Yuav ua li cas tus cwj pwm cult ntawm Napoleon Bonaparte tshwm nyob rau hauv Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

200 xyoo tom qab kev tuag ntawm Bonaparte, nws tseem yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb cov duab nyob rau theem ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm yav dhau los. Nws tshwm sim li cas?

"Napoleon mowed nyom, Poles hu nkauj nrog cranes" - Fabkis huab tais feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ib tug me nyuam Lavxias teb sab nrog cov lus no. Thiab tom qab nws thiab Kutuzov - tus yeej ntawm Napoleon. Tau ntau tshaj 200 xyoo, cov phab ej no feem ntau dhau los ua thawj cov cim keeb kwm uas cov menyuam yaus Lavxias tau paub. Tab sis ua li cas Fabkis huab tais, dhau li ntawd, tus yeeb ncuab ntawm Lavxias teb sab, tau mus rau hauv qeb ntawm cov phab ej ntawm Lavxias teb sab yav dhau los?

Nyob rau hauv 1806, los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Synod, "tus yeeb ncuab ntawm kev thaj yeeb thiab koob hmoov silence" Napoleon Bonaparte tau suav nrog cov neeg tsim txom ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm Khetos. Qhov no tau tshwm sim tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev tsim ntawm Thib Peb Kev Tiv Thaiv-Napoleonic Coalition thiab kev sib cav kom meej meej ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thiab Fabkis. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, Lavxias teb sab ideologists txiav txim siab muab lub neej yav tom ntej ua tsov ua rog ib tug dawb huv cim. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1807 Russia thiab Fabkis tau muaj kev thaj yeeb nyob rau hauv Tilsit, thiab mus txog rau 1812 official Russia zoo li "tsis nco qab" txog Napoleon lub Antichrist - tab sis tsis yog cov neeg.

Tus kws sau paj huam Pyotr Vyazemsky tau sau ib qho kev sib tham ntawm ob tug neeg nyob hauv Lavxias teb sab txog Tilsit lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov huab tais, uas tau tshwm sim ntawm lub nkoj nyob nruab nrab ntawm Neman. "Yuav ua li cas yog peb tus pov thawj, lub Orthodox Tsar, yuav txiav txim siab converge nrog no infidel?" - said ib. "Tab sis koj tuaj yeem ua li cas, tus kwv tij, tsis to taub - peb txiv tau hais kom npaj ib lub nkoj ua ntej, txhawm rau ua kev cai raus dej Bonaparte hauv tus dej, thiab tom qab ntawd cia nws ua ntej nws lub qhov muag ci ntsa iab," teb lwm tus.

Tus neeg txawj ntse tau xyaum, tus yeeb ncuab tau ntxub

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, cov laus tiam, uas tseem nrhiav tau kev phooj ywg nrog Napoleon ntawm Emperor Pavel Petrovich, txaus siab rau Fabkis rau lawv tus kheej vim li cas. Rau lawv, Napoleon, uas suav tias yog Fabkis Revolution ntawm 1789 los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej, yog tus rov qab los ntawm Fabkis txoj huab tais, tus neeg muaj zog autocratic hwj chim. Hauv cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm cov neeg laus cov txheeb ze ntawm tus kws sau paj lug Athanasius Fet, portrait ntawm Napoleon tau dai txij li thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thiab tsuas yog tom qab 1812 nws raug tshem tawm mus rau lub txee dai khaub ncaws.

Nyob rau hauv dav dav, rau cov Russians ntawm lub sij hawm, cov duab ntawm Napoleon muaj ob lub ntsej muag. Raws li cov qub tub rog ntawm 1812 Ilya Radozhitsky (1788-1861) tau sau, ua "tus yeeb ncuab ntawm txhua haiv neeg ntawm Tebchaws Europe", Napoleon yog tib lub sijhawm "tus neeg txawj ntse ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev nom kev tswv." Yog li ntawd, "tus neeg txawj ntse tau xyaum, thiab tus yeeb ncuab raug ntxub."

Thaum kawg ntawm yeej! Thov Vajtswv!

Lub xeev infernal tau overthrown:

Tua, tua Napoleon!..

- sau nyob rau hauv 1814 Nikolai Karamzin. "Pom zoo li npau suav phem thaum sawv ntxov!" - zoo li yog 15-xyoo-laus Alexander Pushkin txuas ntxiv tom qab nws hauv paj huam "Memories in Tsarskoe Selo".

Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, Pushkin tus cwj pwm ntawm Napoleon hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv 1824, Pushkin hu ua Bonaparte "Wonderful Visitor of the Earth". Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv Eugene Onegin (1823-1830), Pushkin muab tus huab tais qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zaum kawg: "Peb hwm txhua tus nrog xoom, // Thiab peb tus kheej li units. // Peb sawv daws saib Napoleons; // Muaj ntau lab tus ob-legged creatures // Tsuas muaj ib qho riam phom rau peb …"

Pushkin nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm vividly xav txog qhov kev hloov ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm Napoleon nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab zej zog. Qhov no tau cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Bonaparte lub neej - cov duab ntawm tus neeg raug kaw ntawm cov kob ntawm St. Helena zoo nkauj ntxiv romance rau zaj dab neeg no. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Napoleon (Tsib Hlis 5, 1821), cov yam ntxwv ntawm "tus neeg phem" hauv nws daim duab pib ploj mus.

Lavxias teb sab cult ntawm Napoleon

Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm thaum, raws li cov memoirs ntawm tus naas ej kws lij choj Anatoly Koni, Italians organ-grinders taug kev txoj kev ntawm St. Petersburg, uas nws cov cuab yeej tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab ntawm Napoleon tuag nyob rau hauv txaj thiab generals quaj nyob ib ncig ntawm nws, lub heev lub npe "Napoleon. "ua ib lub npe tsev neeg. Tus kws sau ntawv Alexander Druzhinin hu Goethe "lub hlwb Napoleon ntawm peb caug xyoo", Alexander Herzen tau sau tias Byron yog "Napoleon ntawm paj huam" …

Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1897, tus kws sau keeb kwm Vasily Klyuchevsky sau: "Tam sim no koj feem ntau ntsib ib tug tub kawm ntawv uas taug kev nrog Napoleon kuv, txawm hais tias nws muaj phau ntawv qhab nia hauv nws lub hnab tshos, qhov twg txhua yam yog ob, ob thiab ob." Tsis tas li ntawd, cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm Bonaparte phau ntawv keeb kwm kuj tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm memes - piv txwv li, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Andrei Bolkonsky hauv zaj dab neeg Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb, sau los ntawm Tolstoy xyoo 1863-1869, nug: "Yuav ua li cas kuv Toulon yuav qhia?" Lub siege ntawm Toulon (Lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj-Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1793), uas tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov tub rog muaj koob muaj npe nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov neeg Askiv, yog thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog tsis paub yav dhau los Bonaparte. Txij thaum ntawd los, lo lus "Toulon" tau dhau los ua piv txwv rau lub sijhawm pib ua haujlwm zoo.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev kawm ntawm cov phiaj xwm tseem ceeb ntawm Napoleon, raws li cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm General Alexei Ignatiev, "ua raws li kev kawm tub rog kev kawm" hauv cov tub rog Lavxias thaum tig ntawm XIX-XX centuries. Kev paub txog cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm Bonaparte phau ntawv keeb kwm dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm ntawm txhua tus neeg kab lis kev cai.

Thaum kawg, Nicholas II nws tus kheej, raws li historian Sergei Sekirinsky sau, "hais nrog Fabkis Ambassador Maurice Palaeologus nyob rau hauv lub Tsarskoye Selo lub tsev qiv ntawv, ntawm lub rooj uas nteg ib kaum ob phau ntawv mob siab rau Napoleon, tau lees tias nws muaj ib tug "cult rau nws". Thiab qhov no yog nyob rau hauv 1917, thaum lub cev qhuav dej ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yog inevitable! Tus tsar fascination nrog Napoleonism coj tus tsar deb.

Ib qho ntawm ob peb tus uas tawm tsam qhov kev tsa nto ntawm Napoleon nyob rau xyoo ntawd yog tus kws kos duab Vasily Vereshchagin. Nyob rau hauv 1895-1896, exhibitions ntawm nws lub voj voog ntawm paintings "Napoleon nyob rau hauv Russia" tau muaj nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv uas Vereshchagin strove "kom pom lub teb chaws zoo ntawm cov neeg Lavxias teb sab", raws li zoo raws li " coj daim duab. ntawm Napoleon los ntawm lub pedestal ntawm tus phab ej uas nws tau coj tuaj."

Nyob rau hauv cov paintings ntawm lub voj voog, Bonaparte tsis pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho raws li ib tug triumphant hero. Nws vam tias yuav tau txais cov yuam sij mus rau Moscow, nyob rau hauv ib tug tsaus muag stupor tos xov xwm ntawm ib tug kev sib haum xeeb treaty nyob rau hauv lub Petrovsky Palace, los yog, comical nyob rau hauv lub Hungarian pluab tsho tiv no thiab lub kaus mom, wanders nrog ib tug wand nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub retreating ib tug zoo pab tub rog. "Puas yog Napoleon peb tau pom?" - cov neeg tuaj saib nug hauv surprise. Kev xav los ntawm Vereshchagin tsis pom ntau qhov chaw - tsis muaj txawm tias tus neeg yuav khoom rau lub voj voog ntawm cov duab ntawm cov neeg muaj nyiaj Lavxias.

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub ua ntej ntawm lub hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv 1912, lub tsarist tsoom fwv, nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem siab, yuav tag nrho cov series los ntawm Vereshchagin.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub ob hlis ntuj kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, lub Napoleonic dab neeg - lub restoration ntawm monarchical txoj cai los ntawm ib tug yav tas los tsis paub hero los ntawm cov neeg - yog revived nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm Alexander Kerensky: Thiab ib tug neeg, poob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia, // Tsis. pw tsaug zog hauv npau suav. // Nws ua pa zoo li Bonaparte // Hauv kuv lub tebchaws”- sau Marina Tsvetaeva txog nws. Cov neeg Lavxias, nyob rau hauv lawv cov kiv puag ncig, tsis tuaj yeem pab koom nrog kev tawm tsam nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm yav dhau los - Fab Kis Fab Kis, yog li muaj kev txaus siab rau cov duab ntawm thawj tus neeg sawv cev.

Lub revolutionary Boris Savinkov thiab ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub Dawb txav, Lavr Kornilov, tsom mus rau "Napoleons". Raws li Alexander Blok tau tshaj tawm nyob rau hnub ntawd, "Cov neeg ncaj ncees (cov tub rog thiab cov neeg tsis yog tog) qhia txog Napoleon (qee qhov thawj, lwm tus ntawm peb).

Txawm li cas los xij, Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj Revolution thiab nws qhov tshwm sim tsis haum rau Napoleonic dab neeg hauv txhua txoj kev, thiab ntev ntev nws tsis nco qab lawm. Nws tau txiav txim siab los kho cov duab ntawm Bonaparte hauv Stalin lub sijhawm.

Napoleon nyob rau hauv lub USSR

Nyob rau hauv 1936, phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Eugene Tarle "Napoleon" tau luam tawm, uas rau niaj hnub no tseem yog ib qho ntawm feem nrov biography ntawm Bonaparte nyob rau hauv Russia. Abounding nyob rau hauv keeb kwm kev xav thiab inaccuracies, Tarle txoj hauj lwm rov revives lub romantic thiab mystical duab ntawm Napoleon, ib tug hero uas, zoo li yog los ntawm txoj hmoo, tau predetermined los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no koob meej. "Txhua yam, ob qho tib si loj thiab me, tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas lawv irresistibly nqa nws mus rau qhov siab, thiab txhua yam uas nws ua, los yog tshwm sim txawm nyob rau hauv nws, tig mus rau nws kom zoo dua," sau Tarle.

Sergei Sekirinsky ncaj qha hu rau phau ntawv no "txoj cai tswjfwm" - tom qab tag nrho, nws yog tom qab nws tso tawm, txawm tias muaj kev tshuaj xyuas hnyav, Tarle, uas yog kev txaj muag, raug xa rov qab lub npe ntawm Kev Kawm Txuj Ci ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences.

Thaum pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov duab ntawm Napoleon, ntawm chav kawm, rov pib hais nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus neeg aggressor, tab sis twb "tsis txaus ntshai" - lub vanquished, thiab kev sib piv ntawm Hitler nrog nws yog npaj los txhawb nqa. thiab txhawb cov neeg thiab cov tub rog ua haujlwm. "Qhov no tsis yog thawj zaug uas peb cov neeg yuav tsum tawm tsam nrog kev tawm tsam, tus yeeb ncuab khav theeb.

Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm, peb cov neeg teb rau Napoleon lub phiaj los nqis tes nyob rau hauv Russia nrog lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, thiab Napoleon yeej swb, tuaj rau nws lub cev qhuav dej. Ib yam yuav tshwm sim nrog Hitler khav theeb, uas tau tshaj tawm txoj kev tawm tsam tshiab tawm tsam peb lub tebchaws, hais tias Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev rau Txawv Tebchaws Vyacheslav Molotov hauv nws cov lus hais rau lub Rau Hli 22, 1941, hnub ua tsov rog pib.

Tom qab ntawd, qhov kev tawm tsam ze Moscow hauv 1941-1942 tau muab piv rau hauv kev tshaj tawm xov xwm nrog kev swb thiab tawm ntawm Napoleon cov tub rog thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1812. Tsis tas li ntawd, xyoo 1942, 130th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Borodino tau ua kev zoo siab. Kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov phau ntawv rov nyeem dua. Qhov kev sib piv no tuaj rau hauv lub siab, tau kawg, tsis yog rau cov Russians xwb. German general Gunther Blumentritt (1892-1967) tau sau hais tias nyob ze Moscow hauv 1941 "lub cim xeeb ntawm Napoleon's Great Army haunted peb zoo li dab. Muaj ntau thiab ntau coincidences nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm 1812 …"

Hitler nws tus kheej pom zoo los teb rau cov kev xav zoo li no hauv nws cov tub rog. Hais lus hauv Reichstag thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 26, 1942, Hitler, xav ua pov thawj tias cov tub rog ntawm Wehrmacht muaj zog dua Napoleon cov tub rog, tau hais tias Napoleon tau tawm tsam Russia ntawm qhov kub ntawm -25 °, thiab cov tub rog ntawm Wehrmacht ntawm - 45 ° thiab txawm -52 °! Hitler kuj tau ntseeg tias nws yog qhov kev tawm tsam uas tua Napoleon - thiab cov tub rog German tau txiav txim nruj kom tsis txhob thim rov qab. German propaganda nrhiav "detach" los ntawm Napoleonic keeb kwm.

Thiab nyob rau hauv lub USSR, tom qab tsov rog, lub Bonapartist tswvyim hais ua dabneeg tau rov thuam dua. Daim duab ntawm Georgy Zhukov, tus protagonist ntawm tsov rog, yog txaus ntshai heev. Hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe, tus kws kos duab Lyubov Shaporina, qhuas Zhukov, qhov no "tus thawj coj tub rog loj tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm," tau sau ncaj qha: "Peb puas yuav nyob mus saib Brumaire 18?" (Lub Peb Hlis 10, 1956), cia siab rau kev kho dua qub "bourgeois-kev ywj pheej" kev txiav txim los ntawm txhais tes ntawm Zhukov.

Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias qhov kev iab liam tawm tsam Zhukov los ntawm pawg thawj coj hauv xyoo 1957 rov hais dua cov lus "Bonapartism" uas twb tau hais rau nws xyoo 1946. "Brumaire" tsis tshwm sim - Khrushchev lub opal los ua tus kawg rau Zhukov, nws yeej tsis rov qab mus rau nom tswv kev ua ub no. Thiab dab tsi txog cov duab ntawm Napoleon?

Thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo ntawm lub USSR lig thiab post-Soviet Russia, lub Fabkis huab tais thaum kawg nyob rau hauv lub txee dai khaub ncaws - nyob rau hauv porcelain busts thiab keeb kwm ua hauj lwm. Tsis yog nom tswv propaganda, los yog ib qho kev tawm tsam ideologists nquag siv cov duab ntawm Bonaparte - uas tsis tuaj yeem hais txog cov neeg sau ntawv uas txuas ntxiv ua tiav nws los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm kev nco qab.

Qhov kawg loj tshwm sim ntawm Napoleon ntawm Lavxias teb sab cov ntxaij vab tshaus yog siv nws cov duab nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm commercials "World History. Bank Imperial ", ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv 1992-1997 los ntawm Timur Bekmambetov. Ob ntawm kev lag luam, uas tau dhau los ua classics ntawm Lavxias teb sab tshaj tawm, siv cov duab ntawm Bonaparte, ob qho tib si hauv kev pub dawb. Hauv thawj daim vis dis aus - "Nruas" - tus huab tais ua kom pom kev zoo thiab tsis ntshai ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob - "Napoleon Bonaparte" - tus creators them tribute rau Napoleon lub peev xwm txais yeej thiab swb nrog meej mom. Daim vis dis aus qhia txog kev ya davhlau ntawm Napoleon mus rau Paris tom qab hla cov seem ntawm nws cov tub rog hla Berezina. "Kuv tsuas yog xav pom kuv tus huab tais," tus poj niam laus Fabkis hais rau Napoleon, nrog nws ntawm lub laub. Hauv kev teb, Bonaparte muab nyiaj npib rau tus poj niam nrog nws cov duab thiab hais tias: "Kuv saib zoo dua ntawm no."