Moscow Kremlin: TOP-6 lub tsev uas peb tau ploj lawm

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub Moscow Kremlin tej zaum yog lub npe nrov tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab architectural complex. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj dab tsi xav tsis thoob nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nws muaj kaum ob ntawm cov qauv ntawm ntau lub hom phiaj. Tab sis muaj ntau lub tsev uas, rau ntau yam, tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau peb, tsuas yog nyob hauv cov duab qub lossis cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov ntaub ntawv.

Peb xav coj mus rau koj saib "rau" architectural khoom ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin, uas twb irretrievably poob.

1. Cathedral ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Bor

Qhov no tshwj xeeb architectural monument nyob tom qab Terem Palace. Lub Cathedral ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Bor yog ib lub tsev teev ntuj qub tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Moscow: thawj hais txog nws hnub rov qab mus rau 1272. Thaum xub thawj, muaj ib tug ntoo qauv ntawm qhov chaw no, thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1328 Ivan Kalita tau txiav txim rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub thib ob pob zeb Cathedral nyob rau hauv lub yav tom ntej Lavxias teb sab capital.

Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm, lub tsev tau rov tsim dua ob peb zaug. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, lub tsev tau tso tseg tsis muaj chaw rau cov hauj sam uas tau tsiv mus rau qhov chaw tshiab - niaj hnub no Novospassky Monastery nyob rau ntawd. Tab sis lub cathedral tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm ib tug courtier. Tau ntau pua xyoo tom ntej, lub tsev, raws li tuaj yeem nkag siab los ntawm nws cov duab tseem muaj sia nyob, lub tuam tsev tau hloov pauv ntau zaus.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv thawj peb ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, keeb kwm ntawm lub cim lub tsev xaus: lub Soviet tub ceev xwm tsis tseg lub tsev teev ntuj raws li ib feem ntawm thawj nthwv dej ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm pawg ntseeg - lub Cathedral ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Bor raug puas tsuaj rau lub Tsib Hlis 1, Xyoo 1933. Niaj hnub no, tsis muaj dab tsi tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw, tab sis ib qho chaw uas tsis muaj neeg nyob tau raug tso tseg tom qab Grand Kremlin Palace.

Tab sis tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union, lub relics ploj tam sim ntawd nco ntsoov. Txij li thaum xyoo 1992, cov thawj coj hauv pawg ntseeg tau muaj lub tswv yim los ua kom lub cim xeeb ntawm Kremlin Cathedral puas tsuaj, txawm tias nyob rau lwm qhov chaw.

Nws siv sijhawm yuav luag ob xyoos los pom zoo rau ntawm lub xaib thiab tau txais cov ntawv tso cai tsim nyog. Tab sis thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv 2012, kev tsim kho tau pib ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Martyr Vladimir, uas nyob rau hauv lub nroog science ntawm Korolev. Lawv sim ua qhov project ntawm pawg ntseeg zoo ib yam li thawj lub tsev teev ntuj li sai tau. Thawj liturgy tau ua haujlwm rau lub Ob Hlis 2013.

2. Miracles monastery

Qhov thib ob hiob architectural monument ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin, uas ploj lawm, yog lub Chudov Monastery, uas, raws li cov ntaub ntawv uas tau los rau peb, tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1365 nyob rau hauv lub teg num ntawm Metropolitan Alexy. Ntau cov xwm txheej nco txog keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev Lavxias yog txuam nrog lub tsev no.

Piv txwv li, raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, nws yog los ntawm Chudov Monastery uas Grishka Otrepiev, False Dmitry kuv dim. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum Napoleon nkag mus rau Moscow, txawm tias nws raug hlawv, Kremlin tsis tawg, thiab Corsican conqueror teeb tsa lub hauv paus chaw haujlwm. ntawm ib tug ntawm nws cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev dawb ceev.

Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, Miracle Monastery tau nrov heev: ntau cov kev ua koob tsheej lossis hnub so tau tuav ntawm no. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, ua qhov chaw dawb ceev, lub tsev tau poob rau hauv kev puas tsuaj.

Rov qab rau xyoo 1917, tag nrho cov hauj sam raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, uas, ntawm lwm yam, raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev tua phom loj, thiab thaj chaw tau muab rau ntau lub tsev. Nyob rau hauv 1923, Chudov Monastery tau tshaj tawm hais tias ib tug architectural monument, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tiv thaiv Soviet cov tub ceev xwm los ntawm kev rhuav tshem nws rau xyoo tom qab.

Nyob rau hauv 1934, lub 14th lub tsev ntawm lub Kremlin tau ua nyob rau hauv lub site ntawm lub puas qauv, uas tseem tsis tau muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no. Thiab ntawm qhov chaw uas ib lub tsev teev ntuj qub tshaj plaws hauv Moscow tau sawv ntau tshaj tsib puas xyoo, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tshiab ntawm Archaeology ntawm Chudov Monastery tau qhib rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2020, uas tsis muaj qhov sib piv hauv Russia.

Qhov kev nthuav qhia nthuav tawm cov khoom seem ntawm cov tsev, sarcophagi thiab txawm tias rov tsim kho lub Northern portal ntawm Chudov Monastery Cathedral.

3. Monument rau Alexander II

Tsis yog tsuas yog cov tsev nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Moscow Kremlin tau ploj lawm. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau sab sauv ntawm lub Kremlin vaj, ib tug monument rau Emperor Alexander II.

Tus pej thuam tau nthuav tawm hauv xyoo 1898. Nws yog ib feem ntawm lub architectural pawg rau lub Lavxias teb sab monarchs: cov duab puab los ntawm Alexander Opekushin nyob rau hauv lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub, uas yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug covered gallery nrog mosaic portraits ntawm lub rulers ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev.

Kev los ntawm Bolsheviks los rau lub hwj chim tau cim qhov pib ntawm kev ua ub no los tshem tawm cov kab ke ntawm huab tais los ntawm keeb kwm. Txoj hmoo tu siab no ua rau lub monument. Tus pej thuam ntawm Lavxias teb sab huab tais tau dismantled rov qab nyob rau hauv 1918 raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub Council of People's Commissars. Lub tsev pheeb suab ntaub thiab chaw ua yeeb yam nrog huab tais sawv ntev me ntsis: cov tsev no tau rhuav tshem xyoo 1928.

Thiab ntau tshaj li yim caum xyoo tom qab ntawd, lawv nco txog lub monument - lub tswv yim los kho nws cov pedestal thawj zaug, vim hais tias qhov chaw uas tus pej thuam sawv tseem khoob.

4. Lion's Gate

Lub Rooj vag Lion tsis yog tsuas yog ib feem ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev ua ke ntawm Kev Lom Zem Palace, tab sis kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm tuaj xyuas ntawm tag nrho Moscow Kremlin.

Lub monumental architectural thiab zoo nkauj qauv, tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, muaj ob lub npe sau ntxiv - "Preobrazhensky Gate" los yog "Preobrazhensky Portal" - thiab yog ib tug arched portal dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov khoom carved qauv thiab ornaments. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tom kawg yog cov duab ntawm tsov ntxhuav, uas tau muab lub rooj vag nws lub npe.

Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias Lion Gate raug rhuav tshem, tab sis niaj hnub no lawv tau khaws cia rau hauv daim ntawv sib cais. Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th lawv tau hloov pauv lawv qhov chaw - lawv tau tsiv los ntawm lub koom txoos ntawm Kev Lom Zem Palace mus rau Preobrazhensky almshouse ntawm Old Believer zej zog.

Thiab twb nyob rau hauv lub Soviet lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub nees nkaum, txhua yam uas tseem tshuav nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd los ntawm lub arched portal mus rau lub Kolomenskoye tsev cia puav pheej. Fragments ntawm ornament tseem ua ib feem ntawm qhov nthuav tawm ntawm yav tas los.

5. Me Nikolaevsky Palace

Ntawm lub ces kaum ntawm Ivanovskaya Square thiab Spasskaya Street nyob rau hauv Moscow Kremlin, zoo li yog uniting ob monastic complexes, yog lub Me Nikolaevsky Palace, ua nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th los ntawm lub project Matvey Kazakov. Qhov chaw no kuj tau pom ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb rau pre-revolutionary Russia.

Lub neej yav tom ntej Alexander II tau yug los ntawm no, thiab lub coronation ceremony ntawm lub xeem Lavxias teb sab huab tais Nicholas II tau tuav ib sab ntawm nws.

Nthuav qhov tseeb:Nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub Me Nicholas Palace, lwm qhov nthuav kev tshwm sim tshwm sim, tab sis, theej rau cov lus hais - nws yog nyob rau hauv 1826, hais tias kev sib tham nto moo ntawm Emperor Nicholas kuv thiab Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin coj qhov chaw, uas tau coj mus rau Moscow ncaj qha los ntawm. exile tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev sib tham no.

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kev tawm tsam nyob rau hauv lub nroog thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1917, Me Nicholas Palace yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv puas vim yog kev sib tsoo, suav nrog thaj chaw ntawm Moscow Kremlin los ntawm cov phom loj loj. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd nws tau sawv rau kaum ob xyoos ntxiv - nws tau rhuav tshem nrog Chudov thiab Ascension Monasteries hauv xyoo 1929.

6. Lub tsev teev ntuj Constantine thiab Helena hauv Podil

Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Constantine thiab Helen nyob rau hauv Podil nyob ze ntawm lub pej thuam ntawm tib lub npe. Hnub tim ntawm nws qhov kev tsim kho tsis paub meej, thiab thawj cov lus hais txog hnub rov qab mus rau XIV xyoo pua. Txog rau xyoo 1651, lub tsev yog ntoo, thiab tom qab nws tau rov ua dua hauv pob zeb. Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Constantine thiab Helena hauv Podil tau dhau los ntawm ntau tshooj nyuaj hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias lub xeev.

Tshwj xeeb, nws tau rov qab los tom qab nws tau tua hluav taws hauv 1738, thiab Moscow hluav taws ntawm 1812 tsis kov nws kiag li.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov "muaj hmoo" no tau xaus tom qab Bolsheviks los ua lub zog. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Constantine thiab Helena nyob rau hauv Podol yog ib tug ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub Moscow Kremlin, uas nws tau txiav txim siab mus demolished nyob rau hauv thawj nthwv dej ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm pawg ntseeg. Ntxiv mus, raws li cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia, nws tau los ua thawj zaug hauv cov npe no ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm Kremlin.

Lub pretext rau nws dismantling yog cov hauv qab no: "kev nthuav dav ntawm thaj tsam ntawm lub vaj Kremlin." Niaj hnub no outbuildings thiab ib feem ntawm lub helipad yog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.