Kev kub ntxhov ntawm kev kawm: qhov cuam tshuam ntawm thev naus laus zis rau kev kawm niaj hnub

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ntau tus neeg ntseeg hais tias cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no yuav hloov cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab dhau qhov kev lees paub. Kev kawm yuav txav mus rau hauv online, cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv Is Taws Nem yuav mloog cov lus qhuab qhia los ntawm cov xibfwb zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb, keeb kwm yuav raug hloov los ntawm kev ua si "Civilization", es tsis txhob ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv yuav muaj cov ntsiav tshuaj, cov chav kawm yuav muab txoj hauv kev rau ib qho tus kheej mus kom ze rau tus menyuam kawm ntawv, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav muaj peev xwm tsim cov ntaub ntawv kawm rau lawv tus kheej raws li kev ntshaw, kev muaj peev xwm thiab kev xav tau …

Txawm hais tias kev saib xyuas kev kawm zoo li cas, cov kev xav hauv zej zog tso siab rau nws heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov kws tshaj lij uas ntseeg tias cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm tom qab-Soviet yuav degrade thiab tawg nyob rau hauv ib nrab-20s ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st (saib "Future Education: A Global Agenda" lossis download the Education 2030 foresight project). Yog li ntawd, tsoom fwv willy-nilly yuav tig mus rau innovators rau tswv yim.

Yog li, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tswv yim kev kawm niaj hnub rau Russia thiab Belarus yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem. Los ntawm txoj kev, Thawj Tswj Hwm Lukashenko tau hais txog qhov no ntawm pawg kws qhia ntawv Republican tsuas yog hnub dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej koom nrog kev tsim cov txheej txheem kev kawm niaj hnub no, nws tsim nyog tig tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov futuristic sketches ntawm theorists, tab sis kuj rau ib qho kev paub keeb kwm tshwj xeeb.

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, tsoom fwv Soviet kuj tau tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv tshiab. Thiab nyob rau hauv no nws tau ua tiav impressive kev vam meej. Soviet kev kawm rau nws lub sij hawm yog heev txhim khu kev qha thiab zoo. Nws tau qiv los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws - piv txwv li, Finland, uas nws lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab hnub no suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe.

Cov tswv yim thiab gadgets ntawm thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, kev hloov pauv loj cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm thev naus laus zis kuj tseem xav tau hauv kev kawm. Theorists tau xyaum faus lub tsev kawm ntawv sau lus classical. Lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua XXI tau nthuav tawm qee yam zoo li no:

Tus kws tsim khoom Asmeskas Thomas Edison xav tias cov phau ntawv yuav ploj mus sai sai ntawm tsev kawm ntawv tag nrho, thiab xinesmas yuav hloov tag nrho cov phau ntawv. Vim li cas ho tsis. Ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab, txawm tias nyob rau theem kev kawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tej zaum yuav yog ib qho kev qhia zoo, thiab xov tooj cua ua rau nws tuaj yeem mloog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm qhov deb ntawm qhov chaw kawm.

Ib yam, tab sis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim duab:

Yog li, Bolsheviks (zoo li peb niaj hnub no) tau nyob hauv ib lub zej zog uas cov neeg vam meej xav tau kev hloov pauv tiag tiag hauv kev kawm thev naus laus zis thiab cov txheej txheem pedagogical.

Nyob rau hauv emigration, Lenin hais kom Krupskaya systematize niaj hnub tswv yim txog pedagogy thiaj li xav txog lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej. Raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm Nadezhda Konstantinovna ("Public Education thiab Democracy"), nws muab tawm hais tias lub qub tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas tus kws qhia ntawv punches cov me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm tus ntiv tes nrog ib tug pas ntsuas thiab cov khoom siv tsis siv neeg paub uas tsis tsim nyog rau lub neej yav tom ntej, twb dhau lawm. Lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum muab qhov kev paub uas hu ua "pab tau". Nyob rau hauv luv luv, tsawg txoj kev xav thiab ntau lub tswv yim txawj.

Cov tswv yim zoo sib xws yog nrov heev niaj hnub no - ntawm no yog ib qho, lwm qhov, peb ntawm ntau cov lus ntawm cov ncauj lus no.

Hauv kev xav, cov ntsiab lus no zoo li nthuav. Tib yam Lenin txaus siab rau txoj haujlwm ntawm nws tus poj niam thiab ua tiav nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm phau ntawv. Thiab thaum nws rov qab los ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, nws xav tias "Public Education" yog ib txoj haujlwm tsim nyog. Txawm li cas los xij, Vladimir Ilyich tsis muaj kev paub pedagogical. Lub caij no, qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev kawm ua haujlwm tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau cov phiaj xwm qub ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet.

Tig mus rau ib lub tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm muaj

Thawj Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm, Lunacharsky, uas tau tso dag hu ua "Blessed Anatoly" los ntawm nws cov neeg koom nrog, tau siv tag nrho nws lub sijhawm thiab lub zog sim txuag yam tsawg kawg ib yam dab tsi los ntawm cov keeb kwm ua ntej kev hloov pauv. Tsev kawm ntawv, tsev cia puav pheej, tsev qiv ntawv, architectural monuments. Thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev qhia thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tshawb fawb. Nov yog qhov Trotsky piav txog nws lub luag haujlwm:

Qhov kev pab cuam ntxiv tom ntej yog ib qho kev kawm. Hauv txhua lub zos uas muaj ntau tshaj 15 tus neeg tsis nyeem ntawv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim ib lub chaw hu ua liquidation center - thiab muab chav kawm tsawg kawg 6 teev hauv ib lub lis piam. Tom qab qhov kev kawm, theem tom ntej yog kev tawm tsam kev tsis nyeem ntawv. Ntau lab tus kws qhia ntawv tshiab xav tau, thiab lawv kuj xav tau kev cob qhia.

Kev daws teeb meem kev kawm tsis tu ncua, ib kauj ruam dhau los, cov txheej txheem tshiab Soviet, willy-nilly, rov qab mus rau lub gymnasium ib txwm muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li lub tebchaws Russia ua ntej, nws yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv rau txhua tus, tsis hais haiv neeg twg thiab haiv neeg twg.

Cov neeg tseem ceeb classics

Xyoo 1930, kev qhia keeb kwm rov qab mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab, uas yog thawj zaug muab pov tseg raws li qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua ntej kev hloov pauv yav dhau los. Ntxiv mus, lawv xa rov qab rau hauv lub ntim loj dua li ua ntej.

Tib yam tshwm sim nrog cov classics Lavxias teb sab. Cov ntawv nyeem tau rov qab los ua ib qho kev kawm, thiab cov no tau xav zoo, cov chav kawm sib xws nrog cov lus tsim nyog. Nws nyuaj rau ntseeg, tab sis ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, piv txwv li, cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab tsis tau kawm Pushkin. Cov compilers ntawm cov kev pab cuam yav dhau los suav hais tias nws cov hauj lwm tsis tsim nyog nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet, kaum tawm lab tus tub thiab cov ntxhais, dhau los ntawm kev kawm dav dav, nyeem Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky.

Standard tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm

Raws li nws tau muab tawm, kev nce qib tsis hloov pauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm. Cov kws qhia ntawv Soviet tuaj rau cov lus xaus no. Tej zaum, peb yuav tau to taub tib yam. Raws li ib puas xyoo dhau los, thiab tam sim no hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tus tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum:

1. Master cov txuj ci ntawm kev hais lus thiab sau ntawv. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem tiag tiag txawm tias nws sau ntawv sau rau hauv phau ntawv sau nrog tus cwj mem lossis sau blog ntawm kev sib tham hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv. Kev xav txog kev ua ub ua no thiab kev ntsuas ntsuas yog tib yam.
2. Muaj qee yam kev paub txog lej thiab geometry.
3. Kawm ib hoob hauv natural sciences: physics, chemistry, biology. Ntxiv dua thiab, nws tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi nws siv thaum npaj tsev kawm ntawv sau ntawv. Qhov sib txawv ntawm Wikipedia thiab Brockhaus thiab Efron phau ntawv txhais lus tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ib phau ntawv encyclopedia, paub rau peb, tau tsim rov qab rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th.
4. Paub lus txawv teb chaws. Yav dhau los, rau kev xyaum lus, cov tub ntxhais kawm feem ntau sib tham nrog lawv cov phooj ywg txawv teb chaws. Tam sim no, ua tsaug rau Is Taws Nem, nws yooj yim dua los ua qhov no, koj tuaj yeem sib txuas lus hauv cov rooj sab laj thiab hauv kev tes hauj lwm, tab sis feem ntau, tsis muaj dab tsi hloov. Lawm, koj yuav tsum paub yuav ua li cas siv lub computer, tab sis qhov no twb implied los ntawm nws tus kheej.
5. Tau paub txog kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws thiab ntiaj teb, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv thiab xinesmas. Qhov ntawd yog, lawv tsis xav txog lwm txoj kev nyeem, saib thiab mloog.
6. Dab neeg. Nws tsis tau hloov.
7. Physical Education, Health, Geography, thiab lwm yam. "Unloading" zaj lus qhia los muab lub hlwb so.

Qhov no yog tus txheej txheem "gymnasium" program. Tau ntau pua xyoo dhau los, lawv tau rov sim ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua, nthuav dav, kev qhia niaj hnub. Cov kev sib txawv no ib txwm ua rau poob qis hauv qib kev paub, cov khoom siv hauv tsev kawm poob nws cov qauv, kev xav tau ploj. Gadgets yog ib qho zoo los ua kom cov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kawm, txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem kev kawm tsis tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv kev kawm ntawm gadgets.

Moscow - Chicago. Cov qhab nia 1: 0

Tom qab lub community launch ntawm thawj lub ntiaj teb dag satellite, lub tswv yim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub American thawj coj hais tias xws li ib tug kev vam meej ntawm Soviet cosmonautics yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj ib tug muaj zog kev kawm ntawv system. Lub neej magazine, nrog kev pab los ntawm American thiab Soviet diplomats, ua ib tug nthuav kev sim.

Lawv coj ob tug me nyuam muaj kaum rau xyoo. Alexey Kutskov los ntawm Moscow thiab Stephen Lapekas los ntawm Chicago. Ob leeg tau muab cov neeg sau xov xwm rau ib hlis tag nrho, uas tau nrog lawv txhua lub sijhawm: hauv chav kawm, thaum lub sijhawm so, hauv tsev qiv ntawv, hauv pas dej - feem ntau, txhua qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd lawv xav paub seb nyob rau hauv lub USSR thiab nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States lawv txhais li cas los ntawm ib tug zoo theem nrab kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb, muab nws me me, xav tsis thoob Asmeskas cov neeg nyeem: