Ancient civilizations uas koj yuav tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv keeb kwm

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov dab neeg ntawm cov kev vam meej thaum ub tsis zoo li muaj nyob hauv cov phau ntawv keeb kwm. Tab sis, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsim nyog peb saib:

Yuezhi

Yuezhi, zoo li, muaj sijhawm los ua tsov rog nrog txhua tus. Ib hom Forrest Gump ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los, lawv tau koom nrog ntau qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv Eurasia rau ntau pua xyoo. Lub Yuezhi tsim los ua ib lub koom haum ntawm ntau pawg neeg nomadic uas nyob hauv steppes sab qaum teb ntawm Tuam Tshoj. Lawv cov tub lag luam npog ntau qhov deb, sib pauv jade, txhob lo lo ntxhuav, thiab nees. Kev lag luam vam meej tau dhau los ua qhov tsis sib haum xeeb nrog Xiongnu, uas thaum kawg tau tsav Yuezhi tawm ntawm Suav lag luam. Thaum mus rau sab hnub poob, lawv dawm rau ntawm Greco-Bactrians, kov yeej lawv thiab yuam kom lawv tsiv mus rau Is Nrias teb. Kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm Yuezhi hla thaj chaw ntawm Greco-Bactrians kuj tau kov cov pab pawg hu ua Saki, vim tias lawv tau ua dej nyab lub tebchaws Parthian. Thaum kawg, pawg neeg ntawm Scythians thiab Sakas tau nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Afghanistan. Nyob rau hauv thawj thiab thib ob centuries ntawm peb era, lub Yuezhi tau tawm tsam tib yam Scythians, thiab kuj muaj qee zaum koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Pakistan thiab Tuam Tshoj. Lub sijhawm no, cov pab pawg Yuezhi tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke thiab tsim kom muaj kev lag luam ua liaj ua teb muaj zog. Lub nceeg vaj Kushan no tau vam meej rau peb centuries, kom txog rau thaum lub zog ntawm Persia, Is Nrias teb thiab Pakistan tau rov qab lawv cov qub chaw.

Axum

Muaj ntau ntau zaj dab neeg txog lub nceeg vaj Aksumite. Nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm Europeans, nws tau reputed mus rau qhov chaw yug ntawm mythical presbyter John, thiab lub poob lub nceeg vaj ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Sheba, thiab txawm lub xeem chaw nkaum ntawm lub nkoj ntawm lub Covenant. Lub tebchaws Ethiopian tiag tiag yog lub zog ua lag luam thoob ntiaj teb. Ua tsaug rau kev nkag mus rau txoj kev lag luam ntawm Nile thiab Hiav Txwv Liab, kev lag luam vam meej, thiab thaum pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm feem ntau ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Ethiopian tau nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Aksumites. Lub zog loj hlob ntawm Aksum tau tso cai rau nws nthuav nws ciam teb txhua txoj kev mus rau Arabia. Nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoo pua AD, tus kws tshawb fawb Persian hu ua Aksum yog ib qho ntawm plaub lub tebchaws loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nrog rau Rome, Tuam Tshoj thiab Persia. Tom qab Rome, Aksum hloov dua siab tshiab rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab vam meej mus txog rau thaum lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nws tuaj yeem yog lub xeev muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Africa yog tias nws tsis tau ua rau kev nthuav dav ntawm Islam. Tom qab Arab conquest ntawm shores ntawm Hiav txwv Liab, Axum poob nws kev lag luam kom zoo dua nws cov neeg nyob ze. Ironically, tsuas yog ob peb xyoos dhau los, tus huab tais Aksumite tau muab vaj tse rau cov ntseeg thaum ntxov ntawm Muhammad, yog li pab nthuav kev ntseeg uas thaum kawg tshem tawm Aksum los ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Kush los yog Meroite Kingdom

Rau yuav luag ib nrab xyoo txhiab (1500-1000 BC), Kush tau txiav txim los ntawm nws cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb tim lyiv teb chaws, nyob rau hauv nws cov ntawv sau nws tau qhia tias yog qhov chaw nplua nuj ntawm kub thiab lwm yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, Kush lub hauv paus chiv keeb nyob rau yav dhau los. Hauv thaj tsam ntawm nws lub nroog Kerma, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau raug tshawb pom txij li xyoo pua yim xyoo BC. Twb yog 2400 BC. Kush khav theeb lub nroog complex thiab ua liaj ua teb loj. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th BC. Kev tsis ruaj khov ntawm Egypt tau tso cai rau cov Kushites kom rov tau txais kev ywj pheej, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv 750 BC. txawm tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws. Nyob rau hauv ib puas xyoo tom qab ntawd, cov Kushite pharaohs tau txiav txim siab txawm tias thaj chaw loj dua li lawv cov neeg Iyiv ua ntej. Nws yog lawv uas rov pib tsim cov pyramids thiab pab txhawb rau lawv txoj kev tsim kho hauv Sudan. Thaum kawg, cov Assyrian invading tau tsav cov Kushites tawm ntawm Iyiv, xaus ib-paus xyoo ntawm kev sib pauv kab lis kev cai ntawm ob lub teb chaws. Cov Kushites mus rau sab qab teb thiab nyob ntawm Meroe nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntug dej Nile. Ntawm no, tawg nrog Iyiv lub hwj chim, lawv nrhiav tau lawv cov ntawv sau, tam sim no hu ua Meroite. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab, thiab feem ntau ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Kushites tseem yog qhov tsis paub. Tus huab tais kawg ntawm Kush tuag hauv AD 300. tab sis cov laj thawj rau kev tawg ntawm lub xeev tau muab zais rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm keeb kwm.

Kingdom of Yam

Lub nceeg vaj no tsis ntseeg tias muaj kev sib koom ua lag luam thiab muaj peev xwm sib tw ntawm Egypt. Txawm li cas los xij, nws qhov chaw kuj tseem tsis meej, ib yam li qhov chaw ntawm mythical Atlantis. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv pom nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntxa ntawm Egyptian explorer Harhuf, Yam yog thaj av ntawm "xub, ebony, ntxhw tusks thiab boomerangs." Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias Kharkhuf sau txog xya lub hlis ntawm kev mus ncig, Egyptologists tau ntev dhau los nyob hauv thaj av ntawm boomerangs tsuas yog ob peb puas kilometers ntawm Nile. Raws li cov lus pom zoo feem ntau, cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub tsis tuaj yeem hla qhov kev nthuav dav tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Sahara suab puam, ntxiv rau, yog tias lawv tsis paub dab tsi tos lawv thaum kawg ntawm kev taug kev. Txawm li cas los xij, peb zoo li tsis muaj kev kwv yees cov tub lag luam Iyiv, txij li hieroglyphics tsis ntev los no pom xya puas kilometers sab hnub poob ntawm Nile paub meej qhov tseeb ntawm kev lag luam ntawm Egypt thiab Yam. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv no, Yam tau nyob ib qho chaw nyob rau sab qaum teb toj siab ntawm Chad. Nws tseem yog qhov tsis paub yuav ua li cas cov neeg Iyiv tau mus txog ntau pua mais ntawm cov suab puam ua ntej lub log tau tsim, tab sis tsawg kawg lawv lub hom phiaj tsis raug nug ntxiv lawm.

Hunnu

Lub tebchaws Hunnu, uas koom nrog pab pawg neeg nomadic, kav sab qaum teb ntawm Tuam Tshoj los ntawm peb mus rau thawj centuries BC. Xav txog Genghis Khan cov tub rog, tab sis ib txhiab xyoo dhau los. Thiab nrog cov tsheb loj. Hmoov tsis zoo, lawv tsis tau tso tseg ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Peb paub tseeb tias Xiongnu raids ntawm Tuam Tshoj tau ua puas tsuaj heev uas Emperor Qin Shihuandi tau hais kom tsim lub Great Wall pib. Ib nrab xyoo tom qab ntawd, txuas ntxiv kev tawm tsam yuam cov Suav, tam sim no nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Han Dynasty, los txhim kho thiab ua kom ntev lub Great Wall. Nyob rau hauv 166 BC. ib puas txhiab tus tub rog Xiongnu tau nkag mus tob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm Tuam Tshoj uas tsuas yog 160 mais tsis mus txog lub nroog, thiab tsis tshua muaj pov tseg. Tom qab ntawd, kev sib cais sab hauv, kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog lwm tus nomads ua rau Xiongnu tsis muaj zog heev uas cov Suav muaj peev xwm tsim tau qee qhov kev tswj hwm ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb. Thiab tseem Xiongnu yog thawj zaug ntawm cov nom tswv nom tswv ntawm cov neeg Esxias steppes.