Siberian Stonehenge thiab Invader Culture

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tyumen archaeologist - hais txog dab tsi lub graves yuav qhia, txog Siberian counterparts ntawm Stonehenge thiab xa mus rau cov kab lis kev cai ntawm invaders.

Archaeology yog ib txoj hauj lwm txaus nyiam ntawm kev tsim kho lub neej ntawm cov neeg qub qub los ntawm ob peb cov pob txha, shards, lub hauv paus ntawm tsev thiab cov nees. Thiab dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov no koj tuaj yeem kawm? Tus neeg sau xov xwm "Cherdak" tham nrog tus kws kho mob keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb, xibfwb ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Archaeology, Keeb Kwm ntawm Ancient Ntiaj Teb thiab Nrab Hnub nyoog, Tyumen State University Natalya Matveyeva thiab pom tias muaj ntau yam kev kawm.

[Ch.]: Nyob rau hauv archaeology, qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog yuav ua li cas, siv ob peb artifacts nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, los kho ib daim duab ntawm lub hom ntawm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los. Koj puas tuaj yeem sau cov ntsiab lus dav dav uas tau coj los ntawm archaeology thiab historians thaum rov tsim dua yav dhau los los ntawm cov khoom siv?

NM]:Yog lawm, archaeology txawv ntawm lwm yam keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb hauv nws cov peev txheej: lawv raug rhuav tshem, tawg thiab hloov pauv. Hlau yog corroded, ntoo thiab furs yog decayed, ceramics yog tawg, hlau puas, nyiaj yog oxidized, thiab hais txog. Yog li ntawd, cov proportions ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm tau distorted. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los soj ntsuam cov pab pawg sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntsiab lus, ntsuas lawv qhov chaw nyob hauv qhov chaw thiab hauv qhov tob ntawm lub monument, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ua ke. Archaeology yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib tug complex qhov chaw kawm. Txawm hais tias cov dej num tsis txwv rau kev txheeb xyuas cov peev txheej, tab sis nws yog nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus uas archaeologists siv zog rov tsim kho qhov tseeb archaeological, piv txwv li, nws yog dab tsi - lub tsev los yog faus neeg, nplua nuj los yog pluag, txawm nws tuag hnyav los yog tsis. Thiab twb los ntawm cov sum ntawm archaeological tseeb thiab lawv kev sib piv nrog chronology thiab lwm yam keeb kwm txheej xwm, ib tug muaj peev xwm reconstruct ib tug keeb kwm tseeb - nws yuav dhau los ua cov cuab yeej ntawm keeb kwm science. Ntawd yog, kev ua haujlwm ntawm archaeologists yog ntau theem: los ntawm tej yam me me mus rau keeb kwm xaus. Tab sis thawj feem ntawm txoj hauj lwm yeej ib txwm tseem ceeb dua.

[Ch.]: Koj puas txhais tau tias tsim kom muaj qhov tseeb archaeological?

NM]:Yog, vim nws, qhov tseeb, ces tseem nyob rau hauv science. Qhov tseeb ntawm excavation ntawm lub tsev, tub rog fortress los yog qhov ntxa yuav tsis nyob rau hauv tsis ntseeg. Thiab leej twg lawv koom nrog thiab nyob rau xyoo pua - qhov no tuaj yeem sib cav hauv 10 xyoo, thaum, piv txwv li, txoj kev sib tham tshiab tshwm sim.

[Ch.]: Yog li lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los yog piav qhia lub hauv paus kom raug es tsis txheeb xyuas nws?

NM]:Tsis yog, peb teem peb tus kheej ob txoj haujlwm. Vim hais tias yog ib tug archaeologist tsis soj ntsuam thiab sib piv nrog cov keeb kwm tseeb, nws yuav tig mus rau hauv ib tug liab qab science ntawm tej yam. Ces archaeological science yuav uninteresting, yuav muaj me ntsis kev txawj ntse ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws.

Natalia MatveevaDuab los ntawm N. Matveeva

[Ch.]: Dab tsi ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg thaum ub tuaj yeem tsim kho ntau dua lossis tsawg dua los ntawm cov peev txheej, thiab qhov twg yog qhov ua tsis tau kiag li?

NM]:Nws nyob ntawm qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, peb tau kawm txog Hnub Nyoog Hlau thaum ntxov hauv Tyumen thiab thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab ntawm Western Siberia tau ntau xyoo. Thiab yog hais tias koj xaiv monuments rau excavations ntawm av nplaum - cov no feem ntau yog arable av, qhov twg rau ntau txhiab xyoo tsis muaj hav zoov, tab sis muaj meadows thiab dub av tsim - ces nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tshawb xyuas lawv, vim hais tias lawv yog tuab heev. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv khaws cia cov organic teeb meem zoo dua, thiab cov seem ntawm kev puas tsuaj hauv lawv tau pom tseeb dua. Koj tuaj yeem pom cov pits ntawm lub tsev, qhov chaw tawm, txhua tus ncej sawv hauv qhov chaw uas nws tau pib khawb hauv, thiab txawm tias tsuas yog cov plua plav seem ntawm nws, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los txiav txim seb cov no puas yog cov ncej lossis tsis.

Thiab peb tau tswj hwm los tsim kom muaj cov pej xeem hauv zos muaj thaj tsam ntawm plaub lossis tsib lub tsev nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tsev nyob mus rau lub vestibule, outbuildings, corral rau nyuj, ib lub tsev rau khaws cov nkoj thiab nets. Nws muab tawm hais tias qhov no yog ib tug complex architecture, paub niaj hnub no, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Georgia thiab cov Slavs yav qab teb. Thiab thaum lawv pib unearth lub burials ntawm tib cov pejxeem, nws tau tig tawm hais tias lawv muaj ib tug cult ntawm ib tug nees nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv - lawv yog horsemen, warriors. Thiab muaj ntau qhov kev faus neeg nplua nuj nrog cov khoom tuaj txawv teb chaws, cov khoom muaj koob npe los ntawm cov tebchaws nyob deb - thaj av Dub hiav txwv thiab Is Nrias teb. Nws hloov tawm hais tias kev ua neej nyob thiab faus kab lig kev cai sib txawv. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev sib raug zoo yog militarized, nws tau dominated los ntawm mobile nyuj yug me nyuam thiab ua tsov ua rog. Thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam - lub tsev, cov qauv ntawm kev sib hais haum - tau xav txog ntau lub sijhawm ua ntej ntawm Bronze Age, thaum nyob rau hauv Siberia muaj kev cog qoob loo thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev yug nyuj rau mis nyuj.

Nws hloov tawm tias cov zej zog thaum ub txawv ntawm ib leeg vim yog vim li cas sib txawv - kev hloov huab cua lossis kev cuam tshuam txog kev nom kev tswv. Thiab nws hloov tawm tias cov pab pawg sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshiab. Yog li ntawd, archaeologists tab tom sim tshawb nrhiav tsis yog tsuas yog thaj chaw thiab faus mounds. Piv txwv li, ob peb tus neeg paub yuav ua li cas nrhiav cov chaw dawb huv, tab sis muaj kev saib xyuas zoo heev rau lawv, vim nws nyob hauv lawv lub neej ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab haiv neeg ntawm cov pej xeem pom meej meej.

[Ch.]: Vim li cas tsawg tus neeg paub yuav nrhiav lawv li cas? Lawv puas nyuaj nrhiav?

NM]:Yog lawm. Vim cov graves raug khawb los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tswv yim hais tias rebirth tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Lub archetype ntawm Niam ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyoos yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, thiab yeej ntawm tag nrho cov Europeans. Thiab yog li ntawd lawv tau sim khawb ib lub qhov ntxa tob rau hauv av. Thiab nyob rau hauv rituals lawv aspired rau saum ntuj, rau cov vajtswv, yog li ntawd tag nrho cov sanctuaries yog terrestrial. Thiab lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb yog qhov phem dua, vim tias lawv raug rhuav tshem ntau dua. Nyob rau hauv lub roob, ntawm chav kawm, sanctuaries yog khaws cia - nyob rau hauv grottoes, qhov tsua. Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov raug rau thaj tsam Tyumen.

[Ch.]: Yog li, hauv paus ntsiab lus, xws li sanctuaries tsuas yog nrhiav tau nyob qhov twg muaj pob zeb?

NM]: Qhov twg cov xwm txheej yog roob (thiab hauv av pob zeb, ntawm chav kawm, kev khaws cia ntawm cov khoom no zoo dua), ntau qhov chaw qub tau pom. Piv txwv li, Pob zeb Dyrovaty hauv cheeb tsam Nizhny Tagil ntawm tus dej Chusovaya. Qhov no yog lub qhov tsua siab ntawm tus dej, uas tus neeg tsis tuaj yeem nce hauv qab. Tib neeg khi khoom plig rau tus xub thiab sim xa ib tug xub mus rau hauv lub qhov tsua no kom nkag mus rau hauv "qhib lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub ntiaj teb" thiab yog li xa khoom plig rau qee tus ntsuj plig ntawm lub roob. Tag nrho lub qhov tsua no tau puv nrog cov xub taub hau.

Warrior khoom reconstructionTus sau: A. I. Soloviev thiab N. P. Matveeva

Tab sis nws tshwm sim tias cov chaw dawb huv muaj nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm thaj chaw, piv txwv li, ntawm Eneolithic era (IV-III txhiab xyoo BC). Hauv thaj tsam Tyumen thiab Kurgan, cov ntsiab lus astronomical tau pom, uas yog hu ua henge. Yuav luag txhua tus tau hnov ntawm Stonehenge. Nyob qhov twg muaj pob zeb ntau, lawv ua pob zeb hendzhi, thiab qhov twg tsis muaj pob zeb, lawv ua wudhendzhi, uas yog, nplhaib laj kab ua los ntawm cov ncej. Thiab ntawm no, nyob rau hauv Siberia, nws muab tawm hais tias tib lub hnub qub astronomical taug qab posts tau tsim los ntawm cav. Cov no yog cov ncej, khawb hauv lub voj voog thiab taw qhia txog kev nce ntawm lub hli, nce thiab teeb tsa ntawm lub hnub, solstice, equinox. Feem ntau, lub voj voog ntawm lub voj voog tau ua kev zoo siab los ntawm txhua tus neeg hauv ntiaj teb hauv ntau hom. Thiab ntawm Indo-Europeans, lawv tau ua zoo sib xws hauv lub ntsiab lus, txawm tias txawv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev.

[Ch.]: Los ntawm cov ntoo henjs, tej zaum tsuas yog qhov tseem nyob. Lawv lawv tus kheej tsis muaj sia nyob?

NM]: Ntxiv nrog rau cov pits, tseem muaj cov kwj deg uas cais thaj chaw dawb huv ntawm cov neeg phem. Cov kab ntawm kev txi ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg, zaub mov hauv tag nrho cov hlab ntsha. Hauv cov chaw nyob, lawv feem ntau tawg, vim cov neeg taug kev ntawm cov khib nyiab no, thiab ntawm no lawv tshwj xeeb khawb hauv, tshuav ntau lub nkoj rau cov vajtswv. Lawv yog cov zoo nkauj, nrog complex cosmograms (schematic dluab ntawm qhov chaw khoom - cov qauv ntawm lub ntug - approx. "Attic"). Thiab tag nrho cov no yog nyob rau hauv Siberia.

Qhov tseeb, txoj kev kawm ntawm txhua lub sijhawm tau ntau xyoo tuaj yeem coj cov kev tshawb pom tshwj xeeb tsuas yog los ntawm kev sib piv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov chaw nyob, lub tsev, qhov chaw faus neeg - dab tsi pab pawg ntawm cov khoom uas lawv yuav tsum sib txawv thiab yuav ua li cas cov khoom no yuav tsum nyob hauv qhov chaw, dab tsi ntawm cov neeg tham. txog. Raws li txoj cai, tus layman xav tias lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug archaeologist yog mus khawb, nrhiav ib qho zoo kawg, loj, muaj nqis. Qhov tseeb, lawv tsis tab tom nrhiav rau lawv tus kheej, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom nrog kev ua, tswv yim thiab cov laj thawj ntawm kev hloov tus cwj pwm. Tej yam tsuas yog cov cim qhia ntawm tib neeg txoj haujlwm, thiab cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj tuaj yeem muab zais rau hauv lawv.

[Ch.]: Muaj ntau ntau yam archaeological kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv archaeology. Dab tsi yog cov txheej txheem rau kev txhais cov kab lis kev cai thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj paub qhov txawv ntawm lwm tus?

NM]: Txhua yam uas peb kawm yog hu ua kab lis kev cai, vim tib neeg tau ploj mus thiab peb tsis tuaj yeem tso npe rau lawv, txawm tias peb xav tau. Muaj kev sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th thiab nyob rau hauv 20-30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem: ces nws tau ntseeg hais tias qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lauj kaub thiab cov khoom siv yog ib qho kev xav ntawm cov neeg qub. Tam sim no tsis muaj leej twg pom zoo nrog qhov no, vim tias tom qab kev sib sau ntawm kab lis kev cai dab tsi tuaj yeem zais - tej zaum cov haiv neeg sib xws, lossis tej zaum qhov zoo sib xws ntawm kev lag luam. Piv txwv li, Khanty thiab Mansi nyob ze heev hauv kab lis kev cai. Los yog tej zaum yuav muaj kev nom kev tswv hauv zej zog lossis kev xav koom ua ke nrog cov neeg txiav txim siab, xa mus kom tau txais kev cia siab rau lawv lub cev muaj sia nyob. Tom qab tag nrho, Africans niaj hnub no tsis xav tsim African kab lis kev cai. Lawv xav nyob hauv Europe thiab txij li thaum yau nkag siab tias Africa yuav tsis muab txoj hauv kev rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab lawv yuav tsum mus rau qhov chaw thiab lees txais cov kab lis kev cai txawv teb chaws. Thiab ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntawm ntau ntawm peb lub sijhawm muaj cov ntawv sau ua lus Askiv. Tsis yog vim kev nruj kev tsiv ntawm lub ntsiab kab lis kev cai.

Dismantling lub ntxa, nyob rau hauv lub foreground - pits los ntawm tus ncej ntawm lub faus chamberAuthor - E. A. Tretyakov

[Ch.]: Puas yog vim cov kab lis kev cai nyob sib ze yog qhov txaus nyiam?

NM]: Yog, nws yog koob meej, nws muab lub neej txoj kev xav. Yog li ntawd, nws tshwm sim hais tias cov neeg ntawm txawv keeb kwm qiv ib tug dominant ib. Nws yog thaum lub sij hawm Roman faj tim teb chaws, lub Turkic Khaganate, lub Mongol Empire.

[Ch.]: Yuav ua li cas txiav txim siab tias ntawm no ib kab lis kev cai xaus thiab lwm qhov pib ntawm no?

NM]: Archaeological kab lis kev cai yog ib lub sij hawm scientific uas archaeologists siv nyob rau hauv maps los txiav txim qhov chaw ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm tib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom: zoo tib yam pots, graves, tsev, thiab cov zoo li, uas yog tag nrho. Thiab qhov no txhais tau hais tias muaj cov neeg nyob uas muaj kev coj noj coj ua hauv cov khoom thiab sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai.

[Ch.]: Yuav ua li cas thiaj txiav txim siab tias cov neeg no tsiv, lossis tsiv teb tsaws, lossis sib xyaw nrog lwm tus? Puas yog qhov no tshwm sim hauv cov kab lis kev cai?

NM]: Muaj tseeb tiag. Muaj kev tsim kho tshiab uas tsuas yog qiv los ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze - hlau axes, piv txwv li, los yog cov tooj liab tooj liab hauv cov duab tshwj xeeb. Thiab tib neeg tuaj yeem, yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm kab lis kev cai lossis kev xav hauv ntiaj teb, qiv thev naus laus zis. Cov khoos phis tawj, ntawm qhov tod tes, tau kis thoob plaws ntiaj teb yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub tebchaws. Tej yam zoo li no tau tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo. Kev qiv nyiaj ntau heev, tab sis qee qhov kev coj noj coj ua hauv zej zog tseem muaj, txawm tias lawv. Piv txwv li, kev cai muab tus txiv neej tuag lub taub hau thaum hnub poob los yog hnub sawv, nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov loj los yog me me, muab cov khoom siv los yog tsis. Cov kab lig kev cai no tsis cuam tshuam nrog ib qho txiaj ntsig, lossis nrog kev vam meej, lossis muaj koob meej, thiab lawv yog haiv neeg cov cim ntawm cov neeg qub. Yog li ntawd, yog cov cim ntawm sab ntsuj plig essence ntawm cov neeg hloov, ces peb hais tias cov neeg tau yaj, los yog ploj mus, los yog tsiv teb tsaws. Feem ntau, ib yam dab tsi tshwm sim.

[Ch.]: Koj puas kawm Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab ntawm Western Siberia thiab Urals?

NM]: Lub sijhawm no, tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los tuaj rau kev khawb ntawm lub monument, tab sis lub X-ray apparatus tsis ci los ntawm nws mus rau qhov tob. Xyoo no peb tuaj rau hauv kev sib hais haum medieval, uas tau xaiv tshwj xeeb rau kev khawb, piv txwv tias nws yog nyob rau nruab nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov. Tab sis cov excavations muab rau lub sij hawm ib tug complex duab tshaj peb xav. Nws tau pom tias muaj ob peb lub sijhawm ntawm kev nyob ob qho tib si hauv Hnub Nyoog Hlau thaum ntxov thiab hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog nws tus kheej tsawg kawg yog peb lossis plaub lub sijhawm ntawm kev nyob. Cov cim ntawm XI-XII centuries tau tshwm sim - thiab muaj hluav taws kub, thiab kev ua tsov ua rog, thiab cov cim ntawm unburied cov neeg uas tawm tsam ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab. Lub complexity ntawm ib tug monument yeej ib txwm ntau dua li koj yuav twv tau. Thiab qhov no yog qhov zoo.

[Ch.]: Yog li, yog tias koj pom ib lub monument nyuaj uas dhau mus dhau ib lub sijhawm, koj tsuas yog piav qhia txhua lub sijhawm uas nws muaj?

NM]: Yog, tag nrho cov archaeologists ua qhov no, qhov kev xav tau no yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm archaeology: kev ua tiav thiab kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Txawm hais tias lub sijhawm no yog qhov txaus siab rau kuv lossis tsis yog, peb yuav tsum paub, nkag siab thiab kawm nws kom ntxaws ntawm qhov sib piv nrog rau lwm cov monuments uas yog ib feem ntawm peb cov phiaj xwm kev tshawb fawb. Maj mam, koj txaus siab rau txhua yam uas koj tau ua haujlwm, qhov koj tau nkag siab thiab qhov koj tau xam pom.

[Ch.]: Puas muaj ib daim duab tiav ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv Urals thiab Siberia hauv ancient sij hawm thiab nruab nrab hnub nyoog niaj hnub no?

NM]: Nws yeej tsis muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov kev kawm hauv nruab nrab thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau thaj chaw, txij li archaeology ntawm European feem pib tsim ua ntej, txij li xyoo 19th. Ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, qhov no tau ua los ntawm Imperial Archaeological Commission. Yog li ntawd, Siberia poob qab. Tab sis thaum nws txoj kev txhim kho kev lag luam pib, nws tau nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab nrhiav pom. Tshwj xeeb, nyob rau sab hnub poob Siberia, qhov chaw uas peb ua haujlwm, lub sijhawm kawm tsuas yog pib nrog roj thiab roj, uas yog, kev nce nrawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm qub tau tshwm sim txij li xyoo 70s thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no. Piv txwv li, nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm thaj av Tyumen, kev khawb av zoo ntawm kev sib haum xeeb thiab cov chaw faus neeg tau ua nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev tso roj thiab cov kav dej.

Nws hloov tawm hais tias cov cheeb tsam tau kawm xaiv, tsis nyob rau hauv ib tug tas mus li yam. Thiab cov hauj lwm sib sau ua ke ntawm archaeology ntawm Siberia tseem tsis tau luam tawm, thiab nws tsis paub thaum twg lawv yuav, txawm hais tias xws li ib txoj haujlwm tau xeeb los ntawm Siberian ceg ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb. Qee lub sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm tau rov tsim dua los ntawm tus kheej tshwj xeeb, piv txwv li, Tomsk archaeologist Lyudmila Chindina tau sau ob peb phau ntawv ntawm Hnub Nyoog Hlau thaum ntxov thiab Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab ntawm thaj tsam Ob thiab Pritomye. Nyob rau hauv Omsk muaj ib tug kws tshawb fawb Vladimir Matyushchenko - nws nrhiav tau ntau monuments ci ntsa iab ntawm lub hnub nyoog Bronze. Muaj kev ua haujlwm dav dav ntawm Baraba, Altai, Priamurye, tab sis tsis muaj daim duab sib sau ua ke, thiab yav tom ntej nws yuav tsis tshwm sim, feem ntau yuav tshwm sim.

[Ch.]: Vim li cas?

NM]: Vim tias peb tau kawm txog kev hloov pauv hauv lub koom haum hauv Lavxias science ntawm Western qauv. Tus qauv Western siv cov qauv ntawm kev sib tw, kev vam meej ntawm tus kheej, thiab kev tshawb pom ntawm tus kheej. Nws tsis zoo rau kev nthuav dav cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ncauj lus loj lossis cheeb tsam.

[Ch.]: Puas yog nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los ua cov khoom siv dav dav?

NM]: Yog li tom qab tag nrho, lawv yuav tsis ua kom pom koj tus kheej tsim nyog. Hauv kev ua haujlwm dav dav, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau tiam neeg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ib txwm ua tau. Tom qab tag nrho, phau ntawv physics qhia ntau dua li Newton lossis Einstein. Thiab tus uas sau phau ntawv no tsis tsim lub npe rau nws tus kheej.

[Ch.]: Koj qhia lej hauv kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm. Cov txheej txheem no yog dab tsi thiab lawv siv li cas tam sim no?

NM]: Kev ua lej hauv keeb kwm kev qhuab qhia tuaj yeem siv tau qhov twg muaj ntau qhov chaw - pej xeem suav pej xeem, cov se xaiv tsa, cov lus suav pej xeem, cov txiaj ntsig kev xaiv tsa hauv Tebchaws Meskas, piv txwv li. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Soviet, qhov no yog chaw ua hauj lwm, feeb ntawm tog rooj sib tham, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xeev Planning Commission. Thiab qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo rau kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag keeb kwm los kos cov lus xaus thiab ua kom muaj tseeb. Quantitative keeb kwm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX thiab sai sai los ua ib feem ntawm cov keeb kwm sciences. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev rau cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv. Lawv tuaj yeem ntsuas hauv kilograms, tons, tib neeg lossis lwm yam tsis muaj, lossis yog cov yam ntxwv zoo - piv txwv li, muaj cov khoom hlau hauv qhov ntxa los yog tsis. Nws yog amazing npaum li cas ci ntsa iab cov txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm no. Piv txwv li, kev kawm txog ntau txhiab tus Scythian faus nrog cov lauj kaub zoo tib yam, cov pob txha thiab cov hlau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas ntau pawg ntawm cov pej xeem, suav nrog cov qhev, cov nplua nuj, cov neeg pluag, thiab cov chav kawm zoo. Cov neeg sib txawv ntawm lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo. Tsis muaj lus sau tau dim ntawm lub neej, tab sis peb tuaj yeem tsim kho qee yam ntawm lub neej kev sib raug zoo. Kuv pom cov kev tshawb fawb no muaj cib fim zoo.

[Ch.]: Ntawm koj txoj haujlwm yog paleoecology. Thaj chaw no yog dab tsi thiab nws ua dab tsi?

NM]: Paleoecology yog ib cheeb tsam loj uas koom tsis tau tsuas yog historians, archaeologists thiab ethnographers, tab sis kuj tshwj xeeb hauv biology, botany, thiab geology. Cov keeb kwm ntawm tus txiv neej yeej ib txwm muaj feem xyuam nrog ib puag ncig ntuj, hnub ci hluav taws xob, qhov kub thiab txias, huab cua qhuav qhuav. Kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev tsim kho tshiab kuj feem ntau provoked los ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntuj tsim, khoom lag luam crises thiab lwm yam. Thiab peb tab tom tham txog ntau yam ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm ib puag ncig ntuj raws li archaeological cov ntaub ntawv, vim hais tias, piv txwv li, cov av ntawm ancient monuments yog tib yam ancient archive ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb rau av zaum, geologists, geographers, as Well as. rau peb.

Cov av geography xav tau archaeologists vim lawv hnub lawv monuments ncaj ncees. Thiab peb xav tau geologists, zoologists thiab botanists los txiav txim, piv txwv li, dab tsi txheej, nws puas tsim ib zaug los yog ib tug neeg tuaj ntawm no ob peb zaug? Peb tab tom pom dab tsi yog qhov seem ntawm ib lossis peb lub tsev? Puas yog lawv ua rau tib qhov chaw? Puas yog kev sib txawv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai lossis kev loj hlob ntawm ib kab lis kev cai ntev? Cov kev tshawb pom no, txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib koom tes, muaj ntau qhov tseeb dua li qhov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb qub qub raws li lawv txoj kev kawm txuj ci liberal. Yog tias peb ua haujlwm nrog kev paub txog tib neeg nkaus xwb, peb yuav hloov cov qauv kev txhim kho ntawm qee cov neeg, uas peb paub los ntawm niaj hnub no los yog los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau, piv txwv li, cov neeg Loos lossis Mongols, mus rau tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg ploj lawm. Thiab yog li peb tuaj yeem ua los ntawm ntau qhov tseeb ntawm yav dhau los nws tus kheej thiab tuaj yeem piav qhia nws raws li kev ua haujlwm nyuaj. Lub ntsiab lus no tseem suav nrog kev hloov kho lub cev ntawm cov pej xeem. Cov kab mob dab tsi, dab tsi lub neej expectancy, dab tsi demographic parameters, lub xub ntiag los yog tsis muaj ib tug kab ntawm kev sib raug zoo kev nruj kev tsiv nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg, qhov xwm ntawm cov zaub mov thiab ntau yam yog reconstructed nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm archaeological ntaub ntawv.

[Ch.]: Puas muaj cov qauv hauv archaeology? Piv txwv li, tam sim no nws yog fashionable siv qee txoj hauv kev los yog qee cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb?

NM]: Muaj tseeb tiag. Muaj ib txwm muaj cov thawj coj thiab kev ua tiav uas koj xav kom sib npaug, txais yuav ib txoj hauv kev uas yuav tso cai rau koj kom ua tiav cov pov thawj tshwj xeeb thiab txoj cai hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb. Interdisciplinarity muaj txoj cai zoo li no tsis ntev los no. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, nws suav hais tias yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev khawb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom caw cov kws kho mob uas txheeb xyuas cov nroj tsuag los ntawm paj ntoos, carpologists uas kawm cov noob, cov kws kho tsiaj uas txheeb xyuas cov tsiaj qus thiab cov tsiaj hauv tsev. Txhua tus kws tshaj lij muaj lub peev xwm loj ntawm cov peev txheej, uas muab nws lub zeem muag ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab kev koom tes ntawm cov kev siv zog no tso cai rau peb kom nkag siab txog tib neeg tag nrho, thiab tsis yog tsim kom muaj lub zos ntawm qee cov neeg. Koj tuaj yeem rov tsim kho lawv lub neej, thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg nyob ze, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg hauv pab pawg.

Ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm peb tus kheej tej hauj lwm ntawm xyoo tas los no nyob rau hauv Great Migration ntawm Tib neeg, peb muaj peev xwm hais tias vim qhuav tawm, sab qab teb ntawm Western Siberia, uas tam sim no hu ua hav zoov-steppe, yog ib tug steppe. Thiab nws yog ib cheeb tsam nomadic. Nomads los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kazakhstan thiab South Urals tas li infiltrated ntawm no thiab tawm tsam nrog cov pej xeem hauv zos. Nws coj cov kev lig kev cai ntawm cov nomads no tsis tas yuav kam, vim peb pom los ntawm cov faus neeg faus neeg uas muaj ib tug ntau ntawm tws qhov txhab, nrog rau cov pob txha taub hau, neeg tua, tawg spines thiab lwm yam. Qhov ntawd yog, kev ua tub rog kev ua phem raug cuam tshuam. Thiab nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom lag luam qhia txog kev qiv nyiaj los ntawm tib tus neeg kov yeej tsis yog tsuas yog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab riam phom, tab sis kuj ntawm décor, thiab txawm tias xws li kev lig kev cai xws li hloov cov duab ntawm pob txha taub hau. Lub taub hau tau muab qhwv rau cov menyuam yaus hauv lub txaj kom nws coj mus rau ib qho zoo li ntauwd. Ntawm cov nomads, qhov no yog ib qho cim ntawm kev sib raug zoo, thiab cov neeg kov yeej tau txais kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev coj noj coj ua rau cov neeg tuaj tshiab. Thiab cov tib neeg tam sim no tau raug sim rau DNA los txiav txim siab seb pawg neeg twg tau koom nrog kev kov yeej. Kev sib koom tes zoo li no yog qhov sib txawv, thiab kuv xav tias nws muaj kev vam meej heev.