10 nrov sib ntaus sib tua hneev dab neeg dab neeg cog los ntawm Hollywood

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ib qho ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov lus dab neeg ntawm cov lus Askiv longbow ua superweapon. Muaj tseeb tiag, rov qab rau xyoo 19th, Sir Ralph Payne-Gullway tau nug nws thiab qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig thiab tus hneev taw Turkish. Tab sis nws ua nrog ceev faj. Thaj, nws nkag siab tias lub teb chaws dab neeg no yog ib qho ntawm cov whales uas lub nceeg vaj sawv.

Payne-Gallway phau ntawv yog ib puas xyoo dhau los. Txij thaum ntawd los, tsis muaj dab tsi ntse ntawm lub ncauj lus no tau muab txhais ua lus Lavxias. Peb qhov kev nkag siab ntawm hneev nti thiab crossbows yog qhov qub heev.

Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim uas cuam tshuam rau cov kev xav thiab cov lus qhia peb. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, xinesmas, ua pa tawm lub neej tshiab rau hauv zaj dab neeg ntawm longbow - tom qab tag nrho, ntawm qhov screen, hneev taw feem ntau ua raws li wunderwaffe, ua tiav ob leeg infantrymen nrog cov ntaub thaiv npog thiab armored cavalry.

Cia peb saib qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag.

1. Longbows hauv tebchaws Askiv tau ua haujlwm hauv xyoo pua XII

Lub hneev ntev yeej paub tau ntev heev. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv tebchaws Askiv hauv XII-XIII centuries, cov xub siv crossbows.

Lub longbow tshwm nyob rau hauv cov tub rog Askiv tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Tus huab tais Askiv Edward kuv tau ntsib nws thaum lub sij hawm conquest ntawm Wales, txaus siab thiab tsis tsuas yog saws nws, tab sis kom nws cov neeg kawm nrog ib theem ntawm cov nyiaj tau los muaj hneev thiab xub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus ntoo khaub lig tsis ploj tag nrho hauv cov tub rog, lawv tau siv los tiv thaiv fortresses. Thiab cov neeg Askiv txawm muaj nws hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Agincourt (hauv 1415).

Evgeny Bashin-Razumovsky - tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov teeb meem keeb kwm:

"Yuav kom tsa ib tug archer zoo, koj yuav tsum pib nrog nws yawg."

Kev tua hneev nti tsis xav tau kev cob qhia ntev. Nws muaj zog dua thiab xav tau qhov chaw tsawg dua, tab sis qis dua rau tus hneev nti ntawm qhov hluav taws kub. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus ntoo khaub lig yog qhov nyuaj dua rau kev tsim khoom.

2. Tus archer nto moo Robin Hood nyob thaum lub sij hawm Richard lub Lionheart

Muaj peb tus phab ej ntawm keeb kwm Askiv, uas nws qhov kev lom zem tau ua yeeb yaj kiab feem ntau. Qhov no yog King Arthur, Robin Hood thiab Sherlock Holmes. Cov cim tsis tseeb - muaj me me uas txwv cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab los ntawm kev xav tsis thoob. Robin Hood nyob rau hauv no trio, ntawm chav kawm, los ua ntej.

Evgeny Bashin-Razumovsky - tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov teeb meem keeb kwm:

Ntawm cov ntawv sau ua yeeb yaj kiab hais txog tus naj npawb ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab hloov kho, tsuas yog peb Musketeers los ntawm Fabkis keeb kwm tuaj yeem sib tw nrog nws.

Tus kws sau ntawv Walter Scott tau sau ntawv rau Robin thaum lub sijhawm Richard the Lionheart, thiab nrog nws lub teeb tes, tus tub sab tseem ua yeeb yaj kiab tib yam nrog huab tais no.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv Askiv, nyob rau hauv Richard, tus longbow tseem tsis tau txais mus rau hauv kev pab cuam!

Hneev kis thoob plaws tebchaws Askiv thaum lub sijhawm Edward I, thiab kev sib tw tua phom tau qhia dav dav los ntawm King Edward III nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. Qhov ntawd yog, Robin Hood tuaj yeem yog nws lub sijhawm tam sim no, tsis yog Richard's. Thiab nws muaj peev xwm theej tawm tsam Fab Kis ntawm Crecy, thiab tsis koom nrog peb Crusade.

3. Lub zog tensioning ntawm lub longbow yog 60-80 kilograms

Feem ntau cov tub rog Askiv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tau siv yew hneev nrog lub zog ntawm 30-40 kilos, rau cov xub txheem (ib lub mev ntev thiab nrog lub taub hau). Lub luag haujlwm tsis yog kom nkag mus rau hauv qhov saib ntawm cov tub rog lub kaus mom hlau, tab sis txhawm rau kom muaj qhov ntom ntom ntawm "hluav taws" - kom cov xub yuav poob zoo li los nag, ua rau raug mob rau cov tub rog lossis lawv cov nees.

Los ntawm txoj kev, nees archers tsis tuaj yeem tsim qhov ntom ntom.

Thiab los ntawm cov hneev nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 60-80 kilos, tus neeg tseem ceeb xub raug rho tawm haujlwm. Tom qab ntawd cov lus dab neeg tau tsim txog lawv. Ntawm no kuv nco qab Odysseus, uas nws hneev nti tsis tuaj yeem rub los ntawm ntau tus neeg sib tw uas woo Penelope.

Evgeny Bashin-Razumovsky - tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov teeb meem keeb kwm:

Cov tub rog Askiv uas muaj sia nyob ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog muaj kwv yees rub tawm ntawm 27-45 kilograms. Nyob rau hauv longbows pom ntawm Mary Rose carack, uas nteg nyob rau hauv 1545, tus nqi no txawv ntawm 36 mus rau 90 kilos (qhov nruab nrab - 45-50).

Hneev los ntawm karakka - lig, XVI xyoo pua, lawv tau siv thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm phaj armor thiab tsis yog "thaj chaw". Kev siv cov hneev taw thaum sib ntaus sib tua hauv nkoj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev xav tau sib txawv rau riam phom.

4. Cov Lus Askiv Longbow yog cov muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hneev

Ib lub hneev nti nrog qhov rov qab khoov muaj peev xwm xa tus xub nrog lub zog ntau dua, uas yog, ntxiv mus. Qhov ceev ntawm tus hneev ncaj ncaj plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm no. Thiab nws nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas nws tau ua. Ntoo yog txwv, uas yog vim li cas yooj yim bows tau ua loj heev. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm lub longbow yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv lub simplicity thiab tsawg nqi ntawm manufacturing.

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub hneev no yog tshwj xeeb rau cov infantry. Composite, ntawm me me, cov cavalry kuj siv tau. Cov Japanese rau lub eeb shooting tsim ib tug asymmetrical yumi hneev ntev nrog ib tug luv luv lub xub pwg nyom. Crossbowmen tuaj yeem tua los ntawm tus nees, thiab Askiv nees archers yog hom dragoons. Lawv caij nees, tab sis lawv tau sib ntaus sib tua, thiab qee zaum txawm tshem lawv nkawm khau.

Evgeny Bashin-Razumovsky - tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov teeb meem keeb kwm:

Cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab yuav tsum tsis txhob tso cov dos rau hauv tes ntawm cov ntxhais uas tsis muaj zog. Qhov no tsis yog ib rab phom sniper uas tuaj yeem tua txawm nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm ib tug ntxhais los yog tub hluas. Kev tua hneev taw yog qhov hnyav heev!

5. Qhov kev tua ntawm ib rab hneev tua yog ob peb puas meters

Tseeb, muaj cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg ntawm kev tua los ntawm Turkish hneev nti ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500-700 meters. Tab sis nws tau tua nyob deb - rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Thiab rau qhov no, lub teeb, tsis muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua tau siv.

Sir Ralph Payne-Gullway ntseeg hais tias cov archers Askiv tsis zoo li yuav tua deb tshaj 230-250 yards (tsuas yog tshaj 200 meters). Thiab ntawm no peb tab tom tham txog mounted tua, thiab qhov ntau ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha yog li 30 meters.

6. Ib tug xub los ntawm ib tug hneev taw chob daim ntaub thaiv hla

Nyob rau hauv Lub Tuam Txhab Dawb los ntawm Arthur Conan Doyle, ib tug xub ntawm ib tug lus Askiv ntev hneev pierces daim ntaub thaiv txoj cai los ntawm. Tus archer, sib tw nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, tswj kom xa cov xub no ntau npaum li 630 kauj ruam.

Nws paub tias Parthian nees archers tau ua rau cov neeg Loos muaj teeb meem ntau, thiab lawv cov xub tau tho cov scutums. Tab sis thaum qhov no tshwm sim, cov xub tsis chob lub thaiv ntoo txoj cai los ntawm - lawv tau daig.

Puas tuaj yeem rhuav tshem daim thaiv txoj cai dhau los tseem tshwm sim? Kev ua tub rog oriental treatise piav txog qhov xav paub thaum ib tug Turkmen, hnav khaub ncaws hauv cov ntawv xa xov, tshem tawm lub vaj lub qhov rooj thiab ua ib daim thaiv. Tus archer tua ib tug xub, uas pierced lub qhov rooj, ntaus lub hauv siab thiab tawm ntawm lub nraub qaum. Pom qhov kev txhaj tshuaj zoo li no, cov tub rog nrog cov Turkmen tau khiav tawm ntawm kev ntshai.

Ces tus tub ceev xwm hais tias: “Muaj ib lub qhov nyob ntawm lub qhov rooj. Lub hnub nyob tom qab lub Turkmen thiab ci los ntawm qhov sib txawv. Kuv, nrog txhaj tshuaj zoo, ntaus lub qhov [thiab dhau ntawm nws] txoj cai rau hauv tus neeg ntawd. Thiab lawv xav tias kuv xub tau tho lub qhov rooj, xa ntawv thiab tus txiv neej. Qhov no ua rau txhua tus neeg ntshai."

7. Xub pierced phaj armor

Cov xub tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej siv tau li cas?

"Bodkin" - armor-piercing xub taub hau ntawm ib tug lus Askiv hneev nti - ntseeg siab pierces saw mail ntawm ib tug luv luv. Tab sis phaj armor yog ib qho teeb meem loj rau cov xub, qhov zoo dua yog qhov hnyav ntsia liaj qhov rooj.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, keeb kwm paub ntau yam piv txwv thaum saw xa ntawv nrog cov ris tsho hauv qab, tawv lossis quilted paj rwb armor muab kev tiv thaiv zoo los ntawm cov xub. Tseeb tiag, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev tua yog ua tsis tau tsuas yog nyob ze, thiab tsis yog txhua tus muaj xub nrog steel armor-piercing cov lus qhia.

Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev raug mob hnyav, nws tsis yog ib txwm tsim nyog los tho cov cuab yeej. Yog li, hnub plaub ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Yarmouk thaum Lub Yim Hli 636 tau paub hauv keeb kwm Arab li "hnub ntawm lub qhov muag tawm." Ces cov Byzantine archers, tua huab ntawm xub xub, dig muag txog 700 Muslim tub rog.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm hneev nti yog cov vajntxwv uas raug tua hauv tebchaws Askiv.

Nyob rau xyoo 1066, tus thawj coj Viking Harald Hardrad raug tua los ntawm ib tug xub uas tho nws caj pas ntawm Tsov Rog ntawm Stamford Bridge. Thiab tus yeej, Askiv huab tais Harold Godwinson, sai sai tuag ntawm Hastings - ib tug xub ntaus nws nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag. Tag nrho lawv tau txais cov xub mus rau hauv qhov chaw tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv 1100, thaum yos hav zoov nrog ib tug xub, Askiv huab tais William Red raug tua - nws tsis hnav armor. Thiab cov saw hlau tsis tau cawm Richard lub Lionheart los ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig ntsia liaj qhov rooj.

8. Cov archers Askiv thaum lub sij hawm ib puas xyoo ua tsov ua rog tau nrog cov knightly cavalry

Lus Askiv hneev taw ua tau zoo heev thaum Tsov Rog Pua Xyoo. Tab sis lub ntsiab yeej ntawm lub longbow tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIV (Crécy, Poitiers), thaum phaj armor tseem tsis tau nthuav dav. Thiab nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Agincourt, nws tau dhau los ua neeg tuag uas Fabkis cov tub rog tau daig hauv av …

Txawm tias muaj yeej ntawm lub longbow, lub hnyav armored cavalry tsis ploj mus nyob qhov twg, txawm nyob rau Isle. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv nws, txhua yam txhais tau tias yog qhov zoo: hav zoov ncov, thiab phom, thiab Wagenburgs. Raws li Burgundian tub rog txoj cai ntawm 1473, pikemen yuav txhos caug kom cov archers tua tom qab lawv. Lub volley tuaj yeem muab yuav luag txhua qhov chaw! Hauv tebchaws Askiv, lawv tau pib siv cov riam phom uas twb muaj lawm thaum Tsov Rog Roses - nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th.

Vim li cas cov archers tsis tawg ua ntej cov tub rog hnyav rushing rau lawv? Kev ruaj ntseg tau muab rau lawv los ntawm qeb ntawm hammered stakes thiab hnyav infantry, uas tiv thaiv cov knights txaus siab los ntawm crushing phom sij. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Pate (1429), cov neeg Askiv tsis muaj sij hawm los "dav hauv" thiab cov archers raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub tshuab ntawm Fabkis cavalry. Txoj kev tau ua tiav. Nyob rau hauv Formigny (1450), cov tub rog Askiv, txawm tias nws cov lej zoo tshaj, tau swb thaum nws tawm ntawm txoj haujlwm muaj zog thaum sib ntaus sib tua.

Kuv xav tias vim li cas cov phau ntawv tsis qhia txog cov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lub Chaw?

Evgeny Bashin-Razumovsky - tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov teeb meem keeb kwm:

Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kosherel thiab Aur (ob qho tib si hauv 1364), cov tub rog Askiv tsis tuaj yeem txwv tsis pub cov tub rog Fab Kis uas tau tawm tsam, uas tau tawm tsam lawv nyob ze. Cov xub tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej thiab cov ntaub thaiv npog.

Tej zaum, Roman legion, tau nws poob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIV, nrog cov lus txib uas muaj peev xwm, kuj yuav nyuaj rau cov tub rog Askiv.

9. Tus hneev taw tau zoo dua li rab phom smoothbore

Sir Ralph Payne-Gullway ntseeg hais tias ib puas tus kws tshaj lij Waterloo archers nrog Brown Bess flintlocks yuav poob rau ib puas tus neeg tua phom txij hnub Crécy thiab Agincourt (120 yards deb). Rau txhua lub mos txwv, cov archers yuav teb nrog tsawg kawg yog rau tus xub, thiab lawv yuav tua ntau yam raug thiab ua tau zoo.

Tab sis qhov no yog "kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov nees kheej kheej hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev."

Grigory Pastushkov - tus kws tshaj lij hauv thaj chaw cia:

Thiab yog tias koj ntxiv Roman legionnaires rau qhov kev sib tw no, koj tuaj yeem ua si "pob zeb, ntawv, txiab."

Vim li cas ho tsis hneev taw yeej rov qab los? Txhua hom riam phom muaj nws tus kheej zoo.

Ib rab phom muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev nkag mus rau hauv armor, muaj kev txwv ntau dua. Thiab qhov txhab mob hnyav dua: tsoo cov ceg, cov mos txwv tsoo cov pob txha thiab ua rau tib neeg tsis raug cai. Cov kev puas siab puas ntsws kuj ua haujlwm.

Archers raug rho tawm haujlwm ntau dua thiab nrawm dua, tab sis qhov no xav tau ntev, ntau xyoo ntawm kev cob qhia.

Hauv qhov kev sib tw no, rab phom yeej, tab sis tsis tam sim ntawd. Thiab tsis yog txhua qhov chaw tib lub sijhawm.

Cov lus Askiv hneev nti thiab hneev nti hauv cov teb chaws Europe tau muab txoj hauv kev rau rab phom los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv infantry - qhov tseeb yeej tsis muaj teeb meem thaum lub shooting yog "nyob rau hauv lub squares". Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe, hneev tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub cavalry, nrog rau cov Polish armor.

Evgeny Bashin-Razumovsky - tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov teeb meem keeb kwm:

Nyob rau sab nraud ntawm lub ntiaj teb, cov hneev thiab ntoo khaub lig tau siv tom qab. Nyob rau hauv Scotland, qhov kawg siv loj heev ntawm hneev hnub rov qab mus rau 1665, thaum lub sij hawm Clan Wars. Hauv North Caucasus, hneev thiab ntoo khaub lig tau siv txawm tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.

Tab sis tus hneev poob tsis tau tsuas yog vim nws pierced armor phem. Nyob rau hauv lub 18th-19th centuries, armor tau xyaum tsis siv nyob rau hauv cov tub rog nyob sab Europe (tshwj xeeb yog ob peb cuirassiers thiab pioneers). "Natural archers", Crimean Tatars lossis Bashkirs, tsis tuaj yeem kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab, ua rau nws nrog xub. Qhov hluav taws kub ntawm phom thiab carbines yuam kom lawv nyob deb, ua rau cov hneev nti tsis zoo.

Cov Fabkis, uas cov xub ya mus, poob siab.

10. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, rab phom tau supplanted tus hneev nyob txhua qhov chaw

Muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho kev zam, hais los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua phem.

Nws yog hais txog North America. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Woodland rab phom sai sai supplanted hneev, ces lub Great Plains tsim ib tug txawv tub rog qauv. Nyob ntawd, cov neeg Isdias Asmesliskas, tau txais phom, khaws hneev thiab xub xub nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th.

Qhov no yog vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv zos ntawm kev ua haujlwm (ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua tub rog) - kev sib ntaus sib tua tau ua los ntawm cov tub rog me me. Tus neeg caij tsheb sib tw hnyav dua, thiab rab phom du-bore tsis yooj yim rau reload thaum galloping. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus neeg tua phom nrog phom yog xav tau los ua qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom.

Yog li ntawd, tus hneev nti ntawm txhais tes ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tua tau tig tawm mus rau qhov ntawd.

Evgeny Bashin-Razumovsky - tus kws tshaj lij ntawm cov teeb meem keeb kwm:

Thaum lub sij hawm ntxeem tau ntawm Comanches thiab Apaches nyob rau hauv lub 30s thiab 40s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov Mexicans sim armed cov tub rog nrog hneev thiab xub. Tab sis qhov no yog kev poob siab, vim tias tsuas yog tsis muaj riam phom txaus thiab mos txwv.

Cov thawj coj, cov kws sau ntawv, thiab qhov tseeb ntau tus neeg nyiam keeb kwm yuav tsum saib ntau zaus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab nyeem cov ntawv uas qhia tias txhua yam tshwm sim li cas. Txwv tsis pub, yav tom ntej peb yuav muaj ntau qhov kev ua tsis ncaj ncees, tsis sib xws thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tab sis tsis raug cov lus dab neeg …