Lub nroog nyob qhov twg? Ntu 10. Cov pov thawj ntawm dej nyab

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-02-02 00:57

Lub tswv yim los sau ib tsab xov xwm hais txog Aral tuaj rau kuv tau ntev, tab sis txawm tias kuv tsis nyob hauv lub siab, lossis kev ua haujlwm tsis pub kuv cuam tshuam nrog ntau tsab ntawv. Tam sim no 2014 tab tom los txog, cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj kev sib tham, muaj haujlwm tsawg thiab kuv muaj lub siab xav hais tawm.

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1986, txoj hmoo tau cuam tshuam kuv mus rau thaj tsam Kyzyl-Orda, tsis yog ntawm kuv tus kheej lub siab nyiam, kuv tsuas yog yuav tsum tau them rov qab cov nuj nqis rau kuv lub tebchaws, tab sis nyob rau hnub ntawd nws tsis yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, tab sis kuj yog lub luag haujlwm los ntawm uas nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau evade, nws tig tawm kom tsis txhob tsuas yog ib tug ntawm ib txhiab.

Lub liab qab, qhuav steppe crushed nrog nws infinity thiab emptiness txawm los ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau qhov rais, lub Tyura-Tam chaw nres tsheb tos txais peb nrog acrid tsis hnov tsw ntawm qhuav reeds, thiab tshwj xeeb saj ntawm lub tseem unheated suab puam, nws yog lub kawg ntawm lub rau hli ntuj, tsib. thaum sawv ntxov.

Omitting cov ntsiab lus, kuv yuav hais - nws coj kuv mus rau Baikonur. Vim lub fact tias tom qab kuv rov qab kuv twb muaj thawj chav kawm ntawm lub Polytechnic lub koom haum, tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub computer thiab electronic khoom tsim engineer, kuv tsis paub los ntawm hearsay dab tsi hluav taws xob tam sim no. Kuv tau txais kev cob qhia ntawm 31 qhov chaw. Nyob ntawd peb yuav tsum tau mus hla Crimea, Rum thiab tooj liab kav, nrog rau 48 degrees hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo thiab ntau ntxiv.

Suab puam nkoj.

Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb … Thaum khawb trenches nyob rau hauv lub steppe raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus "los ntawm no mus txog rau thaum noj su", kuv feem ntau tuaj hla seashells nyob rau hauv cov xuab zeb, tsis yog dej-nyias-walled, uas yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi mus rau qhov sib thooj. ntawm Syr Darya, tab sis hiav txwv, nrog cov phab ntsa tuab thiab muaj zog.

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1987, ua ntej thawj zaug ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws xob Energia nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw 92nd, raws li tus tub ceev xwm, kuv tau txib ib pab tub rog uas faus lub plhaub ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws Proton rau hauv av, ua qhov chaw zoo heev rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Vim qhov tseeb tias txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub hull yog 4.1 meters, lub qhov yuav tsum tau khawb 7 meters tob.

Hauv qab theem ntawm 80 centimeters muaj seashells, thiab tsuas yog tob tshaj 1,5 m. yog homogeneous xuab zeb thiab av nplaum xim av. Kuv txawm coj ob peb daim los tsev, nws yog ib qho kev khuv xim lawv tau ploj tom qab.

Ob peb kab ntawm kev nco

Hauv av complex ntawm UR-200 foob pob ua ntxaij (khoom 334) suav nrog cov chaw hauv qab no ntawm Baikonur cosmodrome:

• site no. 90 - sim sib ntaus sib tua txoj hauj lwm;

• Site No. 91 - IS thiab US spacecraft filling station;

• Site No. 92 - technical position ntawm IS thiab US spacecraft;

• platform No. 93 - pyrotechnic txoj hauj lwm;

• Site No. 94 - technical position of Ministry of Medium Machine Building;

• site No. 94A - txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb;

• qhov chaw No. 95 - thaj chaw nyob;

• site No. 96 - xov tooj cua tswj chaw;

• site No. 97 - ntsuas point;

• platform No. 98 - unloading platform.

Kev tsim kho ntawm 90s pib thaum Lub Ob Hlis - Lub Peb Hlis 1962.

MIC (kev sib dhos thiab kev sim ua haujlwm) thaum lub neej, qhov chaw 92.

Tshaj tawm ntawm LV Cyclone los ntawm SC pl. 90.

Tshaj tawm ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws Proton los ntawm lub dav hlau 200 square (ces cov foob pob hluav taws tseem tawm mus).

Site 95 (chaw nyob).

Tam sim no qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no yog ntxhuav

Tag nrho cov uas tseem tshuav ntawm yav tas los greatness.

Tom qab ntawd, thaum kuv tseem hluas, kuv tsis tau xav tias qhov twg seashells nyob rau hauv steppe, xyaum nyob rau hauv cov suab puam, tab sis lub sij hawm tau los. Kuv yuav tsis rub tus miv los ntawm tus Tsov tus tw ntev, cia peb saib ntawm Aral-Caspian phiab los ntawm qhov chaw ua ke, Googlemaps yuav pab peb.

Cov ntaub ntawv rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2013. Lub hiav txwv Aral tau ploj mus, nws tsis yog, thiab yuav tsis muaj.

Nov yog cov duab ntxiv

…thiab lwm yam

Kuv xav tias qhov ziab ntawm Aral Hiav Txwv yog ib qho yooj yim los xam.

Thiab tam sim no cia peb rov qab mus rau 200-300 xyoo, saib qee daim npav los ntawm lwm lub kaum sab xis, thiab ib ntus tsis nco qab txog dab tsi keeb kwm yav dhau los qhia peb.

Daim ntawv qhia txog lig 18th caug xyoo. (Lub Hiav Txwv Aral yog loj dua nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th).

Mid-19th caug xyoo daim ntawv qhia ntawm Aral Hiav Txwv, official qhov chaw hais txog 1853.

17th century map.

Hiav Txwv Dub, Hiav Txwv Caspian thiab Hiav Txwv Aral yog ib qho tag nrho, tsuas yog hiav txwv nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Sab hnub poob Siberia yog dej nyab, Volga channel yog ib qho chaw ntawm Baltic mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub-Caspian-Aral phiab, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws Europe yog cais los ntawm Asia.

Fragment ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia 1578

16th century map (1561). Lub hiav txwv nkaus xwb uas tau piav qhia los ntawm cov neeg taug kev ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.

Fernão Vaz Dourado (1520 - 1580), Goa 1570.

Gerard-de-Jode-Asia-Partum-Orbis-Maxima-1593.

Daim ntawv qhia txog lig 17th caug xyoo.

Tabula Russiae ex autographo, quod delineandum curavit Foedor filius Tzaris Boris desumta; thiab ad fluvias Dwinam, Zuchanam, aliaque Loca, quantum ex tabulis et notitus ad nos delatis fieri poluit, amplificata: ac Magno Domino, Tzari, et Magno Duci Michael Foedrowits omnium Russorum Autocratori Wolodimeriaestar, Mosorigarestar, Mosoviaestar, Sibiriae, Domino Plescoviae Magno Duei Smolenscoviae, Otweriae, Lugoriae, Permiae, Wiatkiae, Bulgariae et: Iten Domino et Magno Duci Novogradie Inferioris ets: Domino regiorum Iveriae Kartalinie. M.

L'Asie, Paris, 1700.

Theatrum historicum "Atlas nouveau", Amsterdam, 1742.

Daim ntawv qhia keeb kwm ntawm Roman Empire thiab cov neeg nyob sib ze barbarian.

Ntawm daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Great Tartary ntawm 16-17th centuries, muaj tib lub hiav txwv uas lub Volga, Syr Darya thiab Amu Darya ntws. Qhov tseeb ntawm daim duab qhia chaw yog qhov siab heev, cov ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lwm lub hiav txwv thiab txawm tias cov pas dej me me tau qhia meej heev, yog li qhov yuam kev tsis suav nrog.

Maps ntawm Tartary

Yog tias hnub no peb thaij duab tiag tiag ntawm Aral-Caspian phiab, saib xyuas nws ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev nce siab ntawm lub cev nrog kev hloov kho ntawm +50 meters, peb yuav tau txais daim duab hauv qab no (qhov no yog qhov kev xav ntxhib heev, tab sis nws yuav siv qhov chaw BE).

Muab piv nrog qhov no

Cov lus tawm tswv yim los ntawm qhov chaw "Living History": Sau Andras.

Qhov no tej zaum yuav muaj tseeb heev. Kev tswj cov dej ntws yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub xeev, thiab ntau dua li qhov zoo thiab tsim kho raws li Tartary. Kev ziab sai sai ntawm Hiav Txwv Aral yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no, sai li sai tau thaum cov dej theem hauv hiav txwv mus txog qhov tseem ceeb, thaum nws pib sov los ntawm thiab dhau mus thiab hauv qab tau rhuab, dej xyaum tau boiled. Rau 30 xyoo nws tau boiled. Xyoo 1960, nws qhov ntim yog 1,083 cubic kilometers, nrog thaj tsam ntawm 69,000 square kilometers. Tam sim no nws tsawg dua 50 cubic kilometers, nrog thaj tsam ntawm 13,000 square kilometers … 5-8 xyoo tshuav … thiab yog nws.

Nco ntsoov lub tsev kawm ntawv, kuv yuav hais ib yam, Kuv xav tsis thoob vim li cas lub Caspian thiab Aral hu ua seas, lawv yog cov pas dej uas tsis txuas nrog dej hiav txwv nyob qhov twg, xws li Issyk-Kul, Balkhash. Qhov tsuas yog qhov chaw ntawm cov dej rau lawv yog cov dej qab zib thiab qhov ntawd yog tag nrho, yog li vim li cas lawv cov dej iab-kub. Tus me nyuam txoj kev xav tau tawm tsam tus xib fwb cov lus piav qhia tsis meej, tab sis qhov kev xav tau yeej tawm, zoo li ib txwm: tus kws qhia ntawv laus dua, yog li nws paub ntau dua. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem siab, kuv xam tus nqi ntawm evaporation ntawm cov dej ntawm lub Caspian thiab Aral Hiav txwv, coj mus rau hauv tus account cov dej tshiab los ntawm cov dej ntws, kom cov seas nyob rau hauv tib lub climatic cheeb tsam thiab nyob rau tib lub latitude. Nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj, thaj tsam thiab ntim cov ntaub ntawv tau muab los ntawm atlas, tus nqi evaporation thiab kub los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, tsis muaj leej twg zais cov qauv. Ib qho txawv txawv tshwm sim, tus kws qhia ntawv hais tias: cov ntaub ntawv yuam kev. Nws muab tawm tias nyob rau hauv 50 xyoo lub Aral Hiav txwv yuav tsis muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho, thiab lub Caspian yuav ua ntiav los ntawm 10% los yog 20-35 meters, nws yog 1983. Nws siv 30 xyoo, thiab … cov ntaub ntawv tau hloov mus ua txhua yam.

Cov duab qhia tseeb heev ntawm dej nyab ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tom qab melting ntawm tus ncej glaciers tau muab tso ua ke los ntawm Gordon Michael Scallion.

Kuv coj lawv los rau koj mloog: Scallion qhov kev kwv yees.

Daim ntawv qhia dej nyab

• Central Russia (312 Kb)

• Stavropol thiab Caucasus (219 Kb)

• North-West thiab North Russia (264 Kb)

• Russia, European part (1) (88 Kb)

• Russia, European part (2) (94, 6 Kb)

• Russia, Volga thiab Caucasus (94, 4 Kb)

• Russia, Sab Qab Teb Ural (68, 4 Kb)

• Russia, Western Siberia (1) (119 Kb)

• Russia, Western Siberia (2) (95, 1 Kb)

• Russia, North (1) (63, 1 Kb)

• Russia, North (2) (61, 5 Kb)

• Russia, North (3) (102 Kb)

• Russia, Far East (1) (101 Kb)

• Russia, Far East (2) (112 Kb)

• Russia, Far East (3) (85, 9 Kb)

• Russia, Baikal (105 Kb)

• Russia, Sakhalin (86, 4 Kb)

• Moldova (14, 2 Kb)

• Ukraine (65,9 Kb)

• Belarus (32,7 Kb)

• Kazakhstan (79,8 Kb)

• Turkmenistan (31, 6 Kb)

• Azerbaijan (29, 6 Kb)

• Georgia (21,4 Kb)

• Finland (53, 3 Kb)

• Estonia (24,5 Kb)

• Latvia (26, 3 Kb)

• Lithuania (20, 6 Kb)

• Tebchaws Poland (51, 9 Kb)

• Romania (59, 9 Kb)

• Tuam Tshoj (191 Kb)

• Israel (17,4 Kb)

• USA (413 Kb)

Thawj lub hiav txwv qhuav kom pom yog Hiav Txwv Tuag hauv Ixayees.

Qhov siab tshaj hiav txwv theem: rho tawm 427 m.

Thaj tsam li 810 km²

Nqe 147 (pib 325) km³

Qhov siab tshaj plaws - 377 m

Mineralization hom - ntsev

Salinity: 300-350 ‰

Cov dej ntws ntws: Jordan

Cia peb saib hnub no cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Hiav Txwv Caspian:

Qhov siab tshaj hiav txwv theem: rho tawm 28 m.

Thaj Chaw - 371,000 km²

Volume - 78 200 km³

Qhov ntev ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv yog 7000 km.

Qhov tob tshaj plaws yog 1025 m.

Qhov nruab nrab qhov tob yog 208 m.

Hom mineralization yog me ntsis salted.

Salinity txog 13%

Thaj Chaw - 3 626 000 km²

Cov dej ntws ntws: Volga, Ural, Terek, Kura, thiab lwm yam.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov neeg nyob hauv zos tau pib pom tias ntug dej hiav txwv Caspian - lub pas dej hiav txwv tshwj xeeb tsis txuas nrog dej hiav txwv - tau ploj mus, thiab cov chaw nyob ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv tau "tshem tawm" los ntawm dej. Txij li thaum xyoo 30s, cov kws tshawb fawb (Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Turkmen, Lavxias) tau nyiam qhov tshwm sim no. Los ntawm 70s, lawv tau xaus lus tias theem ntawm Caspian tau txo qis irreversibly. Cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig uas tau ua haujlwm ntau dua los ntawm lub sijhawm no tau suab lub tswb nrov hauv xov xwm: Caspian tau tuag! Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm evaporation tus nqi, lub reservoir occupies ib tug ntawm cov thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no! Ecologists txawm muab tso rau hauv lub sij hawm: Lub Hiav Txwv Tshiab Tuag, thaum lub hiav txwv Aral tau qhuav ntawm tus nqi kaum zaus.

Cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no ntawm Aral:

Thaj chaw seem 13,000 km²

Cov dej ntws ntws: Syr Darya, Amu Darya thiab qhov ntawd yog nws.

Tsis ntev tas los no muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv qib ntawm Hiav Txwv Aral. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv qab reeding, cov seem ntawm cov ntoo uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw tau pom. Yav dhau los, Aral Hiav Txwv tau txuas nrog Hiav Txwv Caspian. Txog 1573, Amu Darya ntws raws Uzboy caj npab mus rau hauv hiav txwv Caspian, thiab tus dej Turgai - mus rau hauv Aral. Piv txwv li, daim ntawv qhia sau los ntawm Greek tus kws tshawb fawb Claudius Ptolemy (II xyoo pua AD) qhia txog Aral thiab Caspian Seas, tus dej Zerafshan thiab Amu Darya ntws mus rau hauv Caspian.

Ntiaj teb daim ntawv qhia los ntawm Geography los ntawm Claudius Ptolemy nyob rau hauv 1478 ib tsab.

Strabo ntiaj teb daim ntawv qhia

Daim ntawv qhia ntawm Herodotus ~ 450 BC e.

Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub ncauj lus - cov dej hiav txwv tau tso tseg tom qab cov dej khov yaj tau yaj 12,000 xyoo dhau los, kuv tau ntim me ntsis. Dej khov yog cov khoom tshiab, uas txhais tau hais tias ntsev hauv dej tsis haum rau qhov kev xav no. Qhov kev piav qhia yooj yim tshaj plaws, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, yog qhov tseeb tshaj plaws. Cov dej ntsev hauv Aral thiab Hiav Txwv Caspian, ib yam li hauv Hiav Txwv Dub, tau txais los ntawm dej hiav txwv sib tshooj thoob plaws tebchaws. Vim tias muaj cov roob siab heev nyob rau sab qab teb, nws txoj kev nteg los ntawm sab qaum teb.

Tam sim no nws tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kuv vim qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog qhov nws tau tshwm sim tsis ntev los no, thiab ntau npaum li cas cov cataclysms tshwm sim.

Mangyshlak Peninsula yog ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm lub hiav txwv qhuav.

Nthuav pom ntawm Mangyshlak

Tag nrho tsab xov xwm tuaj yeem sau txog cov pob zeb ntawm Magyshlak, txawm tias …

twb muaj xws li ib tsab xov xwm: Giant globular nodules thiab septarian nodules.

Ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab nthuav dav heev ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tham, muaj ntau cov lus teb rau kuv cov lus nug, Kuv tseem yuav hais ntau dhau.

Faroese astroblem Lub hnub qub qhov txhab ntawm Apocalypse

Qhov tseeb hais tias Hiav Txwv Dub siv los ua lub pas dej tshiab tau hais nrov nrov tsis ntev los no. Cov txheej txheem hydrogen sulfide tuaj qhov twg hauv Hiav Txwv Dub?

Qhov tseeb tias theem ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub tau qis dua yog pov thawj los ntawm ntau qhov kev pom, piv txwv li, tsab xov xwm no: Lub nroog qhov tsua tau pom nyob hauv qab ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Crimean. Yuav luag tag nrho nws lub neej yog tsom rau saum npoo, 100-meter txheej ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub. Sib sib zog nqus - mus rau qhov tob tshaj 2 kilometers, tsuas muaj ob peb hom kab mob; tsis muaj tsiaj lossis nroj tsuag, vim tias tsis muaj oxygen hauv dej. Raws li salinity, qhov ntom ntawm cov dej kuj hloov. Qhov feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov organic tseem nyob hauv cov av hauv qab ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub thiab hydrogen sulfide rau hauv dej hiav txwv tau coj los ntawm cov tsiaj, algae thiab cov nroj tsuag uas tuag thiab raug coj los rau hauv nws nrog kev nce siab hauv salinity, tom qab dej hiav txwv tau txais. rau hauv nws. Cov dej tshiab thiab fauna tuag, nws tau hloov los ntawm marine.

Dej hiav txwv tuaj txog ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub los ntawm sab hnub tuaj.

Qhov siab rooj.

Nws tsuas yog rov faib dej los ntawm cov glaciers yaj los ntawm lub hau ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Arctic, txawm hais tias kuv ntseeg tias muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau dua: kev hloov ntawm cov ncej, lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub meteorite, nce lossis txo hauv hnub ci, thiab lwm yam. Lub ntiaj teb no tsis yooj yim thiab defenseless, dab tsi yog ib lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv lub teev ntawm galaxy?

Muaj dej nyab, thiab lawv dim ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas lawv ua tau. Qhov no yog li cas lawv tau txais kev cawmdim niaj hnub no.

Nws yog tau hais tias lub Trans-Volga Great Wall yog ib tug tim khawv ntawm qhov kev puas tsuaj dej nyab - ib tug hydraulic qauv tsim los ua kom cov dej nce nyob rau hauv lub channel ntawm lub Volga.

Fortifications nyob rau hauv Siberia ntawm lub Irtysh. Rau dab tsi? Nrog leej twg mus tua tsiaj qus, tsis muaj neeg nyob?

Lub thiaj li hu ua "Serpent Shafts" kuj tseem nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ukraine.

Keeb kwm ntawm lawv keeb kwm thiab lub hom phiaj tseem tsis meej. Siv lub ntiaj teb rampart nrog ib qhov siab ntawm 12-15 meters thiab ib tug ntev ntawm 14 txhiab kilometers, raws li ib tug tiv thaiv qauv, nyob rau hauv kuv xav, yog ruam.

Tab sis yog tias peb xav txog tias lawv tau sim tiv thaiv cov teb thiab kev thaj yeeb los ntawm kev nce siab ntawm dej thiab nws txoj kev hloov mus rau hauv cov channel ntawm Dnieper, ces txhua yam yuav poob rau hauv qhov chaw. Thiab tej zaum Robert Hubert (1733-1808) yog txoj cai thaum nws pleev xim rau cov ruins ntawm cov nroog qub hauv Tebchaws Europe. Nws ntxuav txhua yam thiab txhua tus. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau ntxuav tawm - keeb kwm tiag tiag.

Lwm tus kws kos duab uas tau ntes cov dej nyab tom qab dej nyab ntawm Tebchaws Europe, Giovanni Battista Piranesi (Italian Giovanni Battista Piranesi, los yog Giambattista Piranesi; 1720-1778) - Italian archaeologist, architect thiab nraaj artist, engraver, draftsmantur, tus tswv ntawm architec.

Nov yog qee qhov ntawm nws cov ntawv luam tawm.

Hauv qab no qhov txuas no yog cov duab ntawm ib lub hav zoov sawv ntawm qab hiav txwv. Lwm cov pov thawj ntsiag to ntawm dej nyab

Qhov hais txog dej nyab thoob ntiaj teb nrog, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, nws qhov tseeb tshaj plaws kev sib tham, kuj yog nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg sau. Nov yog "History of the Old and New Testaments" reprinted in 1820

Phau ntawv tag nrho yog NTAWM NO: A Brief Sacred History of the Old and New Testaments, rau kev tsim kho cov me nyuam.

Hnub tim ntawm "pib dej nyab" yog qhia rau hnub ze tshaj plaws.

Hnub tim los ntawm "kawg dej nyab" kuj tsis pub leejtwg paub.

Ib qho kev soj ntsuam ntxaws ntawm cov ntawv no nyob ntawm no: LUB SIJ HAWM TIV THAIV TIV THAIV TIV THAIV, YUAV TSUM TAU TXAIS LUB SIJ HAWM TAM SIM NO TSIS XAIV.

Yog tias peb nce qib dej hiav txwv tsuas yog 200 meters, peb yuav muaj cov duab zoo li no,

thiab qhov chaw nres tsheb Nau-a lub nkoj ze ntawm Mount Ararat tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm nyuaj.

… tsab xov xwm yog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sau, tsis txhob txiav txim nruj.