Antediluvian Afghan fortresses - caravanserais

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau hauv Afghanistan, txawm tias tag nrho cov complex ntawm tub rog-kev nom kev tswv qhov teeb meem, cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ua hauj lwm. Afghans sim tsis tsuas yog khaws cia thiab qhia lub ntiaj teb txog yav dhau los kev ua tiav ntawm lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb, tab sis kuj tseem ua kev tshawb fawb thiab tseem ua rau kev tshawb pom tshiab.

Oddly txaus, tab sis ua tsaug rau kev ua tsov ua rog, los yog theej, cov tub rog txawv teb chaws tuaj, archaeologists tau txais lub sijhawm tshiab los tshawb txog Afghanistan. Yav dhau los tsis paub txog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, vaj tsev monuments thiab lwm yam khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam keeb kwm tau pom siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov neeg soj xyuas satellites thiab cov tsheb tsis muaj neeg tsav dav hlau (UAVs) uas yog US Army. Yog li, ntau dua 4,500 yam khoom no twb tau tshawb pom lawm, raws li ib qho ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm kev tshawb fawb Askiv, phau ntawv Journal Science. Cov tub rog Asmeskas, tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws ntxaws txog thaj chaw uas tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus tau zoo tshaj plaws ua tsaug rau lawv cov cuab yeej txawj ntse, tau pib qhia rau cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Afghanistan thiab Tebchaws Meskas.

Los ntawm orbit - mus rau hauv qhov tob ntawm centuries

Vim muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, thaj tsam roob thiab suab puam ntawm Afghanistan yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws rau cov kws tshawb fawb nkag mus. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv yog qhov nthuav tshaj plaws los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm keeb kwm: nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no txoj kev ntawm Great Silk Road tau khiav, ib zaug kev nplua nuj nyob hauv lub nceeg vaj thiab empires uas tau tso tseg tsis muaj nyob. Thiab tom qab ntawd cov drones tuaj rau kev pab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.

Nrog kev txhawb nqa nyiaj txiag los ntawm US State Department, archaeologists tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Asmeskas cov neeg soj xyuas satellites, UAVs, thiab cov lag luam satellites uas coj cov duab ntawm cov khoom kom ze li sai tau. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2017, ib pab neeg tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm 119 caravanserais uas yav tas los tsis paub. Lawv tau tsim muaj kwv yees li ntawm XVI-XVII centuries thiab tau ua cov ntsiab lus xa mus rau cov tub lag luam nrog lawv cov khoom raws txoj kev Silk Road. Lub caravanserais nyob 20 km ntawm ib leeg - ntawm qhov deb uas cov neeg taug kev ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau mus ncig nruab nrab ib hnub. Lawv tau ua kom ruaj khov thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov khoom ntawm East thiab West. Txhua caravanserai yog hais txog qhov loj ntawm lub tshav pob. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau ntau pua tus neeg thiab cov ntxhuav nqa khoom. Qhov kev tshawb pom no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom pom tseeb cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ib feem ntawm Txoj Kev Silk Txoj Kev Loj Loj uas dhau los ntawm Afghanistan thiab txuas Is Nrias teb nrog Persia.

Archaeologist David Thomas ntawm University of La Trobe hauv Melbourne, Australia ntseeg tias cov duab yuav tuaj yeem nrhiav tau kaum txhiab qhov chaw tshiab keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm thaj chaw Afghan. "Thaum lawv raug kaw, lawv tuaj yeem kawm thiab tiv thaiv," nws hais rau Science magazine.

Satellite duab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th caravanserai. Duab los ntawm DigitalGlobe Inc.

Kev sib koom ua haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv qhia Afghanistan raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm cov tub rog tau pib xyoo 2015. Nws tau coj los ntawm archaeologist Jill Stein ntawm University of Chicago. Thawj xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais nyiaj pab $ 2 lab los ntawm tsoomfwv Meskas rau lawv txoj haujlwm.

Tsis deb ntawm ciam teb nrog Uzbekistan, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Balkh oasis, phav phav ntawm yav tas los tsis paub hais tias nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm uas tshwm sim ua ntej peb era. Qhov no tau ua tiav ua tsaug rau cov duab saum toj saud los ntawm lub dav hlau tsis muaj neeg tsav tsheb ntawm US Army engineering units. Cov duab zoo li no tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm 50 cm siab thiab 10 cm inch. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau txheeb xyuas txog 15 txhiab tus duab.

Ancient settlements nyob rau hauv lub Balkhab River. Lawv sawv hauv ib txhiab xyoo: qhov ntxov tshaj plaws - BC, qhov tseeb - nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet ib zaug tau tswj kom pom tsuas yog 77 thaj chaw qub nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawd. Tam sim no nws pom tseeb tias thaj chaw muaj neeg coob dua li yav dhau los xav. Txoj Kev Silk Txoj Kev Loj Loj tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov chaw nyob thiab lawv cov neeg nyob.

Ntawm cov khoom uas tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm Parthian lub nceeg vaj (nws tau vam meej ib txhij nrog Roman faj tim teb chaws nyob rau ntau pua xyoo BC), cov kwj dej kwj dej thiab cov tsev teev ntuj tau raug txheeb xyuas. Lub tsev teev ntuj (cov qauv qhia txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub siab thiab kev nkag siab hauv Buddhism. - Kwv yees li "Fergana"), cov tsev teev ntuj nrog cov ntawv sau ua lus Greek thiab Aramaic thaum ub, Zoroastrian cov tuam tsev ntawm kev pe hawm hluav taws. Ciam teb ntawm Parthia nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd dhau los ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm Afghanistan tam sim no thiab thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm Uzbekistan. Cov kev tshawb pom qhia tias Parthians, uas tau tshaj tawm Zoroastrianism rau feem ntau, tau txhawb nqa lwm yam kev ntseeg ib yam nkaus.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais, pab neeg ntawm University of Chicago, coj los ntawm Jill Stein, tab tom tsim cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog thaj chaw rau Kabul Institute of Archaeology thiab Kabul Polytechnic Institute, uas tom qab ntawd yuav tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb hauv zos thiab txawv teb chaws los koom nrog kev tshawb fawb ntxaws. kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau pab cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm thaj chaw nyob sib ze hauv lawv txoj haujlwm.

Satellite daim duab ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub nroog Sar-O-Tar, tam sim no npog hauv cov xuab zeb. Duab los ntawm DigitalGlobe Inc.

Science thiab tsov rog

Nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tu ncua nyob rau hauv Afghanistan ntawm tsoom fwv thiab ntau pawg neeg tawm tsam, nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb pom, tab sis nws muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo thiab khaws cov kev paub uas twb tau txais lawm. Ib lub tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv txoj haujlwm no yog National Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Kabul.

Thaum xyoo 1990, thaum cov Taliban txeeb tau lub hwj chim hauv Afghanistan, lub tsev khaws puav pheej raug nyiag. Nrog rau kev zam ntawm kev sau nyiaj npib nplua nuj (nws muaj cov nyiaj npib uas tau muab los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm thawj xyoo txhiab BC mus rau qhov kawg ntawm lub sijhawm Islamic), qhov seem ntawm cov khoom pov thawj tseem ceeb tau ploj mus. Ntawm lawv muaj ntau tus mlom ntawm Buddha ntawm 1st-3rd centuries AD, "Behram" cov khoom ua los ntawm cov kaus ntxhw carved nyob rau hauv Indian style, hlau khoom ntawm lub Ghaznavid dynasty (lub peev ntawm lawv lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub 10th-11th centuries nyob 90 kilometers. sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Kabul niaj hnub) thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb monuments ntawm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub teb chaws. Tom qab ntawd, ntau ntawm lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv cov khw muag khoom qub ntawm Islamabad, New York, London thiab Tokyo.

Thiab tseem, qee yam khoom muaj nqis tshaj plaws tau txais kev cawmdim ua tsaug rau kev khiav tawm raws sijhawm. Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb Olga Tkachenko, tom qab kev rhuav tshem ntawm tsoomfwv Taliban los ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog ntawm Northern Alliance, Hamid Karzai, tus thawj coj ntawm Afghan kev hloov pauv tsoomfwv, tshaj tawm xyoo 2003 txog cov khoom pov thawj khaws cia hauv lub tsev txhab nyiaj hauv tsev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau lub xeev tau nce $ 350,000 rau kev kho dua tshiab ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej Kabul tseem ceeb. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2004, kev kho dua tshiab tau ua tiav thiab lub tsev cia puav pheej rov qhib dua.

"Ib qho ntawm qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws yog kev cawm ntawm Bactrian Gold, uas tau muab zais zais rau hauv lub tsev txhab nyiaj Central los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm Mohammad Najibullah. Thaum lub sijhawm qhib kev nyab xeeb, archaeologist Victor Sarianidi, tus neeg nrhiav pom cov khoom muaj nqis, raug caw tuaj rau Afghanistan, uas tau lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis. Cov kub, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau xa rov qab mus rau lub tsev khaws puav pheej cov nyiaj vim tias muaj kev nyab xeeb tsis zoo. Tsoomfwv Afghan tau pom zoo nrog Tebchaws Meskas txog kev khaws cov khoom muaj nqis ib ntus kom txog thaum qhov xwm txheej hauv Afghanistan ruaj khov, "Tkachenko tau hais.

Tom qab ntawd, ntau yam artifacts uas tshwm sim txawv teb chaws raug xa rov qab mus rau lub tsev cia puav pheej. Ob peb cov khoom pov thawj tau rov qab los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees xyoo 2007. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, Switzerland tau pub cov kev tshawb pom los ntawm lub npe hu ua Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Afghan Culture nyob rau hauv Exile. Nyob rau hauv 2012, 843 artifacts raug xa rov qab los ntawm England.

Nyob rau hauv 2011, lub restoration ntawm lub ntsiab lub tsev ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej thiab nws archive twb tiav. Kev tsim kho dua tshiab tau txhawb nqa los ntawm tsoomfwv German. Nws faib tag nrho txog ib lab daus las. Ob xyoos tom qab, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev nkag tshiab tau ua tiav, phab ntsa nyob ib puag ncig lub tsev khaws puav pheej thiab cov pej thuam tiav. Cov nyiaj pab tau muab los ntawm tsoomfwv Meskas rau cov haujlwm no. Tam sim no leej twg tuaj yeem tuaj xyuas lub tsev khaws puav pheej - nws ua haujlwm zoo li lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv txhua lub tebchaws muaj kev thaj yeeb.

Cov teeb meem hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog tsim los ntawm cov zej zog nrog lub npe nrov Palace ntawm Dar-ul-Aman thiab lub tsev ntawm Afghan parliament, qhov twg cov neeg ua phem tawm tsam ib ntus. Cov curators ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej yog cov neeg zoo kawg nkaus uas tseem mob siab rau kev tshawb fawb (raws li tus sau cov ntaub ntawv tau ntseeg tus kheej), txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab txuas ntxiv teeb meem ntawm nws lub tebchaws.

Qhov xwm txheej hauv Afghanistan tsis tso cai rau kev khawb loj hauv thaj chaw nyob deb nroog - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau thaj chaw tsis zoo los ntawm tsoomfwv cov tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, archaeologists tswj kom ua haujlwm tsawg. Piv txwv li, xyoo 2012-2013, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Fab Kis Embassy, kev khawb tau tshwm sim hauv Kabul koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Naringj Tapa. Cov kev tshawb pom tau raug xa mus rau qhov nthuav tawm ntawm National Museum.

Tshav kub

Txij li thaum xyoo 2006, lub ntiaj teb cov tsev cia puav pheej tau tuav qhov kev mus ncig ua yeeb yam "Afghanistan: Cov Khoom muaj nqis zais ntawm National Museum of Kabul." Lub exhibition nthuav tawm ntau dua 230 qhov khoom pov thawj, qee qhov muaj ntau dua 2 txhiab xyoo. Niaj hnub no, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm National Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kabul yog ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev nyiam kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws tawg los ntawm kev ua tub rog tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kab lis kev cai qub ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nws. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm no exhibition uas nto moo sau los ntawm "Bactrian kub" yog exhibited.

Thawj qhov chaw rau kev nthuav tawm yog Paris, qhov chaw uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Afghan keeb kwm tau nthuav tawm txij lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2006 txog Lub Plaub Hlis 2007. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub exhibition tau mus rau Ltalis, Holland, Tebchaws USA, Canada, Great Britain, Sweden thiab Norway. Xyoo 2013, cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Afghanistan tau mus txog Melbourne, Australia. Cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntau xyoo tau ntxiv $ 3 lab rau Afghan pob nyiaj siv.

"Bactrian kub" yog ib qho tshwj xeeb sau los ntawm cov khoom kub pom los ntawm Soviet archaeological ntoj ke mus kawm coj los ntawm tus paub zoo kws tshawb fawb Viktor Sarianidi nyob rau hauv 1978 nyob ze lub nroog Shebergan, nyob rau sab qaum teb Afghan xeev Dzauzjan. Nws nyob hauv qab txheej ntawm cov av ntawm ib lub toj, uas cov neeg hauv zos hu ua Tillya-Tepe ("golden toj"), vim lawv qee zaum pom cov khoom kub nyob ntawd. Ua ntej, archaeologists khawb qhov ruins ntawm Zoroastrian lub tuam tsev, uas nws muaj hnub nyoog kwv yees li ntawm 2 txhiab xyoo. Ib tug bookmark ntawm kub npib tau pom nyob rau hauv nws cov phab ntsa. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau xya lub qhov ntxa muaj koob muaj npe ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm Kushan lub nceeg vaj, uas tau vam meej hauv 1st-2nd centuries AD. Lawv muaj txog 20 txhiab yam khoom kub. "Bactrian kub" tau dhau los ua cov khoom muaj nqis loj tshaj plaws thiab nplua nuj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Kub crown los ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis Bactrian

Nws yog noteworthy tias lub exhibition tseem tsis tau mus xyuas Afghanistan thiab Russia nws tus kheej. Tab sis yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Afghanistan yog vim li cas yog pom tseeb - tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg guarantees, yog vim li cas lub "Bactrian kub" yuav tsis tau mus rau Moscow nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev, kom deb li deb peb tsuas yog kwv yees. Hauv kev xam phaj nrog National Geographic magazine hauv 2014, Fab Kis tus kws sau keeb kwm kos duab Veronica Schiltz tau hais txog qhov no: "Kuv thov txim uas Russia nyob sab nraud. Cov khoom los ntawm Tillya Tepe tsim nyog tau txais kev tshawb fawb loj ntawm thoob ntiaj teb thiab nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm Russia, qhov twg kev lig kev cai ntawm kev kawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm nomads muaj zog. Thiab ib qho kev nthuav qhia hauv koj lub tebchaws [hauv Russia] kuj yuav yog lub sijhawm zoo los nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv Sarianidi rau pej xeem."

Thiab thaum Russia tseem nyob "ntawm sab nraud", Asmeskas drones yuav pab lub ntiaj teb kom pom qhov tsis tau tshawb nrhiav Afghanistan yav dhau los.