Keeb kwm ntawm lub hlwb: Ib Tus Neeg Keeb Kwm Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm 1937 Rus tsab ntawv

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Los yog hais txog qhov tseeb tias nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau nyiag nyuj, lined li "pw", thiab tseem pw hauv armor ntawm lub qhov cub, txawm hais tias Eisenstein, ntawm chav kawm, yog ib tug ntse heev. Xyuas los ntawm tus naas ej historian xibfwb Mikhail Tikhomirov. Cov ntawv nyeem muab kev lom zem sib sib zog nqus ntawm nws cov lus thuam thiab kev xav nplua nuj, feem ntau txawv rau cov txiv neej kawm. Txaus siab rau.

Kev thuam ntawm keeb kwm (txog qhov scenario "Rus")

Cov ntawv xov xwm "Znamya" No. 12 rau xyoo 1937 tau luam tawm cov ntawv sau "Rus", sau los ntawm P. Pavlenko ua ke nrog tus thawj coj S. M. Eisenstein. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tsab ntawv yog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Ice - lub ntsiab lus nthuav dav thiab keeb kwm tseem ceeb. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov hauv xyoo 1242 yog qhov hloov pauv ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Russia tawm tsam German kev ua phem. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm daim duab ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv yuav tsum tau txais tos, tab sis, hmoov tsis, qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov ncauj lus no nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis tuaj yeem txais tos txhua txoj hauv kev. Cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm tsab ntawv, raws li peb yuav pom tom qab, tau ua ntau qhov tseeb yuam kev, tsis zam txim rau cov neeg uas tsawg kawg me ntsis paub txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab, thiab tau muab lub tswv yim distorted tag nrho ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th.

Tsab ntawv pib nrog "preface" uas cov kws sau ntawv muab lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm lub ntsiab lus uas lawv tau tsim. Qhov no luv luv preface (ib thiab ib nrab nplooj ntawv) twb tag nrho ntawm ntau yam yuam kev. "Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th," cov kws sau ntawv sau, "cov Mongols enslaved Russia. Nws sab qaum teb hnub poob, Novgorod, tseem yog lub ces kaum kawg ntawm dawb Rus. Lavxias teb sab patriots tau sib sau ua ke ntawm no los ntawm txhua qhov chaw, ntawm no lawv tau sau zog rau kev ywj pheej yav tom ntej."

CEEB TOOM! NO YOG IB TUG NTAU NTAU NTAU NTAU NTAWM LUB SIJ HAWM NTAWM LUB SIJ HAWM, tsis yog qhov kawg ntawm zaj yeeb yaj kiab

Yog li, cov kws sau ntawv tau muab lub tswv yim tshiab, hauv lawv lub tswv yim, Novgorod yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm Tatar quab. Tab sis lub tswv yim zoo li no cuam tshuam tag nrho cov txheej txheem keeb kwm. Kev tawm tsam tawm tsam cov Tatars tau tawm tsam tsis yog los ntawm Novgorod, tab sis los ntawm Northeastern Russia, coj los ntawm Moscow. Cov kws sau ntawv kuj nkag siab qhov no, muab tso rau tom kawg ntawm nws (p. 136) nco txog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kulikovo. Tom qab ntawd nws hloov tawm tias cov neeg German, sim ua kom muaj Novgorod, yog li xav kaw cov European lag luam rau Mongols (p. 103). Hauv qhov xwm txheej, tus tswv tshaj tawm rau cov tub rog thiab "xibhwb": "Yog li, Novgorod yog koj li. Ua kevcai raus dej raws li koj nyiam. Koj li Volga, Dnieper, pawg ntseeg. Hauv Kiev, kuv yuav tsis kov ib lub cav lossis ib tug neeg” (p. 115). Cov kws sau ntawv, pom meej, tsis to taub tias qhov kev txiav txim tseem tsis tuaj yeem teeb tsa cov haujlwm no rau nws tus kheej.

Nyob rau hauv lub preface, tag nrho cov keeb kwm tseeb yog, raws li nws yog, txhob txwm tsis meej pem. Raws li cov kws sau ntawv, "Dmitry Donskoy ua tiav txoj haujlwm pib los ntawm Nevsky ntawm Kulikovo teb" (p. 103). Tab sis, thawj zaug, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo tseem tsis tau ua tiav ib yam dab tsi, txawm hais tias nws tseem ceeb heev rau keeb kwm ntawm Russia, thiab qhov thib ob, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Germans tsis nres tom qab Tsov Rog ntawm Dej khov. Cov lus ntawm tsab ntawv sau ua suab txawv txawv: “Russia loj hlob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam Asia thiab sab hnub poob yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm daim duab” (p. 103). Leej twg yuav tsum to taub los ntawm Asia thiab sab hnub poob, cov sau phau ntawv tsis hais. Tab sis kom generalize sab hnub poob nrog cov Germans, thiab Asia nrog cov Tatars, ideologically tawm tsam Russia mus rau sab hnub poob thiab Asia yog kiag li tsis tsim nyog.

Cov ntawv ntawm tsab ntawv yog ua ntej los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov cim, nws sau 22 tus neeg, tab sis ntawm lawv tsuas yog ob peb tus tuaj yeem hais tias lawv tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv. Tawm ntawm cov cim txiav tawm los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, cia peb nyob ntawm cov cim uas nws lub npe qiv los ntawm cov neeg sau tsab ntawv los ntawm qee qhov chaw. Cov no suav nrog: Alexander Nevsky, Vasily Buslaev (!), Gavrilo Oleksich, Tverdilo Ivanovich - lub Pskov voivode, Bryachislavna - tus poj niam ntawm Alexander Nevsky, Ivan Danilovich Sadko, Pelgusiy, Amelfa Timofeevna, German Valk, Berke - lub khan ntawm lub horde.

Hmoov tsis zoo, ntawm tag nrho cov cim no, tsuas yog ib tus Alexander Nevsky tuaj yeem suav tias yog tus neeg keeb kwm tiag tiag, tus so, raws li peb yuav pom, tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv nrog cov yam ntxwv uas coj lawv mus deb ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm tau piav qhia hauv tsab ntawv. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, peb tuaj yeem lees paub cov neeg sau tsab ntawvtias nyob rau hauv 1242 lub khan ntawm Golden Horde tsis yog Berke, tab sis Batu. Berke los ua Khan ntau tom qab. Pelgusy, raws li cov lus dab neeg hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva, yog ib tug txwj laus nyob rau hauv lub Izhora av, tsis yog ib tug hauj sam. Nws tau lees tias, qhov tseeb, tau ntxeev siab rau Pskov rau cov neeg German, tab sis nws tsis yog ib qho voivode hauv Pskov tsuas yog vim tias tsis muaj voivods hauv Pskov hauv xyoo pua 13th. tsis yog, txij li lub nroog tau kav los ntawm tus kav nroog. Ivan Danilovich Sadko, yog hais tias puas tau muaj, ces, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, nyob rau hauv lub XII caug xyoo, thiab tsis nyob rau hauv lub XIII xyoo pua, ntxiv mus, nws yog ib tug Novgorodian, thiab tsis yog ib tug tub lag luam Volga. Lub chronicle paub txog qee yam Sotko Sytinich, uas tau tshwm sim hauv XII xyoo pua. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Boris thiab Gleb nyob rau hauv Novgorod. Qhov no Sotko yog tus qauv ntawm lub epic Sadko, tab sis yog vim li cas lub epic hero tau txais mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm zaj duab xis yog tsis meej.

Txawm tias ntau incomprehensible yog cov tsos ntawm tag nrho legendary hero - Vasily Buslaev nrog nws niam Amelfa Timofeevna. Lub caij no, cov kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem pom cov cim keeb kwm tiag tiag yog cov keeb kwm keeb kwm, thiab tsis yog libretto ntawm Opera "Sadko" thiab kev nco nyob deb ntawm epics nyeem thaum yau, ua qhov chaw rau lawv.

Cia peb txav mus rau qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm tsab ntawv nws tus kheej, muab faib ua tshooj, lossis ntu ntu. “Hloov thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg. Cov knights, lined li ib tug wedge, "zoo li ib tug npua", tawg mus rau hauv lub zos nyob ze Pskov " - qhov no yog li cas qhov scenario pib. Peb pom zoo tag nrho nrog cov neeg sau tsab ntawv uas kuv nyob hauv qib ua "npua" (uas yog, hauv ib lub voj voog), thiab txawm nyob rau hauv armor. nws nyuaj rau nyiag tej zos, qhov no piav qhia meej, "qhov ua pa hnyav ntawm cov tub rog."

Tab sis peb txuas ntxiv mus. Muaj kev ntxhov siab nyob rau hauv Pskov: "Nyob rau ntawm lub fortress phab ntsa ntawm lub voivode, tus tswv cem lub taub hau ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm Pskov, boyar Tverdila Ivanovich." Kuj tseem muaj "tsib puas-txiv neej" Pavsh, uas muab "npis Sov" tshem ntaj ntawm tus neeg ntxeev siab Tverdila. Peb tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias cov neeg sau tsab ntawv uas tus npis sov tau tshwm sim hauv Pskov tsuas yog los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, thaum tsuas yog cov kws sau ntawv paub txog txoj haujlwm ntawm "tsib puas": tsis muaj txoj haujlwm zoo li no hauv Pskov thiab Novgorod..

Tshooj thib ob ntawm tsab ntawv piav txog Pereyaslavl. Tsib tus neeg rub lub seine thiab hu nkauj. Txawm li cas los xij, Alexander Nevsky nws tus kheej yog cov neeg nuv ntses. Nws tab tom sib cav nrog qee tus Horde uas, pom tau tias, tsis paub tus tub huabtais, txawm hais tias nws raug xa mus rau nws. Nplooj, daim duab tsis raug, yuam cov Lavxias teb sab feudal tus tswv ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. rub lub seine nrog cov neeg nuv ntses. Txawm li cas los xij, tus poj niam ntawm "tus tub huabtais-lapotnik", twb tau hais los ntawm Bryachislavna, ua zaub qhwv kua zaub nws tus kheej thiab mus nqa dej.

Tshooj thib peb pib nrog kev piav qhia ntawm kev sib tham hauv Novgorod. Cov lus piav qhia no yuav tsum tau muab rau hauv nws tag nrho:

"Novgorod tab tom ua kev zoo siab rau kev sib tham zoo. Lub nroog zoo siab zoo li hnub so. Kab rustle. Cov tub lag luam hu nkauj ntawm lub khw. Muaj ib tug Persian ntaus ib tug tambourine, muaj ib tug Indian plays ib tug stringy zaj nkauj ntawm ib tug coj txawv txawv yeeb nkab; muaj Varangian hu nkauj, muaj cov Swede muab peb hu nkauj, Greek yog sim ua raws li nws. Polovchanin qhia txog kev cob qhia dais. Cov neeg nyob hauv Volga tab tom hu nkauj. Ib tug tub lag luam Venitsean hnav lub atlas ua si lub mandolin thiab hu nkauj lub serenade. Cov tub lag luam txawv teb chaws, zaum hauv lub voj voog, haus ale. Tsis nrov, lom zem, tsis quav ntsej ntawm kev ncaj ncees. Cov tawv nqaij, hma thiab sable furs, grain, carpentry. Bogomaz muag cov cim thiab sau tam sim ntawd rau qhov xav tsis thoob ntawm txhua tus neeg hla. Blacksmiths forge chain mail thiab, zoo li cov kws txiav plaub hau, tau ntsuas los ntawm tus neeg yuav khoom, tam sim ntawd ua qhov nws xav tau "(p. 109).

Lub nroog, ntawm chav kawm, tuaj yeem ua tau zoo li "hnub so ntawm kev zoo siab", tab sis leej twg tsis tau coj mus rau Novgorod los ntawm kev tsis paub tag nrho ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv, thiab nyob rau hauv 1242, thaum tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe ntshai tsam Tatar ntxeem tau. Ib tug tub lag luam Venetian tuaj ntawm no, txawm hais tias Novgorod tsis pauv nrog Venice. Los ntawm conflagrations ntawm yav qab teb Lavxias teb sab nroog, ib tug Greek mus txog. Polovtsian tuaj thiab. Nws coj ib tug dais nrog nws los ntawm treeless steppe, raws li cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov sab qaum teb, pom tau hais tias, yog tsis ntau. Ib qho "Varazhin" kuj tuaj txog. Tsis txhob nkim nws nrog ib tug Varangian, vim hais tias cov Varangians yog Scandinavians, thiab tsis tau tsuas yog hais tias tus Swede twb muab peb hu nkauj, Swedes, raws li koj paub, kuj yog Scandinavians.

Vim li cas cov tub lag luam ntau pab pawg tuaj? Kev lag luam? Tsis muaj. Lawv tuaj rau Novgorod, tau kov yeej cov kev phom sij loj, txhawm rau npaj kev sib txawv hauv kev ua raws li kev coj ua los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Sadko": Venitsean qhua nrog mandolin, Persian nrog tambourine, Indian nrog cov yeeb nkab. Nyob rau hauv lub bazaar, saw mail yog tsim los ntawm ib tug xav tsis thoob li dexterous craftsmen, uas peb "txias" shoemakers yuav khib. Tab sis Sadko yog tus neeg muag khoom zoo tshaj plaws, nws muaj lub cim rau ntawm lub tsev cia khoom: "Ivan Danilovich Sadko, tau tuaj txog ntawm cov av Persian." Cov khoom kim heev Kitich los ntawm Ostrovsky kev ua si lossis los ntawm Gorbunov cov dab neeg! Lub ntsiab lus tsuas yog hais txog cov cim hauv XIII xyoo pua. peb tsis paub dab tsi, thiab cov cim ntawm XIX caug xyoo. tau ntev tau piav ntau zaus.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws sau ntawv sai sai xaus nrog kev ncaj ncees thiab nyob rau ntawd, ntawm lub xwmfab, npaj lub veche, uas txiav txim siab hu rau Prince Alexander los tawm tsam cov Germans. Cov kws sau ntawv txuas ntxiv lawv txoj kev taug kev mus txog keeb kwm roob moj sab qhua ntxiv hauv tag nrho 18 ntu, lossis tshooj, ntawm tsab ntawv. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ua raws li tag nrho cov incongruities ntawm tsab ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv tshooj thib tsib, cov me thiab loj dua sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tus choj hla Volkhov. Qhov "tsawg" - rau kev hu ntawm Alexander, "loj" - rau "kev koom tes nrog cov Germans" (p. 113). Qhov tseeb, ob qho tib si loj thiab me tau tawm tsam cov neeg German, thaum Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tau txais kev txhawb nqa tsis yog los ntawm cov neeg tsawg, tab sis los ntawm cov loj. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, tus sau ntawm tsab ntawv kiag li nyob rau hauv vain muab Alexander uncharacteristic kev ywj pheej nta. Vasily Buslai, tau kawg, koom nrog kev sib ntaus ntawm tus choj.

Tshooj thib rau qhia tau hais tias cov neeg German ua haujlwm li cas hauv Pskov. Cov kev xav caij nyob rau hauv ib tug sleigh kos los ntawm cov ntxhais, zoo li lub legendary obrin ntawm thaum ntxov chronicle. Tsis tshua muaj passers-los ntawm poob ntawm lawv lub hauv caug thaum hla Tverdila, thiab lwm yam. Thiab qhov no yog ib tug zoo siab Lavxias teb sab ancient Pskov! Tsuas yog ua tiav qhov kev tsis paub keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab kev xav tsis zoo ntawm cov kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem them taus kom txo qis cov neeg zoo heev, uas txawm tias nyob rau xyoo nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm nws keeb kwm tsis pub lawv tus kheej raug thuam.

Nyob rau hauv tshooj kaum ib, ib tug mysterious ceremony tshwm sim: Tverdil yog "tso cai" ib tug tub rog. Ntawm cov tam sim no kuj muaj qee qhov "Norman knights", lub hauv paus ntawm uas tsuas yog paub rau cov neeg sau ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv tshooj kaum ob, ib lub wagon rushes hla teb. “Tus Khan tus Ambassador nyob hauv nws. Nws zaum, ntsia rau hauv lub tub rau khoom. Muaj ib lub nplhaib, lasso thiab dagger. Luag nyav, nws ntsia ntawm lub swb rog Russia” (p. 122). Peb tsis ntseeg tias Khan tus Ambassador yuav sib tw nyob rau hauv lub wagon. Tsis yog cov tub rog nkaus xwb, tab sis txawm tias cov txiv plig nyob hauv Russia feem ntau caij nees: thaum tsis muaj txoj kev zoo, nws nyuaj rau kev sib tw hauv tsheb. Lub nplhaib, lub lasso thiab lub dagger raug coj los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau los ntawm qee qhov tshiab; nws tsis paub meej tias vim li cas lawv thiaj xav tau nyob rau hauv keeb kwm scenario.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum peb rov, cov neeg pluag "princes", uas yog, cov me nyuam ntawm Alexander Nevsky, "pw ib sab nyob rau hauv ib tug lom zem armor nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub, muuttering nyob rau hauv lawv pw" (p. 122). Cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm tsab ntawv yuav tsawg kawg undress rau cov me nyuam, vim hais tias nws yog heev tsis xis nyob rau hauv pw tsaug zog armor, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub.

Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntu no yog qhov piav qhia ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej khov. Thiab tam sim no nws hloov tawm tias nws tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb yog Vasily Buslay, uas tau sib ntaus sib tua thaum kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog shafts. Alexander Nevsky qw hauv Latin thiab txiav tes ntawm Master Herman Balk. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog coj txawv txawv yog cov lus piav qhia ntawm "beastly hnav chud", qee cov neeg ib nrab, tau hu los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv los piav txog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Latvians thiab Estonians. Tag nrho qhov zoo kawg nkaus scene tsim nyog xaus nrog ib daim duab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, uas muaj qee yam Olga taug kev, nws kuj yog Petrovna (yav tas los Yaroslavna), tsis zoo li Bryachislavna, hu ua lub npe thiab patronymic. Nws tab tom nrhiav Vasily Buslay nrog lub teeb (!).

Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntxiv, nws tau hais tias Alexander mus rau Horde thiab tuag ntawm txoj kev rov qab los ntawm Kulikovo teb. Cov dab ntawm cov tub rog Dmitry Donskoy tshwm nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob … Yog tsis xav tau Alexander Nevsky tuag nyob rau hauv Gorodets nyob rau hauv lub Volga - lub Kulikov teb tau zoo ua tiav daim duab, thiab yog li tag nrho cov lus xaus! Peb tau teev tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm qhov yuam kev thiab kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv …

Peb kuj yuav tsum nyob ntawm cov lus sau. Cov lus ntawm ancient Russia tau txawv los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm nta thiab tsis ib txwm qiv nws tus kheej mus rau niaj hnub txhais. Cov kws sau ntawv tsis tas yuav tsum ua kom cov lus hais los ntawm cov cim hauv cov lus ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Tab sis lawv yuav tsum nrhiav txoj hauv kev los qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lus ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. Cov kws sau ntawv muaj ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm kev tsim cov lus qub Lavxias, txawm tias tom qab ntawd - qhov no yog cov lus ntawm "Boris Godunov" los ntawm Pushkin. Tab sis Pushkin sau ntau tshaj 100 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lavxias teb sab philology yuav luag tsis muaj nyob. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tau ua ib qho anachronism, thiab tsis yog vim nws yog ib tus kws kos duab ci ntsa iab, tab sis kuj vim nws mob siab kawm cov lus qub Lavxias.

Cov kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm txawv. Lawv txiav txim siab tias Cov Lus Laus Laus yog cov lus ntawm Leikin cov khw muag khoom thiab Ostrovsky cov tub lag luam, spiced ntxiv nrog Ostap Bender cov lus los ntawm Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj.

Yog li, piv txwv li, Buslay hais tias: “Zoo, nws zoo li cas - Kuv tsis paub… Vim li cas rub tus nyuj los ntawm tus Tsov tus tw” (p. 110). Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv peb pom cov gems nram qab no: “Thov, peb tsis xav ua rog” (p. 111); "Oo-oo, outrageous" (!); “Thiab koj yuav tsis muab peb tuag, koj tus ntsuj plig yog tus kab mob plague” (p. 127).

Thiab ntawm no yog li cas Alexander Nevsky nws tus kheej hais lus: "Lawv zais dab tsi?" (p. 121); “Kuv yog tus ua kev cai raus dej. Tsis zoo li koj, kuv tsis haus ale (!), Kuv tsis tau saj qab zib los ntawm txawv teb chaws” (p. 117); los yog “yuav tsum sib ntaus sib tua – tsis txhob rhuav ib tug neeg tuaj” (p. 118). Yuav ua li cas ntxiv rau cov lus no, tsuas yog hais ua ke nrog cov neeg sau ntawv: "Kev sau ntawv tsis yog kev ua yeeb yam kom tawg." Nco ntsoov tias lub tswvyim ntawm comedy tsis paub nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th.

Cov Tatars hais lus txawv txawv heev. Cov kws sau ntawv yuam kom lawv hais lus tsis txaus ntseeg uas tau txais los ntawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm chauvinistic: “Mus peb lub Horde, muaj ntau txoj haujlwm nyob ntawd” (p. 108); "Nyob rau hauv ib tug npau suav"; "Nws yeej cov Swedes, tab sis cov Czechs yeej peb", thiab lwm yam. (p. 119). Cov Germans tsis poob qab cov Tatars ib yam: "Zer plab yog ib tug nees. Korosh, korosh” (p. 116); los yog “Auj, luv” (p. 116); Cov Pawxia tsis poob qab: “Ua kom lub nroog zoo siab, lub nroog zoo nkauj” (p. 112).

Tab sis, tej zaum, tsab ntawv qhov tsis txaus yog theej los ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus ideological? Alas, sab no kuj yog ceg tawv hauv tsab ntawv. Nws tsis yog los ntawm lub caij nyoog uas cov kws sau ntawv ua rau Alexander Nevsky ib tug lapotnik; nws tsis yog los ntawm lub caij nyoog uas lawv tau hloov ib qho kev tshwm sim keeb kwm zoo kawg nkaus rau hauv qee yam "miracle": Russia ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. depicts nws pluag thiab kev phem. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Rus no yog cov lus dab neeg thiab, ntxiv rau, cov yeeb yaj kiab tsis zoo li Vasily Buslai los yog neeg thov khawv thiab cov hauj sam. Nyob rau hauv Pskov, thov khawv Avvakum hu cov tub rog tub rog, nws hu nkauj: "Mus sawv, neeg Lavxias teb sab." Tus neeg thov khawv laus hais tias: “Peb yuam kom cov lag luam Lavxias yuav tsum nco ntsoov. Sawv, cov neeg Russians. Sawv, ntaus” (p. 107). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog muab rau qee tus vaj ntxwv Pelgusius, uas cov kws sau ntawv tau muab cov txwj laus hauv thaj av Izhora. Pelgusius yog lub ntsiab agitator.

Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov "lawv ntxhi, gasped, swore nyob rau hauv lub Novgorodian regiments" (p. 123); “Cov Novgorod dodgers qw thiab foom tsis zoo” (p. 124). Wretched, bastard Russia saib los ntawm txhua qhov chaw ntawm tus sau tsab ntawv. Txhua haiv neeg muaj zog tshaj nws, tag nrho cov kab lis kev cai, thiab tsuas yog ib qho "miracle" cawm nws ntawm kev ua qhev German. Ntau npaum li cas qhov no yog los ntawm keeb kwm kev muaj tiag. Cov tub rog hlau ntawm Novgorod thiab Pskov yeej cov Germans thiab Swedes tsis yog "miracle", raws li cov kws sau ntawv xav ua pov thawj, tab sis los ntawm lawv lub siab tawv thiab kev hlub rau lawv lub tebchaws. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Ice tsuas yog qhov txuas tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov saw ntawm Lavxias teb sab yeej tshaj cov Germans. Thiab contemporaries zoo kawg nkaus to taub qhov no.

Nov yog cov lus uas niaj hnub piav qhia txog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv: "Tom qab Aleksandrov yeej, zoo li kev kov yeej huab tais (ntawm Sweden), peb xyoos, thaum lub caij ntuj no, peb yuav mus rau German thaj av hauv lub zog loj, tab sis lawv tsis khav ntawm tus dej: "Peb yuav hais lus Slovenian". Lub nroog ntawm Pleskov twb coj ntau byash thiab lawv cog tiuni. Cov tib tus tub huabtais Alexander raug ntes, thiab lub nroog ntawm Pskov raug tso tawm thiab thaj av ntawm lawv cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua, thiab lawv tau raug coj mus ntau dua yam tsis muaj tus lej, tab sis tawm ntawm lawv. Inii Hradi, txawm li cas los xij, copulated nrog Germanicity thiab txiav txim siab: "Cia peb mus, peb yuav swb Alexander thiab nws imam nrog peb tus kheej tes." Thaum twg lawv cov neeg saib xyuas los ze dua thiab ochyutish, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Alexander tau tuav caj npab tawm tsam lawv thiab npog lub pas dej nrog cov neeg coob coob ntawm ob lub suab quaj … … rov qab los nrog kev yeej zoo kawg nkaus Prince Alexander. " Yog tias cov kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm tiag tiag ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, lawv tuaj yeem nkag siab txog kev zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj ntawm peb yav dhau los thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov ntawv tsim nyog ntawm lub npe "Rus" thiab keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias.

QHOV TSEEB

Kev tshuaj xyuas thawj zaug ntawm zaj duab xis tsab ntawv "Alexander Nevsky" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv phau ntawv journal "Historian-Marxist", 1938, No. 3, pp. 92-96.

Rov nyeem nws 35 xyoo tom qab cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab ci ntsa iab tau tshwm sim ntawm qhov screen, nws yog ib qho yooj yim kom pom lub suab hnyav heev ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas thiab muaj nyob rau hauv nws ntawm qee qhov kev cai tsis tsim nyog hais txog kev qhia txog epic thiab kos duab duab tsim los ntawm scriptwriters rau hauv zaj duab xis keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los xij, ob qho tib si raug txiav txim tsis yog los ntawm kev xav tsim txom cov ntawv ntawm txhua tus nqi, tab sis los ntawm kev txhawj xeeb rau kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab tag nrho, muaj tseeb rau qhov tseeb keeb kwm, uas yuav yog zaj nkauj rau kev ua siab loj thiab kev siv ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv hauv lawv. kev tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej ntawm Niam Txiv, yuav ua rau cov tswv yim siab ntawm Soviet kev hlub tshua …

Tom qab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm M. N. Tikhomirov, kev sib tham ntawm qhov scenario "Rus" tau raug xa mus rau kev tshuaj xyuas rau cov kws tshaj lij ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Novgorod, lub taub hau ntawm Novgorod archaeological ntoj ke mus kawm, prof. A. V. Artsikhovsky. Cov kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm nws qhov kev tshuaj xyuas ntxaws tau ua ke nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm M. N. Tikhomirov.

CM. Eisenstein thiab P. A. Pavlenko coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov kev thuam thiab kev xav uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev tshuaj xyuas thiab reworked tsab ntawv ob zaug. Teb rau kev thuam, lawv tau sau tias: “… Raws li txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb uas peb tau ua nrog kev koom tes nrog cov neeg sau keeb kwm, tsab ntawv "Rus" tau xaus nws lub neej nyob rau ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm. Nws successor yog qhov scenario "Alexander Nevsky", nyob rau hauv uas, raws li nws zoo li peb, peb tswj kom tsis txhob muaj keeb kwm kev ywj pheej … "(Literaturnaya Gazeta, Plaub Hlis Ntuj 26, 1938). Txhawm rau koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm zaj duab xis, prof. A. V. Artsikhovsky.

Raws li nws nco qab, S. M. Eisenstein, txawm hais tias lub suab tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm M. N. Tikhomirov, txaus siab rau nws heev thiab lees txais feem ntau ntawm cov lus. Yog li, nws tau tshem tawm tag nrho cov ntsiab lus "Tatar-Mongolian" ntawm tsab ntawv, tshem tawm cov keeb kwm tsis raug, thiab ua haujlwm ntau yam ntsig txog cov lus ntawm cov cim. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, S. M. Eisenstein tiv thaiv tus kws kos duab txoj cai rau nws kev txhais cov keeb kwm thiab epic cim, muab lawv cov yam ntxwv tshiab, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xwm txheej. Qhov no tau txais cov lus pom tseeb tshaj plaws hauv kev khaws cia cov duab ntawm Vasily Buslai thiab nws niam hauv zaj duab xis.

Txog keeb kwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tsab ntawv thiab zaj duab xis "Alexander Nevsky" S. M. Eisenstein hais txog hauv Autobiographical Notes, luam tawm posthumously hauv thawj ntim ntawm nws cov ntawv sau. (S. M. Eisenstein. Xaiv tej hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv 6 ntim, vol. I. M., 1964, p. 500). Tib tsab ntawv luam tawm qhov kev hloov kho kawg ntawm tsab ntawv rau zaj duab xis "Alexander Nevsky" nrog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws los ntawm cov ntawv ntim, uas qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, nws kev sib tham thiab tshuaj xyuas (ibid., Vol. VI. M., 1971, pp. 153-196 - script, pp. 545-547 - comment).

Zaj movie los ntawm S. M. Eisenstein's "Alexander Nevsky" tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov yeeb yam ntawm Soviet xinesmas, thiab nws cov neeg tsim khoom tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv Xeev hauv xyoo 1941.

Xyoo 1947 P. A. Pavlenko reworked tsab ntawv rau hauv zaj duab xis zaj dab neeg "Alexander Nevsky" (PA Pavlenko. Xaiv. M., 1949). Nyob rau hauv zaj duab xis zaj dab neeg no, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub posthumous tsab ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, P. A. Pavlenko tshem tawm cov lus thuam heev, tab sis rau qee qhov tsis paub yog vim li cas rov qab los tsis yog tag nrho Tatar-Mongolian ib feem ntawm tsab ntawv "Rus", tab sis kuj tag nrho nws qhov tseeb yuam kev, keeb kwm tsis sib haum xeeb thiab qhov tsis zoo hauv cov lus ntawm cov cim, kho thiab tsis tuaj. zaj duab xis (PA Collected works in 6 volumes, vol. 6. M., 1955, pp. 190-191, 195-198, 202, 204, 206-209, 212, 214-220, 223-226, 230-223.) …