Keeb kwm luv luv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Soviet xinesmas

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Peb txuas ntxiv peb phau ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab xinesmas. Lub sijhawm no peb txheeb xyuas qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm Soviet era: los ntawm thaw thiab "nthwv dej tshiab" rau kev koom tes xinesmas thiab necrorealism.

Lub sijhawm dhau los peb tau tshuaj xyuas lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv tsev, qhov kev hloov pauv, kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev nom kev tswv cuam tshuam li cas, nco txog lub ntsiab lus zoo nkauj thiab kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb tig mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm lub Khrushchev thaw thiab nyuaj 1990s.

Xyoo 1950-1960

Kev tuag ntawm Yauxej Stalin thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1953 tau dhau los ua qhov hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm thiab lub neej ntawm tag nrho USSR thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tau tshwm sim hauv xinesmas. Raws li ib feem ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv kev nom kev tswv, kev tswj hwm kab lis kev cai tau hloov kho yuav luag tam sim ntawd. Ntawm lwm yam, Ministry of Cinematography yog liquidated, thiab cov xinesmas raug xa mus rau lub department nyob rau hauv lub Ministry ntawm Culture. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm qhov no yog qhov txheeb ze tsis muaj zog ntawm lub xeev tswj.

Qhov kev tshwm sim tom ntej uas sib sau ua ke ntawm kev ywj pheej, softening censorship thiab nthuav dav ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej muaj tswv yim yog 20th Congress ntawm CPSU thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1956, qhov twg tus cwj pwm kev ntseeg ntawm Stalin raug thuam. Lub sijhawm no, cov rooj sib tham ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab tau dhau los ua ib txoj hauv kev tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub xeev thiab xinesmas.

Cov rooj sib tham loj tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog nyob ntawm Lub Tsev Txais Tos ntawm Lenin Hills hauv Moscow hauv xyoo 1962 thiab hauv Sverdlovsk Hall ntawm Kremlin xyoo 1963. Ntawm qhov kawg tshwm sim, cov duab muaj tswv yim tswj hwm los tiv thaiv qhov xav tau los tsim lub Union of Cinematographers (nws tau tsim ob xyoos tom qab). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau txiav txim siab hloov cov yeeb yaj kiab mus rau qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm Xeev Cinema, uas qhov tseeb txhais tau tias rov qab los ntawm kev tswj hwm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab ntau dua. Lub Xeev Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Yeeb Yam yuav saib xyuas kev txhim kho ntawm xinesmas hauv lub tebchaws mus txog thaum kawg ntawm lub neej ntawm USSR.

Cov xinesmas hauv nruab nrab-1950s - lig 1960s yog xinesmas ntawm thaw. Soviet cinematography nyob rau hauv lub xyoo no yog nquag rov ua dua nws tus kheej, nrhiav tau cov ntsiab lus tshiab thiab kev muaj peev xwm. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, tus txheej txheem no yog raws li nyob rau hauv polemics nrog cov artistic cwj pwm ntawm Stalin lub xinesmas.

Cov kws sau ntawv txav deb ntawm "kev tsis sib haum xeeb", "landrine" thiab "varnishing ntawm kev muaj tiag" mus rau ntau qhov tseeb lossis ntau poetic cinematography. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov thawj coj ntawm Soviet tau cuam tshuam los ntawm ob qho tib si txawv teb chaws xinesmas - Italian neo-realism, lub tsev kawm ntawv Polish, Fabkis "nthwv dej tshiab" - thiab domestic - kev hloov pauv avant-garde ntawm xyoo 1920s

Cinematography yog ua ntau humanistic. Tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm yog "tus txiv neej" uas, ntxiv rau, tau txais hluas dua nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog cov phab ej ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los. Cov kws sau ntawv tig mus rau nws tus cwj pwm, ua rau nws lub siab lub ntsws ci ntsa iab, nthuav ntau dua thiab ntau haiv neeg. Tom ntej no, qhov screen qauv ntawm haiv neeg hloov. Yog tias ua ntej lub hauv paus kev sib raug zoo yog "tus thawj coj - cov neeg", tam sim no nws yog tsev neeg.

Cov kev ua yeeb yam yog ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab niaj hnub uas piav txog lub neej niaj hnub ntawm tib neeg. Ib hom ntawv tso cai rau ib tus los qhia txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb tam sim no thiab tuaj rau qhov kev lees paub ntawm tib neeg ntiaj teb qhov tseem ceeb, qhia txog qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej thiab poeticize nws. Cov kab xev: "Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm Txoj Kev Zarechnaya", "Qhov siab", "Thaum cov ntoo loj", "Kaum hnub hauv ib xyoos", "Tus txiv neej zoo li no nyob."

Cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm documentary mus kom ze yog pom nyob rau hauv xws films li "Lwm cov me nyuam", "Short Meetings", "tis", "Zaj dab neeg ntawm Asya Klyachina, Leej twg hlub, Tab sis tsis tau yuav." Nyob rau hauv ib co paintings, cov neeg sau ntawv tsim ib hom portrait ntawm lub era thiab ib tug portrait ntawm ib tiam. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv "Kuv taug kev ncig Moscow", "Kev Hlub", "Tenderness", "Peb hnub ntawm Viktor Chernyshov." Marlen Khutsiev tej hauj lwm: "Kuv muaj 20 xyoo" ("Ilyich's Outpost") thiab "Lub Xya hli ntuj los nag" ua lub cim ntawm thaw (nws heyday thiab sunset, feem).

Cov tshiab Soviet comedy feem ntau yog raws li lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub ntawm lub neej niaj hnub. Leonid Gaidai ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub eccentric kev taw qhia ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem: "Kev khiav hauj lwm" Y "thiab lwm yam adventures ntawm Shurik," Prisoner of the Caucasus, los yog Shurik's New Adventures "," Pob Zeb Diamond Tes ". Eldar Ryazanov tsim lub neej-tsim comedies: "Carnival Hmo", "Ceev faj ntawm lub tsheb", "Zigzag ntawm hmoov zoo". Comedy los ntawm Georgy Danelia - tu siab: "Seryozha", "Peb caug peb". Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lub satirical comedy los ntawm Elem Klimov ("Zoo siab txais tos, los yog tsis muaj kev tso cai nkag", "Lub Adventures ntawm tus kws kho hniav") thiab cov suab paj nruas comedy los ntawm Rolan Bykov ("Aibolit-66"), raws li zoo raws li "Maxim Perepelitsa","Ntuj tshw","Girls"…

Lwm yam tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm yog ua tsov rog ua yeeb yam. Los ntawm cov epics, conventions thiab schematism ntawm Stalin's ua tsov ua rog films, cov neeg sau ntawv tsiv mus rau cov yeeb yam ntawm tus kheej destiny. Ib qho tshiab, tragic, duab ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab cov lus tawm tsam tau tsim hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab xws li "The Cranes Are Flying", "Lub Tsev Kuv Nyob", "Txoj hmoo ntawm Ib Tug Txiv Neej", "Ballad of a Tub Rog", "Kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb rau cov neeg tuaj", "Ivan's Childhood", "Siv thiab Tuag", "Leej Txiv ntawm Tub Rog".

Kev ua tsov ua rog thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm Nazism tau nkag siab hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab loj "Ordinary Fascism". Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm humanization, ib tug rov xav txog cov keeb kwm thiab revolutionary ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau Soviet xinesmas yog qhov chaw: "Pavel Korchagin", "Forty-thawj", "Communist", "Thawj Xib Fwb", "Tsis muaj ford nyob rau hauv hluav taws. "," Ob tug comrades tau txais kev pab."

Classical ntaub ntawv yog ib zaug dua los ua ib tug muaj zog qhov kev tshoov siab rau filmmakers. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm epic tej hauj lwm los ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws sau ntawv yog pauv mus rau lub screen: Lub Idiot, Cov kwv tij Karamazov, tsov rog thiab kev thaj yeeb; Othello, Don Quixote, Hamlet.

Ib tiam neeg hloov pauv - ib tiam ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas ua yeeb yaj kiab, cov tub rog pem hauv ntej thiab "cov menyuam yaus ua tsov ua rog" tuaj: Grigory Chukhrai, Sergey Bondarchuk, Alexander Alov thiab Vladimir Naumov, Andrey Tarkovsky, Vasily Shukshin, Marlen Khutsiev, Gleb Panfilov, Andrey Konchalovsky, Larisa Shepitko, Elem Klimov, Alexander Mitta, Andrey Smirnov, Gennady Shpalikov, Sergey Parajanov, Tengiz Abuladze thiab ntau lwm tus.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov qub tub rog ntawm Soviet xinesmas kuj ua lawv cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lub sijhawm: Mikhail Romm, Mikhail Kalatozov, Yuliy Raizman, Iosif Kheifits, Alexander Zakhri, Grigory Kozintsev, Sergei Gerasimvo, Ivan Pyriev thiab lwm tus

Lub ntsej muag ntawm Soviet xinesmas kuj hloov. Ib tiam tshiab ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam tuaj: Nikolai Rybnikov, Nadezhda Rumyantsev, Alexei Batalov, Innokenty Smoktunovsky, Andrey Mironov, Evgeny Evstigneev, Tatyana Samoilova, Vasily Lanovoy, Vyacheslav Tikhonov, Lyudmila Gurchenko, Evgeny Evstigneev, Evgenyana Samoilova. Doronina, Oleg Tabakov, Evgeny Leonov, Stanislav Lyubshin, Vasily Shukshin, Yuri Nikulin, Mikhail Kononov, Anatoly Solonitsyn, Inna Churikova, Nikita Mikhalkov thiab ntau lwm tus.

Yog hais tias lub sijhawm Stalinist xinesmas yog kev kawm heev, tsis suav nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus neeg sau tus qauv, tam sim no cov kws sau ntawv tau dhau los ua kev ywj pheej hauv lawv txoj kev qhia. Lub xinesmas lus ntawm paintings yog enriched los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov tswv yim xws li tes tuav thiab subjective lub koob yees duab, foreshortening, internal monologue, muab ob npaug rau exposure, torn editing, thiab hais txog.

Tus neeg teb xov tooj Sergei Urusevsky ncav cuag qhov siab tshwj xeeb hauv kev pom kev nthuav dav ("Cranes Flying", "Tsab Ntawv Tsis Txaus", "Kuv yog Cuba"). Nws kuj tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias thaum ntxov thaw xinesmas feem ntau yog xim, tab sis txij li ib nrab xyoo 1950s, xim tau ploj mus sai sai, thiab cov xinesmas ntawm xyoo 1960 tau rov ua xim dub thiab dawb. Qhov no yog vim kev xav txog nyiaj txiag, qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab xim hauv tsev, nrog rau kev nqus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, uas tau txuam nrog b / w.

Ntau cov duab, zoo kawg li ntawm cov teebmeem tshwj xeeb, tau tsim. Ib tug nthuav daim duab nyob rau hauv no hais txog yog Pavel Klushantsev, uas ua ke nrov science xinesmas nrog rau qhov chaw science ntawv tseeb: Txoj kev mus rau lub hnub qub, ntiaj chaw ntawm cua daj cua dub. Tsis tas li ntawd, hais txog cov teebmeem tshwj xeeb, nws tsim nyog sau cia xws li cov yeeb yaj kiab xws li "Amphibian Man" thiab "Viy".

Lub peculiar kev taw qhia ntawm Soviet xinesmas yog pictorial thiab poetic, inclined rau symbolizing kev muaj tiag. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias cov duab zoo li no feem ntau tso siab rau cov lus dab neeg thiab kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev ua yeeb yam: "Ntxhais Ntxub Ntxaug", "Cov xim ntawm Pomegranate", "Hnub Hmo Ntuj ntawm Ivan Kupala", "Stone Cross", "Kev Thov".

Lub ntim ntawm kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab yog nce ntau zaus. Yog li ntawd, yog tias nyob rau hauv 1951 (lub xyoo ntawm "tsim duab" lub sij hawm) cuaj films raug tua, ces nyob rau hauv 1960s qhov nruab nrab tus naj npawb ntawm domestic films tsim nyob rau hauv ib xyoos yog nyob rau hauv 120-150. Cinema nthuav dav.

Txawm hais tias muaj kev ywj pheej, cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab tseem tab tom ntsib kev txwv tsis pub kaw, thiab txij li xyoo 1965, " txee" ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab txwv tau rov ua dua. Cov duab ua tiav "Tight Knot", "Groom from the Other World", "Ilyich's Outpost" tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb censorship edits. Ntawm thawj cov duab txwv tsis pub muaj - "Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav rau Kev nqhis dej", "Kev Tso Cai Tsis Zoo", "Long Farewell", "Commissar", "Pervorossians", "Lub Hnub Nyoog Tsis Paub", "Andrei Rublev".

Rov ua dua Soviet xinesmas tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb. Lub Cranes Flying nyob rau hauv 1958 tau txais lub Palme d'Or ntawm Cannes zaj duab xis Success (tsuas yog yeej rau Lavxias teb sab xinesmas nyob rau hauv Cannes), thiab Ivan's Childhood nyob rau hauv 1962 tau muab tsub lub Golden tsov nyob rau hauv lub Venice zaj duab xis Success.

Xyoo 1970-ib nrab xyoo 1980s

Lub sijhawm los ntawm lig 1960s mus rau nruab nrab-1980s yog qhov tsis meej meej rau Soviet xinesmas. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no uas feem ntau ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab suav tias yog "kub nyiaj" ntawm Lavxias xinesmas tau ua yeeb yaj kiab. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lub sijhawm no, cov xwm txheej kub ntxhov maj mam nce. Kev tuaj koom xinesmas poob, lub siab ntawm lub kaw lus censorship feem ntau dhau mus, thiab kev ua yeeb yam zoo maj mam poob qis, uas yog vim li cas cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab tau txheeb xyuas qhov teeb meem thaum xyoo 1980s - qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov hu ua "grey films". Tej zaum qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm yog "lub hnub qub ntawm stagnation."

Cov kab ke system tseem nyob ib yam li hauv xyoo 1960s. Tab sis tus kheej kos npe thiab cov qauv ntawm cov thawj coj tau dhau los ua pom tseeb dua. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab thawj tus sau hauv cov ntsiab lus no yog Andrei Tarkovsky, uas tua Solaris, Daim iav, Stalker thiab Nostalgia thaum lub sijhawm no. Nws paintings sawv tawm rau lawv tshwj xeeb mus kom ze rau kev ua hauj lwm nrog lub sij hawm, complexity ntawm cov qauv, metaphorical imagery thiab philosophical tob.

Alexey German tshawb txog lub sijhawm nyuaj ntawm keeb kwm, siv rau kev tsim kho kom zoo thiab kev nkag siab siab tshaj plaws rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas tau ua yeeb yaj kiab: "Saib ntawm txoj kev", "Neeg hnub tsis muaj tsov rog", "Kuv tus phooj ywg Ivan Lapshin". Vim lub siab xav mus rau qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej thiab originality ntawm zaj duab xis lus, Herman tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau txwv tsis pub Soviet thawj coj.

Elem Klimov tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm ntau haiv neeg paintings, sib sau ua ke los ntawm ib tug nthuav qhia pictorial series, dub kev lom zem, lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees kev tshawb fawb, ib tug keeb kwm tig taw tes thiab lub apocalypse mus txog: "Kev nyuaj siab", "Farewell", "Los thiab Pom".

Nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm retro (nrog rau ib tug kov ntawm grotesque thiab postmodernism) Nikita Mikhalkov ua hauj lwm, preferring mus rau kev vam meej nyob rau hauv keeb kwm los yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb: "Ib tug ntawm peb tus kheej ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws, ib tug neeg txawv ntawm peb tus kheej", "Qhib Kev Hlub", "Unfinished Piece for Mechanical Piano", "Tsib Yav Hmo Ntuj", "Ob peb hnub los ntawm lub neej ntawm I. I. Oblomov."

Vasily Shukshin ("Kub Benches", "Kalina Krasnaya"), Andrey Smirnov ("Belorussky Chaw nres tsheb", "Autumn"), Andrey Konchalovsky ("Romance ntawm Lovers", "Siberiade"), Gleb Panfilov ("Pib", "Kuv nug cov lus, "Subject"), Vadim Abdrashitov ("Ntiaj teb rau hma", "Lub tsheb ciav hlau nres"), Roman Balayan ("Flights nyob rau hauv kev npau suav thiab nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag"), Sergei Mikaelyan ("khoom plig", "nyob rau hauv kev hlub yeem).”), Vladimir Menshov ("Moscow Tsis Ntseeg hauv Kua Muag"), Sergei Soloviev ("Ib puas hnub tom qab thaum yau"), Rolan Bykov ("Scarecrow"), Dinara Asanova ("Lub Woodpecker tsis muaj mob taub hau").

"Holiday Comedy" yog thaum kawg hloov los ntawm satire thiab tragicomedy zaj lus piv txwv. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam Leonid Gaidai (12 lub rooj zaum, Ivan Vasilyevich Hloov Kev Ua Haujlwm, Sportloto-82), Eldar Ryazanov (Cov Tub Sab Laus, Txoj hmoo ntawm Txoj hmoo, lossis txaus siab rau koj da dej!), Chaw Haujlwm Romance "," Garage "), Georgy Danelia ("Afonya" "Autumn Marathon", "Tears Falling")

Ntawm cov neeg tuaj tshiab tshiab: Vladimir Menshov (Kev Hlub thiab nquab), Mark Zakharov (Ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb, Tib Munchausen), Viktor Titov (nyob zoo, Kuv yog koj tus phauj!). Cov npe ntawm cov tom kawg yog txuam nrog kev nce ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab hauv TV.

Cov ntsiab lus tub rog hloov mus ua qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev pleev xim ntawm qhov xwm txheej tragic. Alexey German tshem tawm "Saib ntawm txoj kev" thiab "Neeg hnub tsis muaj tsov rog", Leonid Bykov - "Tsuas yog" cov txiv neej laus" thiab "Aty-baty, cov tub rog tau taug kev … ", Sergei Bondarchuk - "Lawv tawm tsam rau Niam. ", Larisa Shepitko - "Ascent".

"Los Pom" los ntawm Elem Klimova muab qhov kawg rau qhov kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub peev xwm txaus ntshai ntawm lub ncauj lus. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub xeev nquag txhawb schematic tsov rog epics, xws li Yuri Ozerov lub loj-scale ntau "Liberation".

Cov ntawv nyeem classics tseem yog lub hauv paus rau kev sim. Cov yeeb yaj kiab tsis zoo ntawm cov kws sau ntawv zoo tau ua los ntawm Andrei Konchalovsky ("Noble Zes", "Uncle Vanya"), Sergei Soloviev ("Yegor Bulychev thiab Lwm tus," "Tus Thawj Coj"), Lev Kulidzhanov ("Kev Ua Phem thiab Kev rau txim").

Qee tus thawj coj tshwj xeeb hauv hom kev ua yeeb yaj kiab: Alexander Mitta, Boris Yashin, Tatiana Lioznova, Sergei Mikaelyan. Lub ntsiab Soviet blockbusters raug tsim - spectacular films ntawm tshwj xeeb staging complex, uas yog heev nrov nrog viewers. Ntawm lawv yog "Pirates ntawm lub xyoo pua XX" thiab "Crew".

Kev sim ua los tsim lwm cov qauv ntawm kev ua yeeb yaj kiab. Piv txwv li, Lub Koom Haum Kev Tsim Nyog Kev Tshawb Fawb uas coj los ntawm Grigory Chukhrai tau teeb tsa ntawm Mosfilm. Nws yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tus kheej txaus. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub xyoo caum (1965-1976) ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub koom haum yog lub hit paintings "Dawb Sun ntawm cov suab puam", "Slave of Love", "Tabor Goes rau Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej", "Ivan Vasilyevich Hloov Kev Ua Haujlwm", "12 Chairs, "Sannikov Av" thiab lwm yam.

Ntawm cov hnub qub tshiab ntawm Soviet screen nyob rau hauv cov xyoo no ib tug muaj peev xwm npe Oleg Yankovsky, Alexander Abdulov, Oleg Dal, Irina Muravyova, Leonid Kuravlev, Donatas Banionis, Anatoly Kuznetsov, Margarita Terekhova, Irina Kupchenko, Marina Neyelova, Yuri Bogatyrev, Oleg Basivili, Natalia Kaidanovsky, Leonid Filatov thiab lwm tus

Lub sij hawm tau cim los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm loj yeej ntawm Soviet xinesmas nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no theem. Nyob rau hauv 1977 ntawm Berlin zaj duab xis Success Larisa Shepitko tau txais Golden Xyooj nrog Ascent. Los ntawm 1969 mus rau 1985, Soviet xinesmas yog ib tug ntawm cov Oscar nominees cuaj lub sij hawm thiab yeej peb zaug: Tsov rog thiab kev thaj yeeb, Derza Uzala thiab Moscow Tsis Ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub kua muag.

Hais txog txoj hmoo ntawm xinesmas thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm filmmakers, lub xeev tuav ib txoj cai ntawm petty tutelage thiab arbitrariness. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb qee zaum ua rau cov ntaub ntawv hnyav heev. Piv txwv li, Sergei Parajanov mus rau hauv tsev lojcuj, thiab Kira Muratova raug txwv los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Mikhail Kalik, Boris Frumin, Slava Tsukerman, Mikhail Bogin, Andrei Konchalovsky, Andrei Tarkovsky pom lawv tus kheej raug yuam mus emigrate.

Thaum pib ntawm lub sijhawm, "txheej txheem" tau rov ua haujlwm zoo heev (lub ncov yog xyoo 1968, thaum kaum zaj duab xis raug txwv ib zaug). Ntawm cov duab thaij duab uas txwv tsis pub muaj peev xwm sau tau "Kev cuam tshuam", "Kev npau taws", "Cov xim ntawm Pomegranate", "Kev kuaj xyuas ntawm txoj kev", "Ivanov Nkoj", "Yam yuam kev ntawm cov hluas", "Lub suab kho siab ntawm ib tug txiv neej", "Lub ntsiab lus", "Hav zoov", "Kuv tus phooj ywg Ivan Lapshin", "Mournful insensibility", "Kev hloov siab lees txim".

Maj mam, tus naj npawb ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab txwv tsis pub dhau los ua me me, vim tias kev censorship ua ntej ntawm qib ntawv ua haujlwm ntau dua thiab zoo dua.

Qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1980s

Ib zaug ntxiv, nplooj ntawv tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab xinesmas tau pib los ntawm cov txheej txheem nom tswv. Ib xyoos tom qab Mikhail Gorbachev tshaj tawm perestroika nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 1986, lub 5th Congress ntawm lub Union ntawm Cinematographers tau tuav, nyob rau hauv uas lub bureaucratic centralization ntawm cov yeeb yaj duab ntau lawm, ideological tswj ntawm creativity thiab lwm yam cwj pwm Soviet overes sharply thuam. Tom qab ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntawm denationalization ntawm xinesmas tau pib, suav nrog xyoo 1989 kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab ntiag tug thiab kev faib ua yeeb yaj kiab raug tso cai.

Lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm "ntau daim duab" pib (1990 dhau los ua lub xyoo ncov ntawm cov naj npawb ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab tua - 300), uas yog nplua nuj thiab teeb meem tib lub sijhawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm nrog kev rhuav tshem ntawm kev txwv censorship thiab kev ywj pheej muaj tswv yim, xinesmas tau tawg tawm ntawm tus neeg saib, tsom mus rau qhov tsis tsim nyog ntawm kev ua haujlwm sab hauv, tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv thiab tsom mus rau kev xav txog kev ntxhov siab ntawm yav dhau los thiab tam sim no. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj kev nkag mus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis tshua muaj peev xwm (piv txwv li, hauv kev sib koom ua yeeb yaj kiab), uas ua rau txo qis hauv kev kos duab thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo.

Cov duab ntawm cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub pleev xim rau cov duab ntawm lub sijhawm "teeb meem", qhia txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev poob, kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tus kheej thiab tau tsim meej meej nrog tus cwj pwm pessimistic. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv heev, hom cinematography no hu ua "chernukha". Cov cim tseem ceeb yog "kev txaj muag thiab thuam": cov neeg sab nrauv, cov neeg tsis muaj tsev nyob, cov neeg quav yeeb tshuaj, poj niam txiv neej thiab lwm yam. Iconic tapes ntawm hom no: "Kev Ntseeg me me", "Kev txom nyem hauv pob zeb Style", "Dolls", "Glass Labyrinth", "Needle", "Asthenic Syndrome", "Satan".

Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog nyob los ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua tsov rog Afghan: "Leg", "Afghan so". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj "kev tawg" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug mob hnyav, qhia txog kev kub ntxhov ntawm lub xeev kev sib raug zoo: "Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Siab", "Nws puas yooj yim rau cov hluas?"

Nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha tragicomedy, cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub no tau daws nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab Courier, Tsis nco qab Melody rau Flute, Promised Heaven, Intergirl, Taxi Blues. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, nyob rau hauv lub comedy ib hom ntawv nyeem, qhov sib koom ntawm eccentricity yog obviously nce, uas yog xav nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm Georgy Danelia ("Kin-dza-dza"), Leonid Gaidai ("Private detective, los yog Operation" kev koom tes ""), Yuri Mamin ("Fav", "Sideburns"), Leonid Filatov ("Cov me nyuam ntawm bitches"), Alla Surikova ("Tus txiv neej los ntawm lub Boulevard des Capuchins").

Nws yog feem ntau ntawm comedy uas koom tes xinesmas tshwj xeeb. Cov yeeb yaj kiab no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv nyiaj tsawg, kev lom zem qis thiab kev sib deev motives. Tus Thawj Coj Anatoly Eyramdzhan ("Womanizer", "Kuv Tus Neeg Sailor") dhau los ua tus thawj coj hauv cheeb tsam.

Lub ntsiab lus keeb kwm nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb - cov kws sau ntawv siv zog los daws cov teeb meem uas yav tas los tsis tuaj yeem tham txog. Cov ncauj lus ntawm kev tsim txom, kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev ua phem hauv xeev thiab kev ntshai, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog kov rau. Cov duab no suav nrog "Lub Plawv Ntawm Tus Aub", "Tagki Yog Tsov Rog", "Feasts of Belshazzar, lossis Hmo Ntuj nrog Stalin", "Lub Caij Ntuj Sov ntawm Tsib caug-peb …", "A Golden Huab Pleev …", "Lub Regicide", "Inner Circle", "Lost in Siberia", "Freeze-Die-Resurrect".

Rau ntau tus thawj coj, lub sijhawm tshiab qhib lub sijhawm rau kev sim siab nrog rau daim ntawv cinematic. Sergei Solovyov ua yeeb yam "mrasmatic trilogy": "Assa", "Dub Rose - lub cim ntawm kev tu siab, liab sawv - lub cim ntawm kev hlub", "Lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub starry ntuj." Sergei Ovcharov tsim absurd satirical tales: "Lefty", "Nws". Konstantin Lopushansky ("Leters of a Dead Man"), Alexander Kaidanovsky ("Tus Txiv Neej Kerosene's Wife") nyiam cov lus piv txwv. Oleg Teptsov ("Mister Designer") hais txog cov keeb kwm ntawm pre-revolutionary xinesmas.

Kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Alexander Sokurov ("Hnub Eclipse", "Save and Preserve", "Second Circle"), uas tsis tau tsim los ntawm deconstructing lub feem ntau txais kev cai ntawm xinesmas, sawv sib nrug

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab sib luag thiab neorealism, cov thawj coj uas, txij li xyoo 1970, ua txhaum cai, nyob rau hauv ib tug guerrilla, ib nrab amateur, tau ua yeeb yaj kiab luv luv ntawm cov ntsiab lus radical (feem ntau hais txog kev ua phem, kev tuag thiab kev tsis ncaj ncees) tau tawm hauv av. Los ntawm cov av av, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Alexei German thiab Alexander Sokurov, cov kws sau ntawv tau mus rau qhov chaw ua yeeb yaj kiab tseem ceeb ntawm lub tebchaws: ntawm Mosfilm lawv tau ua yeeb yaj kiab "Ib Tug Neeg Nyob Ntawm No" los ntawm Aleinikov cov kwv tij, thiab Lenfilm - "Knights ntawm Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej" los ntawm Yevgeny Yufit thiab "Comrade Chkalov's Crossing the Northern ncej" los ntawm Maxim Pezhemsky.

Sergei Selyanov kuj tuaj tawm hauv av xinesmas. Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo 1980s, nws tua nws tus kheej zaj duab xis "Angel Day", uas thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo caum tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm "Lenfilm". Qhov tseeb, nws tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog thawj zaj yeeb yaj kiab Soviet ywj pheej.

Thiab thaum kawg, peb nco txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm zaj duab xis Success, uas tau los ua lub ntsiab yeeb yam ntawm lub teb chaws xinesmas thiab tom qab ntawd ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab xinesmas. Xyoo 1990, Kinotavr tau tsim los ntawm Mark Rudinstein thiab Oleg Yankovsky.