Thaum Cov kws kho mob tau sau ntawv haus luam yeeb: Keeb Kwm ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Haus Luam Yeeb

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Xyoo 1946, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco pib ua cov lus tshaj tawm hauv nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm: "Cov kws kho mob feem ntau xaiv cov ntxhuav dua lwm cov luam yeeb!" Lawv thim qhov "qhov tseeb" nrog cov lej: "Peb tau xam phaj 113,597 tus kws kho mob los ntawm thoob plaws ntug dej hiav txwv!" Ib qhov tseeb dua yuav zoo li no: "Peb tau xam phaj 113,597 tus kws kho mob los ntawm thoob plaws ntug dej hiav txwv … los ntawm kev nplawm lawv nrog cov ntxhuav dawb!"

R. J. Reynolds Tobacco ad phiaj xwm, xa mus rau cov kws kho mob, tau khiav hauv ntau lub teb chaws cov ntawv xov xwm rau rau xyoo, thiab kev tshaj tawm hauv TV tau pom cov txiv neej hauv cov tsho loj loj txaus siab haus luam yeeb, nyeem phau ntawv tuab lossis hu xov tooj.

Kev haus luam yeeb thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no yog ubiquitous li haus dej qab zib. Txawm hais tias nws tseem yog ob peb lub xyoo dhau los ua ntej kev tshaj tawm kev tswj hwm kev haus luam yeeb tag nrho, kev txhawj xeeb txog nws cov teebmeem kev noj qab haus huv tau pib tshwm sim thaum ntxov ntawm lub xyoo pua. Cov neeg ua si tseem ceeb xws li American Tobacco Company, Philip Morris, thiab RJ Reynolds tau nrhiav kev ua kom cov neeg Amelikas ua siab ntev los ntawm kev siv cov lus tshaj tawm nrog cov kws kho mob.

Otorhinolaryngologist Robert Jackler ntawm Stanford University thiab nws tus poj niam, Laurie, tau tsim ib pab pawg los tshawb fawb los ntawm kev tshaj tawm luam yeeb. Lawv tau sau txog 50,000 thawj cov ntawv tshaj tawm uas coj los ntawm ntau cov ntawv xov xwm. Cov ntawv sau muaj cov piv txwv txawv txawv thiab txawm tias tsis muaj tseeb - nrog cov duab ntawm storks noj so rau kev haus luam yeeb; Cov niam txiv haus luam yeeb txhawb cov menyuam yaus haus luam yeeb; thiab cov me nyuam uas haus luam yeeb, uas nws niam thiab txiv tab tom saib thiab giggling. Qee qhov tshaj tawm tshaj tawm (los ntawm qhov kev xav niaj hnub no) qhia cov kws kho mob touting cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev haus luam yeeb qee hom luam yeeb. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis, Smithsonian National Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Asmeskas Keeb Kwm tau qhib ib qho khoom pov thawj hu ua Cov Kws Kho Mob Feem ntau haus luam yeeb ntxhuav, uas nthuav tawm ntau yam ntawm cov khoom qub neeg Asmeskas. Jekler hais tias ntau tus neeg tuaj saib tau saib ntawm kev tshaj tawm thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog kev noj qab haus huv nrog kev tsis ntseeg.

Nyob rau xyoo 19th, nws tau ntseeg tias kev haus luam yeeb tuaj yeem kho tau ntau yam kab mob. Lub Cigares de Joy ad tau cog lus tias "kev mob sai sai" rau kev mob hawb pob, mob ntsws, mob khaub thuas thiab mob khaub thuas. Ib yam li ntawd, Marshall's Cubeb Cigarettes tuaj yeem kho tag nrho cov kab mob no thiab tshem tawm lub cev ntawm cov hnoos qeev. Kev nqus pa ntawm cov pa luam yeeb yog ib qho teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv rau pej xeem, tab sis cov kws kho mob tseem ceeb nyob sab Europe tau txhawb kom haus luam yeeb cubeb peppers, datura, thiab txawm tias luam yeeb los pab txo qhov hnoos zoo. Kev loj hlob ntawm cov "kev kho mob" no tau ua ke nrog kev nce hauv kev nyiam haus luam yeeb ua lub cim ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev lag luam thiab txiv neej.

Xyoo 1900, txhua tus zoo li tau khaws tus cwj pwm no.

Xyoo 1930, American Tobacco tshaj tawm thawj zaug tias "20,679 tus kws kho mob pom nws cov khoom tsis txaus siab." Hauv kev tshaj tawm, tus kws kho mob tau muab nrog luag nyav ib pob ntawm Lucky Strike, cov luam yeeb nrov tshaj plaws thaum lub sijhawm. American Tobacco ntiav advertising tuam txhab Lord, Thomas, thiab Logan, uas tau xa cov pob luam yeeb rau cov kws kho mob xyoo 1926, 1927, thiab 1928 kom lawv teb cov lus nug: “Puas muaj hmoo Strike… cov tuam txhab?”

Tau ntau xyoo tom ntej no, tus tshiab minted Philip Morris yuav lees tias nws cov luam yeeb yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tsawg tshaj plaws, raws li tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab cov kws kho mob muaj npe tshaj tawm hauv phau ntawv kho mob. Lub tuam txhab tau hais tias qhov sib ntxiv ntawm diethylene glycol (ib qho tshuaj lom) rau cov luam yeeb ua rau nws cov khoom zoo dua caj pas. Nws txhawb nqa cov kws tshawb fawb los ua pov thawj qhov no. Qhov tseeb, lub hauv paus rau lawv qhov kev thov yog ib qho kev sim uas ob tus kws kho mob ntawm Columbia University tau txhaj tshuaj saum toj no rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm luav. Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau tawm tsam lawv qhov kev tshawb pom.

Reynolds kuj tau ua dab tsi yog qhov kev tshaj tawm txawv tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tshaj tawm luam yeeb. Nws hais tias nws cov luam yeeb pab ua kom lub plab zom mov los ntawm kev ua kom muaj alkalinity ("Txhim kho plab zom mov, haus luam yeeb ntxhuav!"). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tshaj tawm no tau txwv tsis ntev.

Ob xyoos dhau los, Dr. Jekler tau luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm hais txog kev lag luam luam yeeb txoj kev tshaj tawm tsis tshua muaj npe uas tau siv los ntawm xyoo 1930 txog rau xyoo 1950. Txhawm rau kom tau txais kev pom zoo ntawm cov kws kho mob, cov tuam txhab luam yeeb tau tshaj tawm hauv ntau lub lim tiam thiab txhua hli cov ntawv kho mob - thiab tshwj xeeb hauv Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm ntawm American Medical Association (JAMA). Jekler pab pawg tau sau ntau tshaj 500 phau ntawv tshaj tawm. "Tsis yog ib kis ntawm caj pas khaus los ntawm kev haus luam yeeb ntxhuav!" - nyeem cov lus tshaj tawm hauv JAMA txij xyoo 1949. "Tso koj lub stethoscope rau ntawm pob Kools thiab mloog," ib qho 1943 ad beckons. Philip Morris flirted nrog absurd nyob rau hauv 1942 ad: "Dab tsi? Sau ntawv luam yeeb ?!"

"Txawm hais tias muaj ntau thiab ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog mob ntsws cancer thiab mob ntsws thiab mob plawv, cov ntawv kho mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog JAMA, tsis tau tshem tawm cov luam yeeb vim tias lawv tau nyiaj ntau los ntawm lawv," Jekler piav qhia. Xyoo 1949, ZHAMA tau txais 33 npaug nyiaj tau los ntawm kev tshaj tawm cov khoom lag luam luam yeeb dua li ntawm cov nqi koom nrog.

Raws li Jackler tsab xov xwm, JAMA tus editor-in-chief (1924-1949) Morris Fishbein maj mam hloov zuj zus los ntawm kev haus luam yeeb rau tus kws pab tswv yim thoob plaws hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv lub lig 1920s thiab thaum ntxov 1930s, Fishbein yog ib tug heev thuam ntawm luam yeeb advertising, luam tawm cov phau ntawv thiab cov khoom ntawm lub ncauj lus. Txawm li cas los xij, Fishbein sai sai pib ua hauj lwm nrog Philip Morris, thiab nws cov kev tsis ntseeg maj mam maj mam evaporated nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej. Nws koom nrog lub tuam txhab, pab tsim kev tshaj tawm, thiab txawm sau ib tsab xov xwm tiv thaiv kev siv diethylene glycol tom qab 75 tus neeg tuag ntawm diethylene glycol lom hauv xyoo 1937. Fishbein, uas khiav cov ntawv xov xwm thoob plaws hauv 40s, tawm tsam txhua tus uas tsis txhawb nws txoj kev tshaj tawm, thiab txawm tsis quav ntsej txog kev hu xov tooj ntawm pawg thawj coj. Thaum muaj kev tawm tsam kev kho mob tawm tsam kev tshaj tawm luam yeeb hauv JAMA, cov ntawv xov xwm tau pib qeeb thiab thaum kawg tso tseg kev tshaj tawm ntawm cov tuam txhab luam yeeb hauv xyoo 1954. Nyob rau tib lub xyoo, Fishbein tau ua haujlwm ntawm Lorillard Tobacco thiab tau txais cov nyiaj hli zoo. Xyoo 1969, nws tau nug pej xeem txog kev haus luam yeeb thiab mob qog noj ntshav, hu nws tias "kev tshaj tawm loj."

Xyoo 1971, TV thiab xov tooj cua tshaj tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam luam yeeb raug txwv, thiab Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo Master Settlement txwv lwm hom kev tshaj tawm luam yeeb. Cov tuam txhab luam yeeb tseem tuaj yeem tshaj tawm hauv kev luam tawm, txawm tias niaj hnub no lawv ntsib ntau qhov kev txwv ntxiv.