Cov thev naus laus zis ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej uas tsis xav txhais rau hauv lub ntiaj teb

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Los ntawm kuv qhov kev xav, cov no yog cov lus dag ib txwm ntawm cov kab mob. Thiab tag nrho cov no tsuas yog ua rau cov txiaj ntsig (profit)!

Rau kev vam meej tam sim no, txhua yam no tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm Tesla. Tab sis cov cab kuj tau nkag siab meej tias yog tias tib neeg tau txais kev siv hluav taws xob dawb, lawv yuav xaus.

Tag nrho cov inventions tau muab zais rau hauv daim ntaub, qhov twg lawv tag nrho tam sim no.

Thiab qhov no yuav txuas ntxiv mus txog rau thaum lub sijhawm tam sim no txoj kev loj hlob ntawm "kev tshawb fawb" tsis faus nws tus kheej hauv qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tiag tiag. Thiab ob tus kab mob yuav tso tseg thiab qhib lub hauv siab nrog kev tsim ntawm txhua tus kws tshawb fawb uas lawv tau tua (uas tsis zoo li.)

Los yog cov cab yuav sim dua los npaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb nplai txhawm rau tsav txhua tus rov qab mus rau Hnub Nyoog Pob Zeb thiab pib dua - rau lawv qhov no yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws.

Peb yuav "noj" nrog dab tsi?

Nws yog qhov tsis zoo, tab sis txawm tias txoj hauv kev zoo kawg nkaus uas cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau ua dhau los 30 xyoo dhau los, txhua lub xov tooj ntawm tes tseem tau nruab nrog cov roj teeb lithium-ion, uas nkag mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam thaum ntxov li xyoo 1991, thaum lub CD player ib txwm yog qhov kawg ntawm engineering. xav nyob rau hauv portable technology.

Ntau yam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov qauv tshiab hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau ntsuas los ntawm lub sijhawm tsis txaus ntawm lub zog ntawm cov khoom siv no los ntawm lub roj teeb txawb. Cov xab npum tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam yuav tau nce mus tom ntej ntev dhau los, tab sis lawv tau khaws cia los ntawm "txheej txheem" ntawm lub roj teeb.

Cia peb saib seb cov thev naus laus zis twg tuaj yeem hloov pauv lub ntiaj teb ntawm electronics yav tom ntej.

Ua ntej, me ntsis keeb kwm

Feem ntau, cov roj teeb lithium-ion (Li-ion) yog siv hauv cov khoom siv mobile (laptops, mobile phones, PDAs thiab lwm yam). Qhov no yog vim lawv qhov zoo dua li yav dhau los siv nickel-hlau hydride (Ni-MH) thiab nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) roj teeb.

Li-ion roj teeb muaj ntau yam zoo dua. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov roj teeb Ni-Cd muaj ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb: muaj peev xwm muab cov dej ntws tawm siab. Cov cuab yeej no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum lub hwj chim laptops lossis lub xov tooj ntawm tes (qhov chaw ntawm Li-ion nce mus txog 80% thiab lawv feem ntau dhau los), tab sis muaj ob peb yam khoom siv uas haus cov dej ntws siab, piv txwv li, txhua yam. ntawm cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob shavers, thiab lwm yam P. Txog tam sim no, cov khoom siv no tau yuav luag tshwj xeeb ntawm cov roj teeb Ni-Cd. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog kev txwv tsis pub siv cadmium raws li RoHS cov lus qhia, kev tshawb fawb txog kev tsim cov roj teeb uas tsis muaj cadmium nrog lub siab tawm tam sim no tau nce zuj zus.

Cov hlwb tseem ceeb (" roj teeb ") nrog lub lithium anode tshwm sim thaum ntxov 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thiab pom sai sai pom daim ntawv thov vim lawv lub zog tshwj xeeb thiab lwm yam zoo. Yog li, lub siab xav mus ntev los tsim cov tshuaj tam sim no nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm txo qis tshaj plaws, cov hlau alkali, tau pom, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog ua haujlwm ntawm lub roj teeb thiab nws lub zog tshwj xeeb. Yog tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thawj cov hlwb nrog lithium anode tau crowned nrog kev ua tau zoo sai heev thiab cov hlwb khov kho tau coj lawv qhov chaw los ua cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rau cov khoom siv nqa tau yooj yim, tom qab ntawd kev tsim cov roj teeb lithium tau khiav mus rau hauv cov teeb meem tseem ceeb, uas tau siv ntau tshaj 20 xyoo los kov yeej.

Tom qab ntau qhov kev sim thoob plaws hauv xyoo 1980, nws tau pom tias qhov teeb meem ntawm lithium roj teeb yog twisted ntawm lithium electrodes. Ntau qhov tseeb, nyob ib ncig ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lithium: cov txheej txheem uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, thaum kawg, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam hnyav, hu ua "qhov cua nrog cov nplaim taws". Xyoo 1991, ntau lub roj teeb lithium rechargeable tau rov qab mus rau cov chaw tsim khoom, uas tau siv thawj zaug los ua lub zog rau lub xov tooj ntawm tes. Yog vim li cas yog thaum lub sij hawm sib tham, thaum qhov kev siv tam sim no siab tshaj plaws, cov nplaim hluav taws tau tawm ntawm lub roj teeb, hlawv lub ntsej muag ntawm tus neeg siv xov tooj ntawm tes.

Vim yog qhov tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg hauv cov hlau lithium, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum them nyiaj, kev tshawb fawb tau txav mus rau hauv kev tsim lub roj teeb yam tsis siv Li, tab sis siv nws cov ions. Txawm hais tias cov roj teeb lithium-ion muab lub zog qis qis dua li cov roj teeb lithium, cov roj teeb Li-ion muaj kev nyab xeeb thaum muab cov nqi them thiab tso tawm kom raug. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tiv thaiv kev tawg.

Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia no, ib yam nkaus thiab, thaum txhua yam tab tom sim txhim kho thiab tsis nyob twj ywm. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Nanyang Technological University (Singapore) tau tsim ib hom tshiab ntawm lithium-ion roj teeb nrog cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm … Ua ntej, nws them nqi hauv 2 feeb mus rau 70% ntawm nws lub peev xwm siab tshaj plaws. Qhov thib ob, lub roj teeb tau ua haujlwm yuav luag tsis muaj degradation rau ntau tshaj 20 xyoo.

Peb tuaj yeem xav li cas tom ntej?

Sodium

Raws li ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, nws yog cov hlau alkali uas yuav tsum tau hloov cov lithium kim thiab tsawg, uas, ntxiv rau, yog cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab hluav taws kub. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov roj teeb sodium zoo ib yam li lithium - lawv siv cov hlau ions los hloov cov nqi.

Tau ntau xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau lub chaw soj nstuam thiab lub koom haum tau tawm tsam nrog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuab siv sodium, xws li kev them nyiaj qeeb thiab qis qis. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tau tswj kom daws tau qhov teeb meem. Piv txwv li, cov qauv ua ntej ntawm cov roj teeb poadBit raug them hauv tsib feeb thiab muaj ib thiab ib nrab mus rau ob zaug ntawm lub peev xwm. Tom qab tau txais ntau yam khoom plig hauv Tebchaws Europe, xws li Innovation Radar Prize, Eureka Innovest Award thiab ntau lwm tus, lub tuam txhab tau tsiv mus rau daim ntawv pov thawj, lub Hoobkas tsim thiab tau txais patents.

Graphene

Graphene yog lub tiaj tus siv lead ua lattice ntawm carbon atoms ib atom tuab. Ua tsaug rau nws cov cheeb tsam loj loj hauv lub ntim ntim, muaj peev xwm khaws cia, graphene yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov compact supercapacitors.

Muaj twb muaj cov qauv kev sim uas muaj peev xwm txog li 10,000 Farads! Xws li lub supercapacitor yog tsim los ntawm Sunvault Zog nrog Edison Power. Cov neeg tsim khoom thov tias yav tom ntej lawv yuav nthuav tawm cov qauv, lub zog uas yuav txaus rau lub zog tag nrho lub tsev.

Xws li supercapacitors muaj ntau yam zoo: qhov ua tau ntawm tus nqi yuav luag tam sim, ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg, kev nyab xeeb, compactness, thiab tus nqi qis. Ua tsaug rau cov thev naus laus zis tshiab los tsim cov graphene, zoo ib yam li luam tawm ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv 3D, Sunvault cog lus tias tus nqi roj teeb yuav luag kaum npaug tsawg dua li ntawm lithium-ion thev naus laus zis. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim khoom lag luam tseem nyob deb.

Sanvault kuj muaj cov neeg sib tw. Ib pawg kws tshawb fawb los ntawm University of Swinburn, Australia, kuj tau nthuav tawm lub graphene supercapacitor, uas yog piv rau lub peev xwm ntawm lithium-ion roj teeb. Nws tuaj yeem them rau ob peb feeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov hloov pauv, uas yuav tso cai rau nws siv rau hauv cov khoom siv ntawm ntau yam qauv, thiab txawm tias hauv cov khaub ncaws ntse.

Atomic roj teeb

Nuclear roj teeb tseem kim heev. Ob peb xyoos dhau los muaj Ntawm no yog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub roj teeb nuclear. Nyob rau yav tom ntej, lawv yuav tsis tuaj yeem sib tw nrog cov roj teeb uas paub txog lithium-ion, tab sis peb tsis tuaj yeem hais txog lawv, vim tias cov peev txheej uas tau tsim hluav taws xob tsis tu ncua rau 50 xyoo yog qhov nthuav ntau dua li cov roj teeb rov qab.

Lawv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, hauv kev nkag siab, zoo ib yam li kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub hnub ci, tsuas yog hloov lub hnub, lub zog ntawm lawv yog isotopes nrog beta hluav taws xob, uas yog absorbed los ntawm semiconductor ntsiab.

Tsis zoo li gamma hluav taws xob, beta hluav taws xob tsis zoo. Nws yog cov kwj ntawm cov khoom them nqi thiab yooj yim tiv thaiv los ntawm nyias txheej ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb. Nws tseem nquag nqus los ntawm huab cua.

Niaj hnub no, kev txhim kho ntawm cov roj teeb zoo li no tau ua tiav hauv ntau lub koom haum. Hauv tebchaws Russia, NUST MISIS, MIPT thiab NPO Luch tshaj tawm lawv txoj haujlwm sib koom ua ke hauv cov lus qhia no. Nyuam qhuav pib, qhov project zoo sib xws tau pib los ntawm Tomsk Polytechnic University. Hauv ob txoj haujlwm, cov khoom tseem ceeb yog npib tsib xee-63, tau txais los ntawm neutron irradiation ntawm nickel-62 isotope nyob rau hauv lub nuclear reactor nrog ntxiv radiochemical ua thiab sib cais nyob rau hauv cov pa centrifuges. Thawj tus qauv ntawm lub roj teeb yuav tsum tau npaj rau xyoo 2017.

Txawm li cas los xij, xws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob beta-voltaic yog lub zog qis thiab kim heev. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug Lavxias teb sab kev loj hlob, kwv yees tus nqi ntawm ib tug me me lub hwj chim qhov chaw yuav mus txog 4.5 lab rubles.

Nickel-63 kuj muaj cov neeg sib tw. Piv txwv li, University of Missouri tau sim nrog strontium-90 tau ntev, thiab cov roj teeb me me beta-voltaic raws li tritium tuaj yeem pom hauv kev lag luam. Ntawm tus nqi hauv cheeb tsam ntawm ib txhiab daus las, lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog ntau yam pacemakers, sensors, lossis them nyiaj rau tus kheej tawm ntawm lithium-ion roj teeb.

Cov kws tshaj lij nyob twj ywm rau tam sim no

Txawm hais tias txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim khoom loj ntawm thawj lub roj teeb sodium thiab ua haujlwm nquag ntawm graphene cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov kws tshaj lij kev lag luam tsis kwv yees ib qho kev hloov pauv rau ob peb xyoos tom ntej no.

Lub tuam txhab Liteko, uas ua haujlwm hauv qab tis ntawm Rusnano thiab tsim cov roj teeb lithium-ion hauv Russia, ntseeg hais tias tsis muaj laj thawj rau kev lag luam kev loj hlob qeeb. Qhov kev thov tsis tu ncua rau cov roj teeb lithium-ion feem ntau yog vim lawv lub zog tshwj xeeb (khaws cia rau ib chav tsev ntawm qhov loj lossis ntim). cov lus hauv lub tuam txhab.

Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev lag luam ua tiav ntawm tib lub roj teeb sodium poadBit, kev ua lag luam tuaj yeem hloov kho hauv ib qho teeb meem ntawm xyoo. Tshwj tsis yog cov tswv thiab cov tswv lag luam xav tau nyiaj ntxiv ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab.