Lub tshuab ua tsov rog - 13: Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Katyusha hauv kev yeej ntawm fascism

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov kws tshawb fawb fascist tshaj plaws tau mus yos hav zoov rau nws, thiab cov tub rog ntawm Red Army tau tsoo Katyusha, pom lawv tus kheej hauv ib puag ncig uas nws tsis tuaj yeem tawm mus. Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Kawm Keeb Kwm ntawm Russia muaj lub caliper los ntawm tus tsim tawm ntawm riam phom legendary Ivan Guay. Zaj dab neeg ntawm tus tsim lub tshuab tau hais los ntawm cov neeg khaws cov cuab yeej tsis tshua muaj.

Yog vim li cas "Sib ntaus sib tua tsheb - 13" los ua "Katyusha", tsis muaj leej twg paub tseeb, tab sis muaj ob peb versions. Raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, lub npe tau muab nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj npe tom qab lub Comintern, cim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv nrog tsab ntawv K. Front-line tub rog feem ntau muab nicknames rau riam phom, raws li cov tswv tsheb ua tam sim no. Piv txwv li, lub M-30 howitzer yog lub npe hu ua "Niam", thiab BM-13 thaum xub thawj hu ua "Raisa Sergeevna", deciphering lub npe RS (foob pob ua ntxaij projectile), tab sis nws yog "Katyusha" uas tau pib hauv paus ntawm cov neeg. Cov kev sib txuas zoo sib xws BM-31-12 los ntawm kev sib piv tau txais lub npe nrov npe "Andryusha", tab sis txawm tias lawv tsis ntev hu ua "Katyusha". Lub foob pob hluav taws tau txav ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 50-60 mais ib teev thiab muaj peev xwm tua 16 lub zog 132-mm projectiles hauv 15-20 vib nas this. Lub ntiaj teb no yeej tsis tau pom zoo li no: phom nrog salvo launchers, nrog rau cov tsheb laij teb rau kev thauj mus los, hnyav 30-40 npaug ntxiv. Kev tsim kho ntawm Katyusha tau saib xyuas los ntawm Ivan Gvay, tus tub ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsheb ciav hlau.

Thawj kauj ruam ntawm txoj kev mus feat

Nws yug los nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1905 nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Belovezh (tam sim no lub koom pheej ntawm Belarus). Tom qab tsev kawm ntawv, nws kawm nyob rau hauv lub railway lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas yuav tom qab lub npe ntawm nws, thiab yog phooj ywg nrog yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug Dmitry Kedrin - yim xyoo tom qab ntawd nws yuav dedicate paj huam "Duel" rau Guay. Lawv tau nyob rau hauv lub koom haum poetic "Young Smithy" thiab khaws ib qho kev ntshaw rau cov ntawv nyeem rau lub neej.

Cov phooj ywg mus lawv txoj kev sib cais: Gwai nkag mus rau lub koom haum ntawm Railway Engineers. Tom qab cov tub rog, nws txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev kawm thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug designer ntawm cov nroj tsuag hu ua G. Petrovsky, thiab nyob rau hauv 1929 ib tug muaj hmoo lem tshwm sim: tus engineer tsiv mus rau Leningrad, qhov chaw uas nws tau txais ib tug thib ob kev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab tsim. choj cranes ntawm Marty shipyard tau peb xyoos.

Petersburg White Nights tau dhau los ua lub sijhawm dawb xwb rau kev muaj tswv yim thiab kev nyeem ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Gwai tau tsim txoj haujlwm sai sai, dhau los ua tus kws tshaj lij tsim qauv ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb, thiab tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob ntawm Leningrad Higher Tub Rog Electrotechnical School ntawm Red Army commanders (tam sim no lub Tub rog Academy ntawm Kev Sib Txuas Lus muaj npe tom qab Marshal ntawm Soviet Union SM Budyonny).

Vernier caliper rau "Katyusha"

Xyoo 1935, Guay tau raug caw tuaj rau Moscow, tau raug xaiv los ua tus kws tshaj lij tsim qauv ntawm Jet Research Institute ntawm Tib Neeg Commissariat ntawm Tank Kev Lag Luam. Cov Neeg Commissariat ntawm Tub Rog Tub Rog tau thov kom tsim cov launchers tshiab. Lub taub hau ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb, Ivan Kleimenov, sib sau ua ke ib pab pawg neeg tsim tshwj xeeb, muab Ivan Guay ntawm lub taub hau.

Nws lub ntsiab lus yog kev ua siab loj, uas tau sau txog los ntawm tus xibfwb, tus kws tshaj lij aerodynamic Yuri Pobedonostsev:

"Ivan Gvay yog ib tug kws kho tshuab, tus kws ua haujlwm siab tawv. Thiab hauv peb txoj haujlwm, kev ua siab loj yog ib qho ntawm thawj cov xwm txheej rau kev vam meej. Gwai tsis ntshai ua kev hloov kho, hloov pauv ntawm tus qauv tsim, qhia rau nws los ntawm tus tub ntxhais hluas ntawm peb pab neeg, tus kws tsim txuj ci A. P. Pavlenko … ".

Nyob rau hauv 1938, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej Katyusha pib. Cov neeg tsim qauv yuav tsum tsim kom muaj lub tshuab ua haujlwm nrawm, uas yuav tuaj yeem taug kev deb thiab tso tawm 16 nqi tib lub sijhawm. Rau ntau lub foob pob hluav taws tua hluav taws, "Flute" tsim tau raug xaiv los ua cov lus qhia.

Kev txhim kho ntawm BM-13 tau tso siab rau ib pab neeg coj los ntawm Ivan Gai, uas suav nrog Alexey Pavlenko, Vladimir Galkovsky, Alexander Popov, Yuri Pobedonostsev thiab lwm tus. Cov pab pawg neeg tsim ntawm 132-mm foob pob hluav taws tau coj los ntawm L. E. Schwartz. Ntxiv rau Katyusha, cov neeg tsim qauv tsim ib txhij tsim RS-82 thiab RS-132 lub teeb dav hlau launchers rau hauv av thiab cov khoom siv dav hlau. 82-mm foob pob hluav taws tau nkag mus rau kev pabcuam nrog I-15 thiab I-16 fighters.

Kev ua haujlwm yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1938 nws yog nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj vim yog kev hem thawj: Valentin Glushko thiab Sergei Korolev, uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm aircraft missiles, tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb Ivan Kleimenov thiab tus thawj engineer Georgy Langemak raug ntes rau. Lub denunciation ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm Andrei Kostikov. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm NII-3 raug tua thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1938, tam sim ntawd tom qab lawv raug txim tuag. Andrey Kostikov tau los ua tus thawj coj, tab sis pab neeg tseem ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim khoom zais cia.

Thaum lub caij ntuj sov, thawj qhov project Katyusha raws li lub tsheb thauj khoom ZiS-5 tau tshwm sim, tab sis kev sim hauv teb tau qhia txog qhov tsis txaus. Engineers armed nrog calipers, los yog, raws li lawv tau hu ua, "Mauser", yuav tsum tau daws cov teeb meem kev: xyuas kom meej qhov ceev ntawm hluav taws kub, qhov hluav taws kub, tiv thaiv cov neeg ua hauj lwm thaum launching missiles. Cov cuab yeej raug hu ua "Mauser" vim tias tsuas yog lub npe ntawm cov calipers no tau yuav rau kev lag luam aviation hauv USSR vim lawv qhov raug siab. Hauv lwm qhov kev lag luam, lawv siv "Columbics" - thiaj li hu ua calipers ntawm lwm hom.

FUN FACT: Zoo ib yam li xyoo 1938 los ntawm tag nrho cov lus qhia, zaj nkauj "KATYUSHA" sau los ntawm M. ISAKOVSKY rau lub suab paj nruag ntawm M. BLANTER, dhau los ua neeg nyiam thiab nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, khiav tawm.

Lub Plaub Hlis Ntuj xyoo tom ntej, kev teeb tsa tshiab raws li ZiS-6 tsheb tau txais kev pom zoo ua tub rog. Nws raug them nrog 132-millimeter high-explosive fragmentation foob pob hluav taws thiab, ntawm qhov chaw sim, poob rau hauv lub aiming square. Qhov no yog qhov kawg ntawm thawj zaug thiab feem ntau siv zog ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua tub rog-kev muaj tswv yim.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Ivan Guay lub brainchild nyob rau hauv lub yeej tshaj fascism

Nyob rau lub Ob Hlis 19, 1940, lub invention ntawm Ivan Guay pab neeg tau txais ib tug patent: BM-13 tau nkag mus rau hauv lub npe ntawm inventions ntawm lub USSR nyob rau hauv tus xov tooj 3338: "Ib tug mechanized installation rau firing foob pob ua ntxaij projectiles ntawm ntau yam calibers." Nws nce mus rau qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim khoom thaum pib ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, xyoo 1941, tau ua los ntawm Vladimir Aborenkov, tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam tsev artillery ntawm Red Army.

Hnub ua ntej pib Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2, Lub Rau Hli 21, 1941, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm USSR tau txiav txim siab txog kev tsim khoom ntawm M-13 plhaub thiab BM-13 launcher. Los ntawm Lub Rau Hli 22 txog Lub Rau Hli 30, thawj ob lub Katyushas tau sib sau ua ke ntawm Comintern cog. Lawv dhau qhov kev xeem zaum kawg ntawm qhov chaw cob qhia ze Moscow ua ntej kev cai raus dej ntawm hluav taws.

Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1, cov tsheb tau raug xa mus rau cov tub rog tub rog ntawm Red Army. Ob lub lis piam tom qab, kev suav cov tub rog ntawm BM-13 launchers nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Captain Ivan Flerov nyob ze Orsha. Ob lub volleys ntawm Katyusha "hais" hla tus dej Orshitsa: peb cov tub rog tau rhuav tshem tag nrho cov chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau ze ntawm lub zos Pishchalovo, qhov chaw cov yeeb ncuab cov tub rog thiab cov cuab yeej tau sau tseg. Cov Nazis raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev: peb echelons raug tua thiab raug mob. Tus thawj coj ntawm Bryansk pem hauv ntej, Andrei Eremenko, xa ib tsab ntawv mus rau Stalin, nyob rau hauv uas nws qhuas lub hwj chim ntawm BM-13.

TAM SIM NO, LUB SIJ HAWM NTAWM TEAM NTAWM DESIGNER IVANA GVAYA tau hnov zaj nkauj "Katyusha", Tab sis lawv tsis tau nyob ntawm no - NYEEM NTXIV RAU "TAU" Lawv tus kheej: Tshem tawm cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm BM-13 LUB SIJ HAWM THIAB CHERICK

Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1941 tsuas muaj 19 foob pob hluav taws artillery installation nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, thaum kawg ntawm tsov rog muaj txog 10 txhiab ntawm lawv. Vim lub hwj chim zoo ntawm Katyusha, sib npaug rau salvo ntawm ib pab tub rog, tus yeeb ncuab yeej yos hav zoov rau nws. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev txhim kho tshwj xeeb ntawm Soviet tub rog engineers los ntawm kev nkag mus rau cov yeeb ncuab, cov tub rog ntawm Red Army, uas tau nyob ib puag ncig, sim ua kom lub tsheb tawg.

Tom qab tsov rog xyoo ntawm Ivan Guay

Los ntawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Asmeskas ntawm Lub Xya Hli 28, 1941 "Rau cov kev pabcuam zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim thiab tsim ntawm ib qho ntawm cov riam phom uas ua rau kom muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tub Rog Liab" Ivan Gwai tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm Kev Txiav Txim. ntawm Lenin. Thiab nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 1942, rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Katyusha, nws tau txais Stalin nqi zog nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 150,000 rubles - rau tag nrho cov kev loj hlob pab neeg.

Nyob rau hauv 1943, Ivan Isidorovich los ua ib tug neeg sib tw ntawm technical sciences tsis tiv thaiv nws scientific ua hauj lwm: thaum nws tuaj mus rau lub Higher Attestation Commission rau ib tug diploma, nws raug nug: "Qhov twg koj dissertation?"

Hauv kev teb, cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg thawj coj tau hnov tias: "Tsov tua rau pem hauv ntej!"

Nyob rau hauv 1945, Gwai tau txais lub Badge of Honour, thiab nyob rau hauv 1948 - tub rog qib ntawm Colonel Engineer.

Tom qab tsov rog, tus kws tshaj lij engineer txuas ntxiv nws txoj haujlwm ua tus thawj coj - thawj zaug ntawm lub koom haum tshawb fawb Nakhabinsk, tom qab ntawd ntawm Keldysh Center, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm lub koom haum thib plaub hauv Korolev, Yubileiny microdistrict. Nyob rau xyoo 1950, nws tau ua haujlwm ua tus kws tshawb fawb laus hauv chav kuaj riam phom tshwj xeeb thiab mortars ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tshawb Fawb-3 ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tseem Ceeb ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm USSR. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1954, Ivan Guay tau raug xa mus rau USSR Academy of Sciences.

Lub xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej, Ivan Isidorovich Gvay mob siab rau ua tub rog keeb kwm, foob pob ua ntxaij, kawm txog tej hauj lwm ntawm Konstantin Tsiolkovsky thiab los ua tus sau ntawm ob phau ntawv, thiab ib tug ntawm cov ntawv sau tseem tsis tiav.

Ivan Gwai kuj tau los ua tus qauv rau lub protagonist ntawm Lev Sheinin tus tshiab "Tub Rog Secret".

Tus kws ua haujlwm ci ntsa iab dhau los thaum Lub Xya Hli 22, 1960 vim mob plawv. Nws raug faus nyob rau hauv Moscow, ntawm lub toj ntxas Novodevichy.