Serebryakova lub neej pension ntawm 100 rubles ib hlis.

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, thaum tsoomfwv tshiab pib tshawb nrhiav thiab foob cov neeg ua haujlwm qub ntawm Tub Ceev Xwm, Serebryakov tau nthuav tawm. Lub rooj sib hais hauv tsev hais plaub hauv nws rooj plaub tau tuav hauv tsev hais plaub hauv nroog Moscow txij lub Plaub Hlis 16 txog Lub Plaub Hlis 27, 1926. Muab nws lub hnub nyoog thiab kev tsis taus, lub tsev hais plaub txiav txim Serebryakova mus rau 7 xyoo nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj, offsetting lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub remand tsev lojcuj (1 xyoo 7 lub hlis). "Mamasha" tuag hauv tsev lojcuj.

Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, ib tug ntawm cov neeg qhia Bolshevik tau sau ib tsab ntawv hloov siab lees txim rau Gorky. Muaj cov kab hauv qab no: "Tom qab tag nrho, muaj ntau ntawm peb - tag nrho cov neeg ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws." Lenin lub voj voog sab hauv tau ntim nrog cov tub ceev xwm. Tus thawj coj ntawm tub ceev xwm, twb nyob rau hauv exile, hais tias txhua txhua kauj ruam, txhua lo lus ntawm Lenin twb paub rau nws mus rau qhov tsawg tshaj plaws nthuav dav. Nyob rau hauv 1912, nyob rau hauv Prague, nyob rau hauv ib tug huab cua ntawm qhov loj tshaj secrecy, Lenin tuav lub rooj sib tham tog. Ntawm cov xaiv, "dawb siab" thiab txheeb xyuas 13 ntawm nws cov neeg koom, plaub yog tub ceev xwm cov neeg sawv cev (Malinovsky, Romanov, Brandinsky thiab Shurkanov), peb ntawm cov uas tau nthuav qhia cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws rau tub ceev xwm txog lub rooj sib tham.

Bolshevik recruited los ntawm Harting, tus tswv cuab ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws Chaw Haujlwm ntawm Central Committee ntawm RSDLP Yakov Abramovich Zhitomirsky (tog pseudonym Otsov), ua ntej pib ua hauj lwm rau Lavxias teb sab tub ceev xwm, ua hauj lwm rau cov Germans. Nws tau raug xaiv los ntawm tub ceev xwm German thaum ntxov 1900s thaum nws kawm hauv cov kws kho mob ntawm University of Berlin, qhov chaw nws tau teeb tsa lub voj voog Social Democratic. Nyob rau hauv 1902 Zhitomirsky nyob ib qho chaw tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub Berlin pab pawg neeg "Iskra". Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws raug xaiv los ntawm Harting thiab tau los ua tus neeg sawv cev rau cov neeg sawv cev txawv teb chaws ntawm Tub Ceev Xwm Department. Nws tau ceeb toom rau tub ceev xwm txog kev ua ub no ntawm pawg Berlin ntawm Iskra cov ntawv xov xwm thiab tib lub sij hawm ua cov lus qhia los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm cov ntawv xov xwm thiab Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev, ua kev mus rau Russia ntawm nws cov lus qhia. Nyob rau hauv Paris thaum kawg ntawm 1908 txog 1912, nws nyob rau hauv Lenin lub puab lub voj voog. Qhia rau Tub Ceev Xwm txog cov dej num ntawm Social Democrats, Socialist Revolutionaries thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm cov tog sab laug nyob rau hauv exile. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv xa mus rau Zhytomyr Tub Ceev Xwm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tub Ceev Xwm, tus paub zoo Bolshevik S. Kamo, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm RSDLP, uas tau sim muag cov ntawv rho nyiaj tawm hauv ib lub tsev txhab nyiaj Lavxias, raug ntes.

Zhitomirsky tau koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm 5th Congress ntawm RSDLP (1907), nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham plenary ntawm Central Committee ntawm RSDLP hauv Geneva (Lub Yim Hli 1908) thiab hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm 5th All-Lavxias Rooj Sab Laj ntawm RSDLP hauv Paris. (Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1908). Nyob rau ntawm lub rooj sib tham, nws tau raug xaiv los ntawm Lub Chaw Haujlwm Txawv Tebchaws ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm RSDLP, thiab tom qab ntawd tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm cov neeg sawv cev txawv teb chaws ntawm Central Committee ntawm RSDLP. Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, Zhitomirsky tseem nyob hauv Fab Kis, qhov chaw nws tau ua tus kws kho mob hauv Lavxias teb sab expeditionary Corps. Tom qab Lub Ob Hlis Revolution, thaum cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Parisian cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Tub Ceev Xwm Lub Tsev Haujlwm tau poob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm cov kiv puag ncig, nws raug nthuav tawm raws li tus neeg tawm tsam thiab nkaum los ntawm lub tsev hais plaub inter-party hauv ib lub tebchaws ntawm South America.

Qee cov kiv puag ncig tau raug xaiv los ntawm tub ceev xwm cia li pauv rau lub neej. Yog li, tsis ntev ua ntej kev tua, Ivan Fedorovich Okladsky (1859-1925), ib tug neeg ua haujlwm, Lavxias teb sab kiv puag ncig, tus tswv cuab ntawm Narodnaya Volya tog, tau pom zoo koom tes nrog tub ceev xwm. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1880, Okladsky tau koom nrog kev sim tua Emperor Alexander II nyob rau hauv lub Pob Zeb Choj hauv St. Nws raug ntes thaum Lub Xya Hli 4, 1880 thiab thaum lub rooj sib hais ntawm 16 raug txiav txim tuag. Thaum qhov kev sim siab nws coj tus cwj pwm zoo, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv kab tuag, nws pom zoo koom tes nrog Tub Ceev Xwm. Nyob rau lub Rau Hli 1881, kev ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog rau Okladskiy tau hloov pauv los ntawm qhov txuas mus rau kev sib hais haum nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Siberia, thiab thaum Lub Kaum Hli 15, 1882 - los ntawm kev txuas mus rau Caucasus. Thaum tuaj txog hauv Caucasus, nws tau tso npe ua tub ceev xwm zais cia hauv Tiflis gendarme department.

Nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1889 Okladsky raug xa mus rau St. Petersburg thiab los ua ib tug unofficial neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm tub ceev xwm department nrog ib tug nyiaj hli ntawm 150 rubles. Tom qab ua kev sib txuas nrog cov thawj coj ntawm Petersburg underground, nws ntxeev siab rau lub voj voog ntawm Istomina, Feit thiab Rumyantsev, uas nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli 11, 1891, raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Minister of Internal Affairs, nws tau txais ib tug tag nrho kev zam txim, nrog rau lub renaming. Ivan Alexandrovich Petrovsky thiab hloov mus rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov pej xeem hwm hwm. Okladskiy tau ua haujlwm hauv Tub Ceev Xwm mus txog rau Lub Ob Hlis Revolution. Nws txoj kev ntxeev siab tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1918.

Xyoo 1924, Okladsky raug ntes thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 14, 1925, Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Siab ntawm RSFSR raug txiav txim tuag, raug kaw rau kaum xyoo vim nws muaj hnub nyoog siab heev. Nws tuag hauv tsev lojcuj xyoo 1925.

Kev txiav txim los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm provocateurs qhia rau hauv lub kiv puag ncig ob tog, Bolsheviks tsis yog cov thawj coj hauv radicalism, uas ua rau muaj kev txaus siab tseem ceeb ntawm tub ceev xwm zais cia. Ntawm 10 txhiab tus neeg sawv cev tshaj tawm, txog 5 txhiab yog ib feem ntawm Social Revolutionaries. Kwv yees li tus lej tib yam li Bolsheviks muaj cov neeg sawv cev hauv cov neeg Yudais (Bund thiab Paole Zion) thiab Polish sab laug (2-2, 2 txhiab).