Leej twg thiab vim li cas thiaj nrhiav tau Hasidic zog?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua II BC, ib qho kev txav tshwm sim hauv Judaism uas tau coj nws txoj kev siv zog los tawm tsam Hellenic cawv. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub zog no hu ua "Hasidim" (pious). Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Hasidism tshiab tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Poland. Peb yuav tham txog nws.

Tus tsim ntawm Hasidic zog yog Israel ben Eliezer, Rabbi Baal Shem Tov (Besht), uas nyob hauv Podolia (niaj hnub Ukraine) hauv 1698-1760. Baal Shem (Henplais tuav lub npe) yog Kabbalist uas, ua tsaug rau kev paub txog lub npe ntawm Vajtswv lub npe zais cia, tuaj yeem ua haujlwm txuj ci tseem ceeb (piv txwv li, tsim los ntawm av nplaum thiab txhawb nqa golems, tshem tawm cov dab, tiv thaiv hluav taws thiab pogroms); tov heb. zoo.

Hasidic cov lus dab neeg hais tias tus yaj saub Eliyahu tau tshwm sim rau cov neeg Ixayees txiv thiab kwv yees yug tau ib tug tub zoo. Thaum nws tseem hluas, cov neeg Ixayees tau txais qee cov ntawv los ntawm cov neeg Yudais kws ua khawv koob nto moo los ntawm Vienna, Adas Baal Shem. Tom qab xyoo 1734, Baal Shem Tov tau dhau los ua neeg paub zoo thiab tus kws kho mob uas paub yuav ua li cas thiaj ua tau zoo talismans thiab exorcise ntsuj plig. Cov lus dab neeg hais tias Baal Shem Tov hu Dab Ntxwg Nyoog thiab tau txais lub npe zais cia ntawm Vajtswv los ntawm tus huab tais ntawm kev tsaus ntuj.

Txij li thaum 1740, Baal Shem Tov nyob rau hauv Medzhibozh (tam sim no ib lub zos nyob rau hauv lub Khmelnytsky cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine). Qhov no yog qhov uas cov lus qhia ntawm Besht coj zoo. Kabbalah dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm Hasidism, nkag siab tsis yog ib txoj hauv kev txhim kho kev txawj ntse lossis kev sau cov lus qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm ua khawv koob (txawm tias qee cov khoom siv dag zog tseem nyob), tab sis raws li cov lus qhia rau kev txhim kho kev ncaj ncees. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm Hasidim ua kev koom siab nrog Vajtswv (dvekut), raws li kev ntseeg siab.

Lub attainment ntawm lub xeev ntawm "dvekut" txhais tau hais tias qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ib tug adept. Ua tsaug rau Besht, lub koom haum nrog Vajtswv, uas tau ntau pua xyoo tseem yog cov cuab yeej ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse tshaj plaws, tau los ua rau cov neeg Yudais tsis paub ntawv; ua kom muaj kev sib koom siab nrog Vajtswv, Baal Shem Tov tau qhia, nws yog qhov txaus kom tso siab rau kev pabcuam ntawm tus Tsim los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm nws cov lus txib mitzvot.

Baal Shem Tov tuag hauv 1760, tau tswj hwm nws txoj kev xav rau nws cov tub ntxhais kawm. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Besht, Hasidic zog tau coj los ntawm Dov-Ber (Magid, uas yog, ib tug xibhwb los ntawm Mezherich, nyob rau hauv 1704 1772). Nws tau txav chaw ntawm Hasidism mus rau Mezherich (tam sim no Rivne cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine) thiab tsim lub tsev haujlwm ntawm Hasidic emissaries, xa cov neeg txawj xav thiab muaj zog mus rau cov nroog thiab cov zos nyob ib puag ncig nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nrhiav neeg tuaj koom tshiab. Dov-Be, ua ib tug txiv neej ntawm kev tshawb fawb, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev qhia Hasidism, txawm hais tias nws tsis tau tsim ib qho kev ua haujlwm nrog nws tus kheej tes, zoo li Besht. Nyob rau hauv 1781, ib phau ntawv ntawm Dov-Ber cov lus, sau los ntawm nws tus menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov txheeb ze Solomon los ntawm Lutsk, tau luam tawm.

Tom qab Dov-Ber tuag, Hasidic txav mus rau hauv ob peb ceg: Polish (Rabbi Elimelech bar Eliezer-Lipa Weisblum los ntawm Lezhaisk), Volyn (Rabbi Levi Yitzhak bar Meir Derbaremdiker los ntawm Berdichev), Belarusian (tus tsim ntawm Chabad, Rabbi Shneur Zalman bar) thiab Baru lwm yam.

Rabbi Elimelech txhim kho cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tzaddik (tus txiv neej ncaj ncees) ua tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm tib neeg thiab tus Tsim. Lub tzaddik sanctifies qhov chaw uas nws nyob, nws yuav kho tau kab mob thiab infertility. Cov neeg yuav tsum txhawb nqa tzaddik nyiaj txiag kom cov tzaddik tuaj yeem mob siab rau nws lub neej rau kev sib txuas lus nrog tus Tsim. Qhov chaw ntawm tzaddik yog los ntawm cov txiv neej kab.

Nyob rau hauv 1772-1793, Poland tau muab faib nruab nrab ntawm Russia, Prussia thiab Austria, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov chaw Hasidic tau suav nrog hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Thaum xyoo 1772 cov tebchaws ntawm Belarus tau koom nrog Russia, Shneur Zalman tau hais kom Hasidim tsis txhob ntshai ntawm kev hloov pauv. Rabbi Shneur Zalman nws tus kheej nyob hauv lub nroog Liozno (Vitebsk cheeb tsam ntawm niaj hnub Belarus), tab sis nws tus tub Dov Ber tsiv mus rau Lubavichi hauv cheeb tsam Smolensk, ntawm no yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Hasidic zog Chabad (Lubavich Hasidism) tshwm sim.

Ib tug neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm Hasidim yog Besht tus thwj tim, tzadik Menachem Nakhum Tversky (1730 1798). Menachem tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv Chernobyl ntawm Hasidism. Besht tus tub xeeb ntxwv, Rabbi Nachman ntawm Bratslav (1772-1810), tau los ua tus tsim ntawm Bratslav ceg, uas tau nthuav dav hauv thaj av ntawm lub nroog Vinnitsa, Ukraine. Tsis ntev ua ntej nws tuag, Rabbi Nachman tau tsiv mus rau Uman (tam sim no ib lub nroog hauv cheeb tsam Cherkasy). Niaj hnub no, ntau tshaj 20 txhiab Hasidim tuaj xyuas lub ntxa ntawm Bratslav rabbi txhua xyoo rau hnub so ntawm Rosh Hashanah.

Tau ntev, Hasidim tau tawm tsam nrog cov neeg Yudais Orthodox-mitnagdim (Litvaks), uas muab txoj kev kawm ntawm Talmud nyob rau pem hauv ntej. Maj mam, Hasidim kuj tau pib kawm Talmud thiab tau los ua ib qho kev txav ntawm Orthodox Judaism. Qhov tseeb, niaj hnub no muaj peb cov lus qhia ntawm Orthodox Judaism, lub npe hu ua Litvaks thiab Hasidim, nrog rau "knitted kippah" cov thwjtim ntawm Abraham Yitzchak Cohen Cook (1865 1935).

Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thiab Kev Tsov Rog Lub Kaum Hli hauv Russia tau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau Hasidim. Ntau tus ntawm lawv tau tawm ntawm ciam teb ntawm Russia, thaum cov neeg uas tseem nyob tau zoo sib xws nrog cov pej xeem hauv nroog. Tus thawj coj ntawm Lubavitch Hasidim, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, tawm hauv USSR xyoo 1927 (tso nyob hauv New York hauv 1941), thiab nws tau ua li ntawd nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis ntev (1935) Hasidic zog tau tshaj tawm tawm tsam kev tawm tsam.

Nyob rau hauv 1938, tus xibhwb ntawm Moscow, Hasid Shmaryahu Yehuda Leib Medalie, raug ntes raws li ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum ua phem thiab tua. Lub Hasidim ntawm lub USSR mus underground. Tam sim no muaj ob tug thawj xib hwb nyob rau hauv Russia, ib tug ntawm lawv, Berl Lazar, yog Lubavitch Hasid.

Hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, Hasidim, suav nrog cov neeg taug qab ntawm Chabad txav, nyob hauv cov zej zog kaw. Nyob rau hauv cov Yixayee, cov Hasidim nyob compactly nyob rau hauv lub nroog Yeluxalees ntawm Mea Shearim thiab lub nroog ntawm Bnei Brak. Nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawm 1881 txog 1915, kwv yees li ob lab cov neeg Yudais tau tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws rau Tebchaws Meskas, cov uas muaj ntau Hasidim. Ib lub zej zog loj ntawm North American Hasidim muaj nyob hauv New York. Cov Hasidim ntawm cov neeg Ixayees tau koom nrog hauv kev nom kev tswv hauv lub tebchaws.

Ib txhia ntawm Israeli Hasidim yog ib feem ntawm txoj cai tis ntawm kev ntseeg thiab kev nom kev tswv kev txav mus los thiab tawm tsam kev tsim kho cov neeg Yudais nyob hauv West Bank thiab hauv Gaza Sawb. Txawm li cas los xij, kuj tseem muaj Hasidic zog Neturei Karto (aram. Tus Saib Xyuas ntawm lub nroog), uas nws cov neeg tawm tsam tawm tsam Zionism thiab lub neej ntawm lub xeev Ixayees, noj cov neeg txhawb nqa Palestinian sab hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg Ixayees thiab lub ntiaj teb Arab.