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Yuav ua li cas Stalin tshaj tawm cybernetics ib tug pseudoscience
Yuav ua li cas Stalin tshaj tawm cybernetics ib tug pseudoscience

Video: Yuav ua li cas Stalin tshaj tawm cybernetics ib tug pseudoscience

Video: Yuav ua li cas Stalin tshaj tawm cybernetics ib tug pseudoscience
Video: Keeb kwm pab neeg khawb fuab tais Tutankhamen lub ntxa teb chaws Egypt tuag tag 2024, Lub peb hlis ntuj
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Tsis tshua muaj ib puas feem ntawm cov neeg ruam quaj qw txog "kev tsim txom ntawm cybernetics" txawm tsis paub tseeb tias cybernetics yog dab tsi thiab paub tseeb tias yog tias tsis yog lub accounting system nyob rau hauv kibbutz, ces feem ntau yuav tus poj niam ntawm innocently repressed tseem ceeb Jewish xib fwb Kiber, uas yog. tsis muaj lawm - vim yog kev tsim txom los ntawm Stalin, tau kawg.

Ib puas ntawm ib puas feem, nkag mus rau daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev kawm qib siab, paub tseeb tias kev tshawb fawb "leej txiv ntawm cybernetics" yog American Wiener. Thov txim, qhov yuam kev tawm tuaj.

Nws yug los tsis muaj dab tsi los ntawm Wiener txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev tshawb fawb, thiab yog tias nws yug me nyuam, ces ib yam dab tsi txawv kiag li. Vim tias cybernetics, raws li kev tshawb pom, lub tswv yim tshawb fawb, tau yug los ob txhiab xyoo ua ntej yug ntawm Wiener.

Lo lus "cybernetics" tau qhia los ntawm Greek tus kws tshawb fawb thaum ub Plato raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev tswj cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas suav nrog tib neeg - cov khoom no nws hu ua "hibernation".

Nws tuaj yeem yog chav tswj hwm - thaj av uas neeg nyob, thiab lub nkoj. Raws li Plato, lub nkoj tsim thiab nruab tsuas yog ib qho khoom xwb, tab sis lub nkoj nrog cov neeg coob twb "hibernation", uas yuav tsum tau tswj los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij - "cybernet", helmsman, hauv Lavxias. Yog hais tias peb pib los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias tus txiv neej yog lom yam tsawg kawg yog tib yam tsiaj, ces nws yuav ua kom meej qhov twg lub npe ntawm Wiener phau ntawv "Cybernetics, los yog tswj thiab kev sib txuas lus nyob rau hauv ib tug tsiaj thiab ib tug tshuab" los ntawm. Qhov tshiab, raws li lawv hais, yog qhov zoo-tsis nco qab qub.

Los ntawm txoj kev, Russified lo lus "tus thawj tswj hwm", "lub xeev", "tus kws qhia" - tag nrho cov los ntawm lo lus qhia los ntawm Plato. Thiab tsoom fwv British - tsoom fwv, muaj tib lub genesis.

Nco qab tias cybernetics - nyob rau hauv thawj, Platonic kev nkag siab, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yog nyob rau hauv Amper, uas muab tso rau nws nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nws kev faib ntawm sciences, thiab ib tug me ntsis tom qab - los ntawm lub ci ntsa iab kws tshawb fawb Polish Boleslav Trentovsky.

Thiab yog hais tias peb tab tom tham txog Stalin, ces peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nws yog ib tug zoo meej, tiav, zoo tagnrho cybernet - nyob rau hauv lub Platonic formulation. Vim hais tias txawm nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd, muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Plato thiab Aristotle txog lub hom phiaj ntawm tsoom fwv: Aristotle ntseeg hais tias lub xeev txoj kev tswj hwm yuav tsum tau raws li txoj cai, Plato txiav txim siab zoo tswj raws li cov kev txiav txim ntawm lub cybernet (tus kav). Ob txoj kev xav thiab kev paub dhau los tau pom, qhov xwm txheej, tias txoj hauv kev Platonic tau zoo dua.

Stalin yog ib tug neeg kawm ntawv encyclopedically, tej hauj lwm ntawm Plato (nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov tam sim no ib nrab-literate demics), nws kawm, nws tsim lub tswj system raws li cybernetic, yog li ntawd, hais txog "Stalin kev tsim txom ntawm cybernetics" tsuas yog absurd.

Kev txiav txim siab seb cybernetics yog dab tsi, Kuv xav xa mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm Academician Glushkov, tus kws tshawb fawb ci ntsa iab, lej, engineer, erudite thiab kev txawj ntse, tus paub txog tsis yog kev qhuab qhia xwb thiab kev ua lej, tab sis ua haujlwm ntawm Hegel thiab Lenin.

Nws tsis ua txuj ua "leej txiv ntawm cybernetics", tab sis nws txoj kev koom tes rau cybernetics tsis yog Wiener tooj liab mite, thiab ib liter ntawm kub. Yog li, Glushkov tau txhais cybernetics raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kev cai lij choj, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tswj cov txheej txheem nyuaj, thaum lub khoos phis tawj tau txhais ua lub ntsiab. technical txhais tau tiascybernetics.

Cia peb nyob ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm Glushkov. Cia kuv ceeb toom koj tias tsev neeg MIR computer nws tsim ua ntej Asmeskas los ntawm nees nkaum xyoo- Cov no yog cov qauv ntawm tus kheej lub computer. Xyoo 1967, IBM tau yuav MIR-1 ntawm kev nthuav qhia hauv London:IBM muaj qhov tseem ceeb tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov neeg sib tw, thiab lub tshuab tau yuav los ua pov thawj tias lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm microprogramming, patented los ntawm cov neeg sib tw hauv xyoo 1963, tau paub ntev los ntawm Russians thiab siv hauv cov tshuab tsim khoom.

Leej twg nkag siab cybernetics zoo dua Glushkov thiab tau ua ntau dua rau cybernetics - cia nws muab nws txhais rau qhov kev tshawb fawb no.

Yog tias koj caij tsheb npav los ntawm Leninsky Prospekt metro chaw nres tsheb ob peb nres, tom qab ntawd ntawm 51 Leninsky Prospekt koj tuaj yeem pom Stalinist "palace of science" poob rau hauv cov ntoo ntsuab - lub tsev loj loj nrog txhua kab ntawm lub ntsej muag. Cov no yog ITMVT, Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Precision Mechanics thiab Computer Science muaj npe tom qab S. A. Lebedev. Nws tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1948 los tsim cov khoos phis tawj hluav taws xob - lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cybernetics, raws li Glushkov lub ntsiab lus.

Tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lej thiab, concurrently, vice-president ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub Ukrainian SSR, Lavrentiev tau sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau Comrade Stalin hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau kom ceev kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub computer technology, hais txog lub zeem muag ntawm kev siv computers..

Stalin, uas yog tus paub zoo hauv cov kev cog lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tau tshwm sim tam sim ntawd: los ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim, ITMVT tau tsim thiab M. A. Lavrentiev. Los ntawm txoj kev, lub tsev kawm ntawv Stalinist ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kev kawm tau dav siv los ntawm Korolev. Nws muaj ib tug coined, tiag Stalinist mis: "Kuv tsis pom zoo - thuam, thuam - muab, muab - ua, ua - teb!" Qhov no yog li cas cov cadres raug tsim. Xws li yog "kev nrhiav ntawm cybernetics." Tab sis lub teb chaws tseem tsis tau rov qab los ntawm kev tsov rog hnyav tshaj plaws.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo 1948, nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm Kws Kho Mob ntawm Physical thiab Mathematical Sciences S. A. Lebedev, kev ua haujlwm pib ntawm kev tsim MESM (me me hauv tshuab xam zauv) hauv Kiev.

Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1948, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Zog muaj npe tom qab Krizhizhanovsky Brook thiab Rameev tau txais ib daim ntawv pov thawj inventor nyob rau hauv lub computer nrog ib tug ntau lub tsheb npav, thiab nyob rau hauv 1950-1951. tsim nws. Hauv lub tshuab no, thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb, semiconductor (cuprox) diodes tau siv los hloov lub tshuab nqus tsev.

Thaum pib ntawm 1949, SKB-245 thiab NII Schetmash tau tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm SAM cog hauv Moscow. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 50s, ib lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm lub tshuab thiab kev suav lej tau tsim nyob rau hauv Alma-Ata.

Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias, qhov tseeb, Stalin tau ua ntau yam ntxiv rau kev txhim kho cybernetics - ntau tau muab cais tawm, ntau tsis nco qab ntau xyoo thiab ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm "pob zeb" Khrushchev, tab sis txawm tias los ntawm cov khoom tawg no tuaj yeem nkag siab. tias ib txoj haujlwm muaj zog cybernetic tau pib, suav nrog ntau lub tebchaws thiab cov tsev kawm tshawb fawb.

Thiab qhov no tsuas yog hais txog cov khoos phis tawj digital - thiab qhov tseeb ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab analog tau pib txawm tias ua ntej ua tsov rog, thiab xyoo 1945 thawj lub tshuab analog hauv USSR twb ua haujlwm lawm. Ua ntej ua tsov ua rog, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm high-speed triggers - lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov computers - pib.

Rau Russophobes thiab anti-Sovietists, kuv txaus siab qhia rau koj tias tus txhais tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1918 los ntawm Soviet kws tshawb fawb M. A. Bonch-Bruevich.

Ib yam nkaus li Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich, uas yog tus thawj coj ntawm kev tsim, tsim los ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm V. I. Lenin Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory (NRL). Qhov no tau xa mus rau Bonch-Bruevich los ntawm V. I. Lenin tau sau nws lub xov tooj nrov: "Kuv siv lub sijhawm no los qhia rau koj tias kuv txoj kev ris txiaj thiab kev khuv leej rau txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm xov tooj cua inventions uas koj tab tom ua. Cov ntawv xov xwm tsis muaj ntawv, tsis nyob deb koj tsim yuav yog ib qho zoo heev. Kuv cog lus tias yuav muab txhua txoj kev pab rau koj hauv qhov no thiab cov haujlwm zoo sib xws. Nrog kev xav zoo tshaj plaws, V. Ulyanov (Lenin)."

Txhua qhov kev pab cuam tau ua tiav, thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev lag luam thiab cov ntaub ntawv thaiv kev txhim kho los ntawm cov peev txheej, cov khoom siv tau tsim nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod xov tooj cua Laboratory uas yog xyoo ua ntej ntawm Western kev xav. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws tau nyob ntawd, hauv NRL, thaum pib ntawm xyoo 1920, uas tus kws tshaj lij Soviet Oleg Vladimirovich Losev tau tsim "kristadin" - tus qauv ntawm cov niaj hnub transistor thiab ci ntawm semiconductor muaju - lub teeb-emitting diodes. - tau pom.

Rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm "Stalin kev tsim txom ntawm cybernetics" Kuv xav muab ob peb yam piv txwv ntxiv.

Stalin tsa P. I. Parshin, tus kws tshaj lij thiab kws tshaj lij hauv nws daim teb. Thiab yog li ntawd, thaum lub rooj sib tham ntawm ITMVT ib lub taub hau ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam, L. I. Gutenmakher, tau thov kom tsim lub computer raws li electromagnetic contactless relays (lawv muaj kev ntseeg siab ntau dua li cov raj hluav taws xob, txawm hais tias lawv ua haujlwm qeeb), Parshin tam sim ntawd tuaj nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov tam sim no hauv cov khoom siv winding ntawm relay - thiab qhov no ua rau nws. ua tau kom txo tau tus naj npawb ntawm lem nyob rau hauv winding rau ib tug, uas txhais tau tias yuav ua rau lub relay technologically advanced, yoog rau loj ntau lawm.

Qhov no yog li cas, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub rooj sib tham, ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tsim invention yog tsim. Cov no yog cov tub rog uas kawm cybernetics ntawm Stalin. Puas muaj peev xwm xav txog tias qee tus thawj coj Putin paub nws txoj haujlwm zoo heev uas nws muaj peev xwm muab cov kev daws teeb meem hloov pauv? Thiab Stalin cov thawj coj paub txog qhov xwm txheej.

Thiab qhov piv txwv thib ob yog los ntawm cov txheej txheem zais cia ntawm lub rooj sib tham kaw kev tshawb fawb ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob thiab Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm Ukrainian SSR hnub tim 8 Lub Ib Hlis 1950, uas tus tsim ntawm MESM SA tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm kev nce qib ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub computer. Lebedev.

Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau ntsib nrog kev txaus siab, ua siab zoo, cov lus nug muaj txiaj ntsig tau raug nug, txhua tus tau sim pab thiab txhawb nqa. Tab sis ntawm cov tam sim no kuj muaj ib qho kev ceev faj txog kev kawm Shvets.

Hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov project, nws tsis tau hais lus - tej zaum, nws tsis to taub dab tsi. Tab sis "nrog rau tag nrho cov acuteness" nws tau tsa cov lus nug txog seb Lebedev "tsis sib ntaus sib tua rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm Ukrainian SSR nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm no," "kev koom ua ke ntawm kev ua hauj lwm tsis tau ua txaus." Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nws tau taw qhia tias "lub ntsiab lus" kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cav "yuav tsum tsis txhob siv thaum siv rau lub tshuab, lub tshuab tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo; nws yog qhov zoo dua los hloov lo lus no nrog lwm tus."

Qhov ntawd yog tag nrho zaj dab neeg ntawm "kev tsim txom ntawm cybernetics." Ib txwm sib cav sib ceg thiab intrigues ntawm cov kawm fraternity. Cov kws tshaj lij ua tshuab, txav mus los, thiab "philosophers", uas tsis tuaj yeem ua dab tsi, tau ceev faj tsam leej twg xav tias lub tshuab tuaj yeem xav lossis yam tsawg kawg ua haujlwm zoo.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm "kev tsim txom ntawm cybernetics", uas Stalin raug liam tias, ib ceg tshiab muaj zog ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis tau tsim nyob rau hauv USSR, cov koom haum tshawb fawb thiab cov chaw tsim khoom tau tsim los tsim cov khoom siv cybernetic. Cov tsev kawm ntawv tshawb fawb tau tsim, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev cob qhia, cov phau ntawv tau sau, cov tsev kawm qib siab tau pib nyeem cov kev qhuab qhia tshiab thiab cob qhia cov kws tshaj lij hauv cybernetics.

Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, MESM twb launched nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm thaum muaj tsuas yog ib lub computer nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe - lub English EDSAK, launched ib xyoo dhau los. Tab sis MESM processor tau muaj zog ntau dua vim yog kev sib piv ntawm cov txheej txheem suav. Lub tshuab zoo sib xws rau EDSAK, TsEM-1, tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Atomic Energy hauv xyoo 1953, tab sis nws kuj tau dhau EDSAK hauv ntau qhov tsis muaj.

Tsim los ntawm tus laureate ntawm Stalin nqi zog, Hero ntawm Socialist Labor S. A. Lebedev, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua cov raj xa dej, thaum cov kwj ntawm cov lus qhia thiab kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm, tam sim no siv hauv txhua lub khoos phis tawj hauv ntiaj teb

Ua raws li kev txhim kho ntawm MESM, BESM lub khoos phis tawj tshiab hauv xyoo 1956 tau dhau los ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Lub International Center for Nuclear Research, tsim nyob rau hauv Switzerland, siv BESM tshuab rau xam. Thaum lub sij hawm lub Soviet-American Soyuz-Apollo qhov chaw ya davhlau, lub Soviet sab siv lub BESM-6 tau txais cov txheej txheem telemetry cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib feeb - ib nrab teev ua ntej ntawm Asmeskas sab.

Xyoo 1958, lub tshuab M-20 tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom, uas tau dhau los ua lub khoos phis tawj ceev tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nrog rau M-40 thiab M-50, uas tau los ua "cybernetic hlwb" ntawm Soviet tiv thaiv missile system, tsim. nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm VGKisunko thiab tua lub foob pob hluav taws tiag tiag hauv xyoo 1961 - Cov neeg Asmeskas tuaj yeem rov ua qhov no tsuas yog 23 xyoo tom qab.

Cybernetics cov kws tshaj lij ntawm Stalinist hu ua tsim lub tshuab computer muaj zog tshaj plaws, txhua qhov kev ua tiav siab tshaj plaws ntawm USSR hauv cheeb tsam no yog txuam nrog lawv cov npe. Lawv ua haujlwm raws li Stalinist lub tswv yim - vam khom rau lawv tus kheej lub zog, lawv lub tswv yim, lawv cov peev txheej.

Kev puas tsuaj yog qhov kev txiav txim siab coj mus rau xyoo 1967 los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm USSR hloov mus rau "kev cai dab qhuas" - luam tawm cov khoos phis tawj Asmeskas, los tsim cov tshuab IBM-360 hu ua Unified System "Ryad".

"Thiab peb yuav ua ib yam dab tsi tawm ntawm" Kab "nyob ntawd!" - S. A. lus dag. Lebedev, ib tug thawj coj ntawm Stalinist ITMVT. Thiab tsis muaj teeb meem li cas nws tau tawm tsam rau qhov qub, txoj hauv kev zoo dua ntawm kev tsim peb lub tshuab computer, kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm sab hnub poob, uas Stalin tawv ncauj tawm tsam, tau txais lub siab.

Qhov no ua rau lub zog ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, xyoo 1974 nws tuag. Thiab ITMVT tau muaj npe tom qab nws, Lub npe ntawm Stalin Prize Laureate Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev.

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