Yuav ua li cas xinesmas tsim cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tsis tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cinema tuaj yeem coj tus saib mus rau yav dhau los, thiab qee zaum hloov keeb kwm.

Cov keeb kwm keeb kwm yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg xav tau tshaj plaws txij li qhov kev tsim ntawm cinematography.

Yog li ntawd, thawj zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv 1908, qhia los ntawm Vladimir Romashkov, hu ua "The Libertine Freeman" thiab tau mob siab rau Stepan Razin. Tsis ntev los no muaj cov yeeb yaj kiab xws li "Song of the tub lag luam Kalashnikov" (1909), "Kev tuag ntawm Ivan the Terrible" (1909), "Peter the Great" (1910), "Defense of Sevastopol" (1911), "1812" (1912), "Ermak Timofeevich - Conqueror ntawm Siberia" (1914). Ntau cov yeeb yaj kiab keeb kwm kuj tau tso tawm hauv Tebchaws Europe, ntawm lawv - "Jeanne d'Arc" (1900), "Ben-Hur" (1907), "Kev tua neeg ntawm Duke of Guise" (1908).

Tom qab ntawd, thaum xinesmas tau dhau los ua riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshaj tawm, cov phiaj xwm keeb kwm tau rov xav txog qhov pom ntawm qhov kev sib txuas tshiab. Cov hom ntawv tau vam meej nyob rau xyoo 1950-1960, lub sijhawm hu ua peplums, thaum cov khoom qub thiab phau Vajlugkub tau nrov hauv Asmeskas thiab Ltalis. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Western raws li ib hom ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv Hollywood. Qhov kawg nthwv dej ntawm kev muaj koob meej ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab keeb kwm loj tuaj nyob rau xyoo 1990s - thaum ntxov 2000s.

Lub zog ntawm lub vijtsam yog qhov zoo heev uas lub sijhawm cov duab cinematic tau hloov qhov tseeb keeb kwm los ntawm kev nco ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib.

Alexander Nevskiy

Cov zaj duab xis cult los ntawm Sergei Eisenstein, tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1938, rau lub sij hawm ntev tseem yog tus qauv ntawm keeb kwm thiab heroic xinesmas. Cov cim tiag tiag, ib nrab-teev kev sib ntaus sib tua loj hauv qhov kawg, suab paj nruag los ntawm Sergei Prokofiev - tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem ua rau cov neeg saib niaj hnub zoo nkauj heev.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias lub shooting tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov, tus thawj coj tswj los tsim ib tug zoo siab ntawm lub caij ntuj no ntawm lub screen. Tseem muaj cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov kws ntsuas huab cua kom lawv qhia qhov twg cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab pom cov huab uas cuam tshuam rau lub caij ntuj sov lub caij ntuj no.

Cov khaub ncaws ntawm ob qho tib si Novgorodians thiab Teutons tau stylized rau lub xyoo pua 13th, nrog anachronisms tam sim no, tejzaum nws txhob txwm, los txhim kho cov duab ntawm ib tug tub rog. Yog li, ntawm qhov screen peb pom lig medieval zaub xam lav, nco txog German kaus mom hlau ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, swastikas ntawm lub miter ntawm ib tug Catholic npis sov, thiab topfhelms rau feem ntau knights zoo li hlau thoob nrog slits rau lub qhov muag.

Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov pales no piv nrog qhov kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, thaum cov knights poob rau hauv dej. Qhov no tsis tau lees paub hauv ib qho ntawm cov peev txheej ntawm xyoo pua 13th.

Cov yeeb yaj kiab kuj raug rau txim los ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 1938, lub magazine "Historian-Marxist" luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm M. Tikhomirov "Ib tug thuam ntawm keeb kwm", nyob rau hauv uas tus sau thuam cov duab ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv zaj duab xis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tsos ntawm militia smerds, squalor ntawm Russia. lawv lub tsev thiab cov tsos mob ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Tus cwj pwm ntawm Vasily Buslaev, uas yog ib tug epic hero thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov, kuj raug thuam.

Tsis zoo li lwm yam kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej khov, ntxiv rau cov ntawv keeb kwm Lavxias, tau piav qhia los ntawm Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, nrog rau cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Grandmasters. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev nom kev tswv ntawm Pskov thiab Novgorod nrog Livonian Order tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb raws li qhia hauv zaj duab xis. Cov tog neeg sib tw rau thaj av uas niaj hnub Estonia nyob, nrhiav kev nyiam nyiaj txiag feem ntau. Kev sib tsoo ciam teb tau tshwm sim ob qho tib si ua ntej Alexander Nevsky thiab tom qab nws tuag.

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm 1240-1242 sawv tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lwm tus los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau thaj av Pskov, nrog rau kev ntes ntawm Pskov nws tus kheej los ntawm kev sib cais me me ntawm cov neeg ua phem. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, keeb kwm tsis paub txog kev ua phem ntawm cov tub rog hauv nroog, yog li vividly pom hauv zaj duab xis. Alexander Nevsky nquag pib tawm tsam, rov qab Pskov thiab ntes cov fortresses, thiab pib tua ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kev Txiav Txim.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg koom hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tshaj, thaj, 10 txhiab tus neeg. Los ntawm sab ntawm Novgorodians tuaj rau nees militia, pab tub rog ntawm Alexander thiab nws tus tij laug Andrei. Kev koom tes ntawm qee cov smerds hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tau lees paub, tab sis Livonians tau sau tseg ntau tus archers los ntawm Russians. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib tug version uas muaj Mongolian detachments nyob rau hauv lub Novgorodian pab tub rog.

Lub zog ntawm Kev Txiav Txim, raws li Livonian Chronicle, tsawg dua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog nrhiav neeg ntawm Chudi thiab Estonians tsis ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Los ntawm txoj kev, lawv tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab txhua. Hloov chaw, ib daim duab zoo nkauj thiab nco txog ntawm Lavxias teb sab infantry nrog hmuv thiab daim thaiv raug tsim, tos kev tawm tsam los ntawm German knights.

Tsis muaj kev sib tw ntawm Alexander thiab tus tswv ntawm Crusaders, tab sis kev swb ntawm Lavxias teb sab avant-garde Domash Tverdislavich ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim.

Tus neeg ntxeev siab Tverdilo, uas nyob rau hauv zaj duab xis hnav armor ntawm ib tug tom ntej era, muaj ib tug qauv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus tiag tiag Pskov tus kav nroog Tverdila, uas surrendered lub nroog rau cov Crusaders. Tab sis qhov rov qab uas Alexander Nevsky hais tias "Lub German hnyav dua li peb" tau tshwm sim rau cov lus dab neeg ntawm kev tiv thaiv khaub ncaws ntawm cov tub rog, vim tias lawv tau liam tias poob dej. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ob tog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th hnav tsuas yog saw mail armor. Tus sau ntawm "Rhymed Chronicle" txawm cais sau cov riam phom zoo heev ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias: "… ntau tus nyob hauv cov ris tsho ci ntsa iab, lawv cov kaus mom hlau ci zoo li siv lead ua."

Eisenstein's painting tsim cov dab neeg ntawm ob leeg Alexander Nevsky nws tus kheej thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm Russia thiab Western Europe nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog. Thiab ntau xyoo tom qab tso tawm zaj duab xis thiab debunking ntawm myths xwb, cov dluab tsim los ntawm tus thawj coj relentlessly haunt tus saib.

300 Spartans

Peplum 1962, qhia los ntawm Rudolf Mate, yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo tshaj plaws txog Ancient Greece. Cov duab nrov nrov zaj dab neeg ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Thermopylae hauv 480 BC. e.

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm zaj duab xis yog kev sib cav ntawm cov neeg Greek "dawb" thiab "barbarian" Persians. Hauv zaj dab neeg, Vaj Ntxwv Xerxes tau coj ib lab tus tub rog uas muaj zog los kov yeej tim Nkij teb chaws, thiab tsuas yog ib pab pawg me ntawm Spartans nrog ob peb pawg phooj ywg tau npaj txhij los tawm tsam nws. Selflessly tiv thaiv lub qhov tsua Thermopylae, cov Greeks raug yuam kom rov qab los tom qab kev ntxeev siab ntawm Ephialtes, uas tau qhia cov yeeb ncuab txoj kev zais cia hla lub qhov dej. Cov Spartans, ua ke nrog ib tug me me detachment ntawm Thespians, nyob twj ywm los npog lub retreat ntawm lawv comrades. Lawv sawv daws yuav tuag.

Cov riam phom Persian tau pom zoo heev: cov neeg saib xyuas hnav ris tsho dub thiab dais me ntsis zoo li lawv cov duab los ntawm lub palace ntawm Darius I hauv Susa. Kev koom tes ntawm chariots thiab cavalry hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua kuj tsis zoo li. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias cov Persians muaj lub teeb cavalry.

Raws li rau Spartans, feem ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab yog cov txiv neej tsis muaj hwj chim (txawm tias cov hoplites tiag tiag tau ntev plaub hau thiab hnav hwj txwv) nyob rau hauv tib hom armor nrog hoplon shields nrog Greek tsab ntawv "L", uas txhais tau tias Lacedaemon (tus kheej. -Npe ntawm Sparta), thiab hauv lub tsho liab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, peb tsis tshua pom lub npe nrov Corinthian kaus mom hlau npog feem ntau ntawm lub ntsej muag. Cov Thespians, tej zaum yog li ntawd cov neeg saib tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm Spartans, hnav lub tsho xiav.

Leonidas, ua tus huab tais ntawm Sparta, tsis tuaj yeem ua kom huv si. Thiab lambda ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog tej zaum tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Peloponnesian Tsov Rog (431-404 BC).

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua peb-hnub kuj tseem nyob deb ntawm keeb kwm kev muaj tiag: tsis muaj phab ntsa uas cov Greeks ua rau ntawm qhov nkag mus rau Thermopylae dhau; kev tawm tsam ntawm Persian camp thiab txoj kev cunning ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua Persian cavalry tsis pom kev pom zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, Diodorus hais tias nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov Greeks yeej sim tawm tsam Persian camp thiab tua Xerxes.

Lub ntsiab lus dab neeg uas tsim los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab hais txog cov neeg koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Raws li Greek cov peev txheej, Spartans hauv Thermopylae tau txais kev txhawb nqa tsis yog los ntawm Thespians, tab sis kuj los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm ntau lub nroog Greek. Tag nrho cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm txoj kev hauv thawj hnub tau tshaj 7 txhiab tus neeg.

Kev tshoov siab los ntawm Mate zaj duab xis, Frank Miller tsim cov duab tshiab 300, uas tau ua yeeb yaj kiab hauv xyoo 2007. Daim duab, txawm ntau nyob deb ntawm qhov tseeb keeb kwm, txawm li cas los xij los ua nrov heev.

Brave Heart

Mel Gibson's 1995 zaj duab xis tau teeb tsa rau cov keeb kwm blockbusters. Tsib Oscars, ntau qhov kev thuam, kev iab liam ntawm Anglophobia, haiv neeg thiab keeb kwm tsis raug - tag nrho cov no yuav tsum mus dhau ntawm "Braveheart". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, daim duab yog ib qho ntawm cov thawj coj hauv cov npe ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab uas tsis ntseeg siab tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm.

Tsab ntawv yog ua raws li cov paj huam "Kev Ua thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws thiab Ua Siab Loj Tiv Thaiv Sir William Wallace", sau los ntawm tus kws sau paj huam Scottish Blind Harry hauv xyoo 1470 - yuav luag 200 xyoo tom qab cov xwm txheej tiag tiag, thiab yog li ntawd tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim nrog lawv.

Scottish lub teb chaws hero William Wallace, tsis zoo li cov yeeb yam ua yeeb yam, yog ib tug me me-lub teb chaws nobleman. Nws txiv tsis tsuas yog tsis raug tua los ntawm British, tab sis txawm txhawb nqa lawv rau kev nom kev tswv.

Nyob rau hauv 1298, tus huab tais Scottish Alexander III tuag, tsis tseg txiv neej qub txeeg qub teg. Nws tib tug ntxhais, Margaret, tau sib yuav rau tus tub ntawm King Edward II ntawm Askiv, tab sis tsis ntev tom qab ntawd tuag. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev ua tiav rau lub zwm txwv. Cov neeg sib tw tseem ceeb yog tsev neeg Scottish Bruce thiab John Balliol, tus tub ntawm Askiv baron thiab Scottish suav, tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv ntawm King David I ntawm Scotland.

King Edward I Long-Legs of England tau koom nrog hauv qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no thiab yuam cov Scottish barons uas muaj thaj av hauv tebchaws Askiv kom paub txog nws txoj kev txiav txim siab thiab xaiv Balliol ua vaj ntxwv ntawm Scotland. Tom qab lub coronation, tus huab tais tshiab tsim tau pom tias nws tau dhau los ua ib tug menyuam roj hmab hauv txhais tes ntawm cov neeg Askiv. Nws rov ua dua qub kev sib koom tes nrog Fabkis, uas ua rau cov British ntxeem tau ntawm Scotland.

Tsev neeg Bruce tau txhawb nqa cov neeg Askiv thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam, cov tub rog Scottish tau swb lawm, thiab Balliol raug ntes thiab raug tshem tawm ntawm lub kaus mom. Edward kuv nws tus kheej tshaj tawm nws tus kheej huab tais ntawm Scotland. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev tsis txaus siab ntawm ntau Scots, feem ntau yog Bruce, uas lawv tus kheej suav rau ntawm lub kaus mom. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas Robert Bruce tshwm rau ntawm nplooj ntawv keeb kwm: ua ke nrog tus thawj coj ntawm Northern Scots, Andrew Morey, nws pib ua tsov rog tawm tsam cov neeg Askiv.

Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Stirling Choj, cov Scots yeej, tab sis tom qab ntawd King Edward yeej Wallace ntawm Falkirk. Xyoo 1305, Wallace raug ntes, sim, thiab raug txim tuag. Tab sis kev tawm tsam rau Scottish kev ywj pheej tsis tau xaus rau ntawd, thiab Robert lub Bruce txuas ntxiv ua tsov rog, ua rau cov Scots yeej ntawm Bannockburn - kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws.

Balliol tsis tau hais nyob rau hauv zaj duab xis, thiab cov zajlus yog tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm Bruce biography. Cov neeg Scots tau nthuav tawm raws li qias neeg, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas tsis muaj peev xwm, stripped ntawm armor thiab hauv kilts. Ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Sterling, lawv lub ntsej muag tau pleev xim xiav, zoo li qee cov duab qub. Qhov txhob txwm tshaj tawm qhia cov neeg ua liaj ua teb-barbarian tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tub rog Scottish yog, ntawm chav kawm, tsis muaj tseeb.

Lub Scottish infantry, thiab ntau ntawm cov knights, tsis ntau txawv nyob rau hauv armament los ntawm cov British. Hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab, muaj qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag ntawm Wallace siv hmuv ntev tawm tsam cov tub rog Askiv. Qhov xwm txheej zoo li yog ib qho kev siv los ntawm Scots ntawm lub shiltrons - loj infantry formations ntawm spearmen uas cov British tsuas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev pab ntawm archers.

Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Stirling Choj, lub ntsiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog ploj lawm hauv tus ncej - tus choj nws tus kheej! Thaj, tus thawj coj tau xav ntau dua los qhia txog kev tawm tsam ntawm British tub rog nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw qhib. Lub scene yog spectacular!

Raws li rau cov tiab, lawv tsuas yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, thiab Wallace, raws li ib tug neeg nyob hauv lub tiaj, thiab tsis yog cov toj siab ntawm Scotland, yuav tsum tsis txhob hnav nws.

Cov yeeb yaj kiab kuj muaj teeb meem nrog lub sijhawm. Edward Long-Legs tuag tib lub sijhawm raws li Wallace, txawm hais tias qhov tseeb nws muaj sia nyob nws los ntawm ob xyoos. Ntxhais fuabtais Isabella kom meej meej tsis tuaj yeem nyob hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Wallace, txij li thaum nws muaj 10 xyoo hauv lub xyoo nws tuag. Tab sis yuav tsum tus tsim tiag tiag xav txog tej yam tsis zoo li no?

Cov dluab ntawm cov British kuj yog tiag tiag tiag. Yog li ntawd, Edward kuv yeej yog ib tug kav muaj zog. Muaj tseeb tiag, txawm tias nws tsis tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev qhia txog txoj cai rau thawj hmo tshoob hauv Scotland.

Tej zaum tsis muaj zog dua li lwm tus yog Robert Bruce, uas, tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm Wallace thiab Edward, zoo li cowardly thiab tsis ruaj ntseg. Muaj ib qho kev ncaj ncees duab ntawm yav tom ntej tus huab tais loj tshaj plaws ntawm Scotland.

Tom qab tso tawm cov yeeb yaj kiab, Mel Gibson tau lees paub ntau yam yuam kev thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tab sis ntseeg tias nws tsim nyog mus rau kev lom zem. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov tub rog Scottish tau pleev xim rau lub ntsej muag qw nrov nrov lo lus "kev ywj pheej!" khov kho nyob rau hauv pawg neeg nco qab ntawm qhov hais txog ntawm Wallace uprising. Thiab Wallace nws tus kheej tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau cov duab kos yeej muaj rab ntaj ob txhais tes, uas qhov tseeb nws feem ntau yuav tsis muaj.

Konstantin Vasiliev