Lavxias teb sab chaw

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nws ntseeg tau tias cov thev naus laus zis ib txwm txhim kho maj mam, los ntawm qhov yooj yim mus rau txoj hauv kev, los ntawm pob zeb riam mus rau hlau - thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd mus rau lub tshuab milling programmed. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj hmoo ntawm qhov chaw foob pob hluav taws tau dhau los ua tsis ncaj ncees. Lub creation ntawm yooj yim, txhim khu kev qha ib-theem missiles nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev lub sij hawm tseem nyob tsis tau rau designers.

Cov kev daws teeb meem tau xav kom tsis muaj cov kws tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv lossis cov kws tsim khoom siv cav muaj peev xwm muab tau. Txog rau tam sim no, lub tsheb tso tawm tseem muaj ntau theem thiab siv tau pov tseg: ib qho kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg thiab kim heev yog siv rau ob peb feeb thiab muab pov tseg.

"Xav txog tias ua ntej txhua lub davhlau koj yuav sib sau ua ke lub dav hlau tshiab: koj yuav txuas lub fuselage mus rau tis, nteg hluav taws xob cables, nruab lub cav, thiab tom qab tsaws koj yuav xa nws mus rau lub junkyard … Koj tsis tuaj yeem ya mus deb.,”tus tsim tawm ntawm Lub Xeev Missile Center hais rau peb. Makeeva. "Tab sis qhov no yog qhov peb ua txhua zaus peb xa cov khoom thauj mus rau hauv lub voj voog. Ntawm chav kawm, txhua tus neeg xav kom muaj kev ntseeg siab ib-theem "tshuab" uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau sib dhos, tab sis tuaj txog ntawm cosmodrome, refueled thiab launched. Thiab ces nws rov qab los thiab pib dua - thiab dua "…

Nyob rau ib nrab

Los ntawm thiab loj, foob pob hluav taws tau sim los ntawm ib theem ntawm cov haujlwm ntxov tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv thawj sketches ntawm Tsiolkovsky, tsuas yog xws li cov qauv tshwm. Nws tau tso tseg lub tswv yim no tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, paub tias cov thev naus laus zis ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum thaum ntxov tsis tso cai rau kev paub txog qhov kev daws teeb meem yooj yim thiab zoo nkauj. Kev txaus siab rau cov neeg nqa khoom ib-theem tau tshwm sim dua nyob rau xyoo 1960, thiab cov haujlwm zoo li no tau ua haujlwm tawm ntawm ob sab ntawm dej hiav txwv. Los ntawm xyoo 1970, Tebchaws Meskas tau ua haujlwm ntawm ib-theem foob pob hluav taws SASSTO, Phoenix thiab ntau qhov kev daws teeb meem raws li S-IVB, thib peb theem ntawm Saturn V tso lub tsheb, uas xa cov neeg mus rau lub hli.

CORONA yuav tsum dhau los ua neeg hlau thiab tau txais software ntse rau kev tswj hwm. Lub software yuav tuaj yeem hloov kho ncaj qha hauv davhlau, thiab thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev yuav cia li "rov qab" rau cov thaub qab ruaj khov version.

"Qhov kev xaiv no yuav tsis txawv ntawm kev nqa lub peev xwm, lub cav tsis zoo txaus rau qhov no, tab sis nws tseem yuav yog ib theem, muaj peev xwm ya mus rau hauv orbit," cov engineers txuas ntxiv. "Tau kawg, kev lag luam nws yuav tsis ncaj ncees kiag li." Composites thiab technologies rau kev ua hauj lwm nrog lawv tau tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo caum tsis ntev los no, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua rau cov cab kuj ib-theem thiab, ntxiv mus, reusable. Tus nqi ntawm xws li "science-intensive" foob pob hluav taws yuav siab dua li ntawm ib txwm tsim, tab sis nws yuav "kho tawm" tshaj ntau lub launches, yog li ntawd tus nqi pib yuav qis dua li ib txwm muaj.

Nws yog media reusability uas yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom niaj hnub no. Lub Chaw Shuttle thiab Energia-Buran systems tau rov siv dua ib nrab. Kev rov siv thawj theem tau raug sim rau SpaceX Falcon 9 foob pob hluav taws. SpaceX twb tau ua tiav ntau qhov kev tsaws, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub Peb Hlis lawv yuav sim tso ib qho ntawm cov theem uas ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw dua. "Nyob rau hauv peb lub tswv yim, txoj hauv kev no tsuas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov xov xwm uas siv tau tiag tiag," sau tseg Makeev Design Bureau. "Koj tseem yuav tau txheeb xyuas lub foob pob hluav taws zoo li no tom qab txhua lub davhlau, nruab kev sib txuas thiab cov khoom siv pov tseg tshiab … thiab peb rov qab mus rau qhov chaw peb pib."

Tag nrho cov xov xwm rov siv tau tseem tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov haujlwm - tshwj tsis yog New Shepard los ntawm American tuam txhab Blue Origin. Txog tam sim no, lub foob pob hluav taws nrog lub tshuab ua haujlwm tsuas yog tsim los rau kev sib tw suborbital ntawm cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tau yooj yim scaled rau ib tug loj orbital carrier. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam txhab tsis zais lawv cov phiaj xwm los tsim cov kev xaiv zoo li no, uas cov tshuab muaj zog BE-3 thiab BE-4 twb tau tsim. "Nrog txhua lub davhlau suborbital, peb mus rau orbit," assured Blue Origin. Tab sis lawv cov neeg nqa khoom pheej hmoo, New Glenn, tseem yuav tsis tuaj yeem rov siv tau tag nrho: tsuas yog thawj qhov thaiv, tsim los ntawm kev sim New Shepard tsim, yuav tsum rov siv dua.

Khoom siv tsis kam

CFRP cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau siv rau tag nrho reusable thiab ib-theem foob pob hluav taws tau siv nyob rau hauv aerospace technology txij thaum 1990s. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, engineers ntawm McDonnell Douglas sai sai pib siv lub Delta Clipper (DC-X) project thiab niaj hnub no muaj peev xwm khav tau ib tug npaj txhij-ua thiab ya carbon fiber carrier. Hmoov tsis zoo, nyob rau hauv lub siab los ntawm Lockheed Martin, kev ua haujlwm ntawm DC-X raug txiav tawm, cov thev naus laus zis tau hloov mus rau NASA, qhov chaw uas lawv tau sim siv lawv rau qhov ua tsis tiav VentureStar qhov project, tom qab ntawd ntau tus engineers koom nrog hauv cov ncauj lus no tau mus ua haujlwm ntawm Blue Origin, thiab lub tuam txhab nws tus kheej raug coj los ntawm Boeing.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm xyoo 1990, Lavxias SRC Makeev tau nyiam ua txoj haujlwm no. Tau ntau xyoo txij thaum ntawd los, KORONA qhov project ("Space rocket, single-stage carrier [of space] tsheb") tau dhau los ua qhov kev hloov pauv tau pom, thiab cov qauv nruab nrab qhia tau hais tias tus qauv tsim thiab kev teeb tsa tau ua ntau dua thiab yooj yim thiab zoo meej. Maj mam, cov neeg tsim tawm tau tso tseg cov ntsiab lus nyuaj - xws li tis lossis sab nraud roj tso tsheb hlau luam - thiab tuaj rau kev nkag siab tias cov khoom siv lub cev tseem ceeb yuav tsum yog cov roj carbon fiber. Ua ke nrog cov tsos, qhov hnyav thiab lub peev xwm nqa tau hloov pauv. "Siv txawm tias cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws niaj hnub no, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim lub foob pob hluav taws ib-theem uas hnyav dua 60-70 tons, thaum nws cov nqi them yuav tsawg heev," hais tias ib tus neeg tsim khoom. - Tab sis raws li qhov pib loj hlob tuaj, cov qauv (txog rau ib qho kev txwv) tso nyiaj rau ib qho kev sib koom me me, thiab nws tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua los siv nws. Rau lub foob pob hluav taws orbital, qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog kwv yees li 160-170 tons, pib los ntawm qhov ntsuas no nws siv tau tuaj yeem ua ncaj ncees."

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb version ntawm KORONA project, lub community launch yog ntau dua thiab mus txog 300 tons. Xws li ib tug loj ib-theem foob pob hluav taws yuav tsum tau siv ib tug heev npaum li cas kua-propellant dav hlau cav ua hauj lwm ntawm hydrogen thiab oxygen. Tsis zoo li cov cav nyob rau theem sib cais, xws li lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws ua kua yuav tsum "muaj peev xwm" ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv thiab ntawm qhov siab sib txawv, suav nrog kev tawm mus thiab tawm mus sab nraud. "Ib lub cav ua kua ua kua nrog Laval nozzles tsuas yog siv tau ntawm qee qhov chaw siab," piav qhia Makeyevka tus tsim, "yog li ntawd peb tuaj rau qhov xav tau siv lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws xob cua." Lub dav hlau roj hauv cov cav no tau hloov kho rau lub siab "overboard", thiab lawv tseem ua haujlwm tau zoo ntawm qhov chaw thiab siab hauv stratosphere.

Payload thawv

Txog tam sim no, tsis muaj lub cav ua haujlwm ntawm hom no hauv ntiaj teb, txawm hais tias lawv tau ua thiab raug cuam tshuam nrog ob qho tib si hauv peb lub tebchaws thiab hauv Asmeskas. Nyob rau xyoo 1960, Rocketdyne engineers tau sim cov cav no ntawm qhov muag, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj rau kev teeb tsa ntawm cov cuaj luaj. CROWN yuav tsum tau nruab nrog ib qho kev hloov pauv, uas lub npoo-cua nozzle yog tib lub ntsiab lus uas tseem tsis tau muaj tus qauv thiab tsis tau sim. Kuj tseem muaj tag nrho cov thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw hauv tebchaws Russia - lawv tau tsim thiab siv tau zoo, piv txwv li, ntawm All-Lavxias Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob (VIAM) thiab ntawm JSC Kompozit.

Vertical haum

Thaum ya nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, KORONA carbon-fiber load-bearing qauv yuav tsum tau them nrog kub-shielding vuas tsim los ntawm VIAM rau lub Burans thiab txij thaum ntawd los tau pom zoo txhim kho."Lub ntsiab cua sov load ntawm peb lub foob pob hluav taws yog tsom rau ntawm nws" qhov ntswg", qhov twg kub-kub thermal tiv thaiv ntsiab yog siv, - tus tsim qauv piav qhia. - Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, lub expanding sab ntawm lub foob pob ua ntxaij muaj ib tug loj txoj kab uas hla thiab yog nyob rau ntawm ib tug mob lub kaum sab xis rau cov huab cua khiav. Lub thermal load ntawm lawv yog tsawg, uas tso cai rau siv cov khoom sib zog. Yog li ntawd, peb tau txais kev cawmdim ntau tshaj 1.5 tons, qhov loj ntawm qhov kub-kub tsis tshaj 6% ntawm tag nrho cov huab hwm coj ntawm kev tiv thaiv thermal. Rau kev sib piv, hauv Shuttles nws suav txog ntau dua 20%."

Lub sleek tapered tsim ntawm cov xov xwm yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm suav tsis txheeb mus sim thiab yuam kev. Raws li cov neeg tsim khoom, yog tias koj tsuas yog coj tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev tuaj yeem rov siv tau ib leeg-theem nqa khoom, koj yuav tsum xav txog 16,000 kev sib txuas ntawm lawv. Ntau pua ntawm lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv thaum ua haujlwm ntawm qhov project. "Peb tau txiav txim siab tso tseg tis, zoo li ntawm Buran lossis Chaw Nres Tsheb," lawv hais. - Los ntawm thiab loj, nyob rau hauv cov huab cua sab saud, lawv tsuas cuam tshuam nrog spacecraft. Cov nkoj zoo li no nkag mus rau hauv huab cua ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm tsis zoo dua li "hlau", thiab tsuas yog ntawm kev ceev supersonic lawv hloov mus rau kab rov tav dav hlau thiab tuaj yeem tso siab rau lub aerodynamics ntawm tis."

Lub khob hliav qab axisymmetric tsis tsuas yog tso cai rau kev tiv thaiv thermal yooj yim, tab sis kuj muaj qhov zoo aerodynamics thaum tsav tsheb ntawm kev kub ceev heev. Twb tau nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm huab cua, lub foob pob ua ntxaij tau txais ib tug nqa, uas tso cai rau nws tsis tsuas yog nres ntawm no, tab sis kuj rau maneuver. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom tsim nyog maneuvers ntawm qhov siab siab, mus rau qhov chaw tsaws, thiab nyob rau hauv lub davhlau yav tom ntej, nws tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav lub braking, kho cov chav kawm thiab tig rov qab, siv tsis muaj zog shunting. tshuab.

Nco qab ob qho tib si Falcon 9 thiab New Shepard: tsis muaj dab tsi ua tsis tau lossis txawm tias txawv txav hauv kev tsaws ntsug niaj hnub no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev siv zog tsawg dua thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev khiav - txoj kev khiav uas tib lub Shuttles thiab Buran tsaws yuav tsum muaj qhov ntev ntawm ob peb kilometers thiaj li yuav nres lub tsheb ntawm. ib tug ceev ntawm pua pua kilometers ib teev. "CROWN, hauv paus ntsiab lus, tuaj yeem tawm ntawm lub platform offshore thiab tsaws rau ntawm nws," ntxiv rau ib tus kws sau ntawv ntawm qhov project, "qhov tseeb qhov kev tsaws zaum kawg yuav yog li 10 m, lub foob pob hluav taws tau qis dua rau cov pneumatic shock absorbers. Txhua yam uas tseem tshuav yog ua tiav kev kuaj mob, refuel, tso lub load tshiab - thiab koj tuaj yeem rov ya dua.

KORONA tseem tab tom ua haujlwm thaum tsis muaj nyiaj txiag, yog li cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm Makeev Design Bureau tswj kom tau txais tsuas yog mus rau theem kawg ntawm kev tsim qauv. "Peb tau dhau los ntawm theem no yuav luag tag nrho ntawm nws tus kheej, tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa sab nraud. Peb twb tau ua txhua yam uas yuav ua tau, - cov neeg tsim qauv hais. - Peb paub dab tsi, qhov twg thiab thaum twg yuav tsum tau tsim. Tam sim no peb yuav tsum tau txav mus rau qhov kev tsim qauv, tsim khoom thiab kev tsim kho ntawm cov chav tseem ceeb, thiab qhov no yuav tsum tau nyiaj, yog li tam sim no txhua yam nyob ntawm lawv."

Kev pib qeeb

Lub foob pob hluav taws CFRP cia siab tias tsuas yog ib qho loj-loj tshaj tawm; thaum tau txais kev txhawb nqa tsim nyog, cov neeg tsim qauv tau npaj txhij pib kev sim davhlau hauv rau xyoo, thiab hauv xya mus rau yim xyoo - pib sim ua haujlwm ntawm thawj lub foob pob hluav taws. Lawv kwv yees tias qhov no yuav tsum tau tsawg dua $ 2 nphom - tsis ntau los ntawm cov qauv kev tshawb fawb foob pob hluav taws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev rov qab los ntawm kev nqis peev tuaj yeem xav tau tom qab xya xyoo ntawm kev siv lub foob pob hluav taws, yog tias tus naj npawb ntawm kev lag luam xa tawm tseem nyob rau theem tam sim no, lossis txawm tias nyob rau hauv 1.5 xyoo - yog tias nws loj hlob ntawm tus nqi kwv yees.

Ntxiv mus, lub xub ntiag ntawm maneuvering xyaw, rendezvous thiab docking li nyob rau hauv lub foob pob ua ntxaij ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus suav rau complex multi-launch launch schemes. Los ntawm kev siv roj tsis yog kev tsaws, tab sis ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom thauj, koj tuaj yeem nqa nws mus rau ntau tshaj 11 tons. Tom qab ntawd CROWN yuav dock nrog qhov thib ob, "tanker", uas yuav ua rau nws cov tso tsheb hlau luam nrog cov roj ntxiv uas tsim nyog rau kev rov qab los. Tab sis tseem, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog qhov rov siv tau dua, uas thawj zaug yuav daws tau peb ntawm qhov xav tau los sau cov xov xwm ua ntej txhua qhov kev tso tawm - thiab poob nws tom qab txhua qhov tso tawm. Tsuas yog ib txoj hauv kev no tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ob txoj kev khiav tsheb khiav ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab lub orbit, thiab tib lub sij hawm pib ntawm qhov tiag, nquag, loj-loj siv ntawm qhov chaw ze ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Lub sijhawm no, CROWN tseem nyob hauv limbo, ua haujlwm ntawm New Shepard txuas ntxiv. Ib txoj haujlwm Japanese zoo sib xws RVT tseem tab tom tsim. Cov neeg tsim tawm Lavxias tsuas tuaj yeem tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa txaus rau kev ua tiav. Yog hais tias koj muaj ob peb billions rau spare, qhov no yog ib tug zoo dua kev nqis peev tshaj txawm lub loj tshaj plaws thiab luxurious yacht nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.