Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Central Asia los ntawm Jingoism

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub paradox ntawm keeb kwm: nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm annals lub tswv yim tau tsim hais tias Russia yeej ib txwm hem lub meej mom ntawm England thiab yeej ib txwm undermined nws txoj cai nrog nws txoj kev kaj siab lug.

Txawm tias thaum nws yog Askiv, los ntawm kev quab yuam ntawm caj npab thiab lub hwj chim ntawm tub rog, nws yuam kom tag nrho nws cov phooj ywg nyob sab Europe tawm hauv thaj chaw ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab tig nws ntsia rau txhua lub xeev uas nyob ib sab ntawm lub roob Pamirs, Tien Shan thiab Tibet., nws tau yaum tias Russia tau dhau los ntawm nws thaj chaw …

Yawg Yorick!

Cov peev txheej Askiv ib txwm muaj, yog thiab yuav yog tus neeg lim hiam tshaj plaws ntawm cov kiv puag ncig nrov. Pib nrog lub Great Fabkis Revolution nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th thiab xaus nrog rau tam sim no Suav kiv puag ncig, cov lus Askiv bourgeoisie yeej ib txwm sawv thiab tseem nyob rau hauv lub forefront ntawm cov thugs ntawm liberation zog ntawm noob neej …

Tab sis cov British bourgeoisie tsis nyiam sib ntaus nrog nws tus kheej txhais tes. Nws ib txwm nyiam ua tsov rog rau lwm tus tes. (J. V. Stalin 1927)

Nyob rau hauv 1810, tus thawj coj ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv Georgia, Tormasov, qhia rau St. Petersburg hais tias lub British envoy nyob rau hauv Tehran thov kev tso cai los ntawm lub Shah ntawm Iran mus rau Anzali, Astrabad thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm lub Caspian hiav txwv nyob rau hauv. xaj kom xaiv qhov chaw rau kev tsim cov nkoj ua rog.

Cov kev cia siab ntawm cov neeg Askiv txuas ntxiv mus ib ntus kom txog rau thaum yuav luag 60s, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom tseem ceeb los ntawm Mackenzie, British consul nyob rau hauv Rasht thiab Anzeli, tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm xeev rau txawv teb chaws. Hais txog kev tsim cov tuam txhab Lavxias sib koom ua ke Kavkaz, nws tau hais kom muaj kev tiv thaiv tam sim hauv Central Asia. Mackenzie tau hu rau "txhua tus nqi" los tswj lub chaw nres nkoj Rasht-Anzeli raws li British tswj. Mackenzie tau sau tias "Nrog cov cuab yeej no, peb yuav yooj yim tau paub txog kev lag luam ntawm Central Asia."

Mackenzie xa cov phiaj xwm ntxaws rau "kev tau txais ntawm Rasht-Anzeli chaw nres nkoj los ntawm Persia" mus rau British Maritime Office. Cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Mackenzie, luam tawm lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1859 los ntawm Times ntawv xov xwm, ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb loj rau tsoomfwv tsarist.

Tab sis yog hais tias txog tam sim no tsuas yog "kev npaj" (txawm tias mob hnyav heev thiab cov tsos mob) tau cuam tshuam nrog lub phiab ntawm Hiav Txwv Caspian, tom qab ntawd hauv Central Asia cov phiaj xwm kev nruj kev tsiv tau maj mam ua ntau dua thiab nquag.

Yog tias nrog cov pab pawg roob ntawm Afghanistan cov neeg Askiv tau tawm tsam hnyav rau kev mloog lus, tom qab ntawd nrog ib tus neeg emirs lawv sim tsim lub khanate loj. Yog li ntawd, lawv cov protégé Dost Muhammad, vam khom rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm British, tawm tsam Kunduz thiab Meimenniok khanates thiab thov los ntawm Bukhara emir tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm sab laug bank ntawm Amu Darya.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb yog Charjui, nyob deb deb ntawm lub ntsiab fortresses ntawm khanate, nyob rau sab laug bank ntawm Amu Darya. Txawm hais tias los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm A. Burns mus ntsib Bukhara, lub voj voog British txiav txim siab tau npaj siv Amu Darya rau kev lag luam thiab kev ua tub rog-txoj kev nkag mus rau hauv Central Asia.

Chardjuy tuaj yeem yooj yim hloov mus rau hauv tub rog lub hauv paus uas Askiv tuaj yeem ua tiav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb thoob plaws hauv Central Asia.

Nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam Russia rau domination nyob rau hauv Central Asia, England siv lub teb chaws Ottoman. Cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws Turkish tau txhawb nqa kev nom kev tswv hauv tebchaws Askiv, tab sis tsis nco qab txog lawv tus kheej nyiam. Txij thaum pib ntawm kev tsim lub teb chaws Ottoman, lub sultan tau tsim lub npe ntawm tus yaj saub, uas nws cov lus txib yog txoj cai rau cov neeg nyiam ntawm Islam, ntawm cov uas muaj ntau nyob rau hauv lub downtrodden Asia.

Txawm tias ua ntej pib ntawm Crimean Tsov rog, lub British tsoom fwv, nrog kev pab los ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, nrhiav kev los npaj subversive kev ua ub no nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv Muslim haiv neeg thiab ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws - nyob rau hauv lub Crimea, lub Caucasus, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. cov khanates ntawm Central Asia.

Lub tsev teev ntuj Khiva, uas nyob rau xyoo 1852 tau sib tham hauv Orenburg nrog tus tswv xeev-General V. A. Perovsky, hem kom muab thaj chaw nyob rau sab qis ntawm Syr Darya mus rau "Turkish sultan lossis British" los tsim Anglo-Turkish chaw ruaj khov nyob ntawd. Tus Ambassador cia plam qhov ntawd rov qab rau xyoo 1851 ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb Khiva raug xa mus rau Tehran los tham txog qhov teeb meem no.

Turkish emissaries tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub Crimean Tsov rog. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman, ntawm txoj haujlwm Askiv, sim, raws li cov lus hais ntawm "kev ua tsov rog dawb huv," kom koom nrog ntau lub tebchaws raws li qhov ua tau hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Lavxias teb sab.

Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1853, emissaries ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm Central Asia. Lawv coj cov lus thov ntawm Turkish Sultan, uas hu rau Bukhara, Khiva thiab Kokand los tawm tsam Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.

Nws tsis yog coincidence uas nyob rau lub sij hawm no ib tug kaum ob txhiab detachment ntawm lub Kokand pab tub rog tau ua ib qho kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Fort Perovsky. Cov tub rog Kokand raug pov tseg rov qab, thiab tsarist cov tub ceev xwm suav tias qhov no tsis yog ntawm Kokand nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj ntawm Askiv thiab Ottoman Empire.

Perovsky tau tshaj tawm rau Ministry of Foreign Affairs hauv St. Petersburg tias cov lus xaiv uas yuav kis thoob plaws hauv Central Asia hauv kev sib txuas nrog kev swb ntawm cov neeg Kokand yuav "pab kom tsis muaj zog rau kev ua phem rau peb, aroused los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov Turkish thiab British. tsoom fwv hauv Bukhara thiab Khiva."

Kev ceeb toom kev sib raug zoo nrog Bukhara, Perovsky txuas ntxiv: "Ib tug tsis tuaj yeem tso siab rau lub zog ntawm kev ua phooj ywg no, yog tias tsuas yog cov Turks ua mob siab rau hauv Bukhara ib yam li hauv Khiva. Ntawm no … lawv tab tom sim ua kom muaj kev ntseeg siab rau cov neeg Askiv … tawm tsam cov neeg Lavxias, kom txhawb kev tsis ntseeg." Nws tau sau hais tias raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev mus ncig ntawm Khiva Embassy rau Istanbul hauv 1853, cannon masters tuaj rau khanate los ntawm qhov ntawd, uas tau pov ob peb rab phom rau Khiva pab tub rog.

British thiab Turkish cov neeg sawv cev nrhiav kom tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Russia thiab Kokand Khanate rau Kazakh thaj av txeeb los ntawm cov neeg Kokand. Cov lus xaiv tau nthuav tawm ntawm cov pab pawg Kazakh hais txog kev xa ib pab tub rog loj mus rau Central Asia los ntawm Sultan los tawm tsam Russia, thiab nws hu rau kev tsim ib pawg tub rog Bukhara-Kokand, yog li ntawd, "kev koom ua ke lawv lub taub hau, mus ua rog. rau Kizyl-Yar, ntawm Russians."

Tsis ntev, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Bukhara tau rov qab los ntawm Istanbul, uas tau coj cov lus hais txog kev sib tham ntawm Emir ntawm Bukhara lub npe hu ua "zealot ntawm txoj kev ntseeg".

Cov kev ua ub no ntawm British thiab Turkish cov neeg sawv cev ua rau cov xwm txheej hauv Central Asia hnyav dua. Cov tub ceev xwm tsarist tau coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib koom tes los ntawm British Empire, Qaib ntxhw thiab Central Asian khanates.

Xyoo 1860, ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Askiv tuaj txog hauv Bukhara kom tau txais lub emir ntawm Nasrullah kom pom zoo los npaj cov lus Askiv shipping raws Amu Darya. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus tub ceev xwm tshwj xeeb ntawm tsoomfwv Anglo-Indian, Abdul Majid, nkag mus rau Kokand los ntawm Karategin thiab Darvaz, uas tau qhia kom tsim kev sib cuag nrog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Kokand, Mallabek, thiab muab khoom plig rau nws thiab ib tsab ntawv. thov kom tswj kev sib cuag nrog British Is Nrias teb.

Los ntawm Kokand, cov ntaub ntawv tau txais tsis tu ncua txog kev npaj rau kev ua tub rog tawm tsam Russia nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1860. Ib tug kws tshaj lij riam phom los ntawm Afghanistan tuaj txog hauv Turkestan thiab muab kev pabcuam hauv zos bek hauv kev ua phom, mortars thiab artillery shells ntawm European hom.

Cov tub rog tub ceev xwm ntawm Orenburg, tsis yog vim li cas, ntseeg tias tus tswv no raug xa los ntawm British Is Nrias teb.

Tus tswv xeev-General ntawm Western Siberia kuj tau qhia rau St. Petersburg txog kev npaj ntawm Kokand Khanate rau kev ua tsov ua rog. Kokand cov thawj coj, tsav tsheb ncig lub zos Kazakh thiab Kyrgyz, nyob rau hauv qhov mob ntawm kev tuag, xaiv nyuj thiab nees rau lawv cov tub rog. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm concentration ntawm cov tub rog Kokand yog - Tashkent raug xaiv.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov chaw tawm ntawm Kokand Khanate tau ntxiv dag zog rau hauv thaj av Kazakh thiab Kyrgyz - hauv Pishpek, Merka, Aulie-Ata, thiab lwm yam.

Cov keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov teb chaws ntawm Central Asia yog qhia tsuas yog txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum cov khanates tshiab, txhawb nqa los ntawm Askiv thiab Qaib Cov Txwv, raws li lub xeev lub zog pib muaj zog. Qhov no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tawm tsam qhov tsim nyog ntawm thaj av thiab pej xeem cov channel hauv tes ntawm cov minted khas tshiab.

Dej! Dej nyob rau hauv Central Asia yog ib qhov chaw ntawm lub neej-muab ya raws, ob qho tib si rau haus thiab rau irrigation los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial raug suav hais tias yog ib tug inviolable pej xeem cov khoom. Yog li ntawd, qhov tsim nyog ntawm cov kwj dej pej xeem thiab kev sau cov nyiaj them rau cov dej ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam kev sib raug zoo tawm tsam kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov khas.

Qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws yog cov kev txav hauv Kokand Khanate hauv 1814 (kev tawm tsam hauv Tashkent), Suav Kipchaks, ib pab pawg neeg Uzbek ntawm Bukhara Khanate, xyoo 1821-1825. thiab ib qho kev tawm tsam loj ntawm Samarkand cov neeg txawj ntse hauv xyoo 1826.

Kev tawm tsam kev ua txhaum cai ntawm cov neeg dekhkans thiab cov neeg pluag hauv nroog hauv Khiva Khanate hauv 1827, 1855-1856 kuj raug mob hnyav; xyoo 1856-1858 (hauv South Kazakhstan), thiab lwm yam.

Tus nto moo Lavxias teb sab neeg ncig tebchaws Philip Nazarov, uas tau mus xyuas Central Asia thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, qhia tias nyob rau hauv 1814, tom qab lwm sim los ntawm cov inhabitants ntawm Tashkent pov tawm lub Kokand domination, loj kev phem nyob rau hauv lub nroog rau 10 hnub.

Lub Plaub Hlis 1858 tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo-tus neeg ncig tebchaws N, A. Severtsov raug kaw los ntawm cov tub rog Kokand. Thaum nws raug coj mus rau lub nroog Turkestan (South Kazakhstan), ib qho kev tawm tsam nrov tau tshwm sim nyob rau ntawd. Cov pab pawg neeg ntxeev siab Kazakh tau tso siege rau Turkestan thiab Yany-Kurgan thiab tau ntev tau ua tiav cov tub rog ntawm Kokand Khanate.

Cov tswv thiab cov lus qhia ntawm kev lag luam caravans ntawm Tashkent, feem ntau Kazakhs hauv Orenburg, tau tham txog kev txwv Khan Mallabek kom "txiav nees rau zaub mov" tsim nyog rau kev pabcuam tub rog, thiab hais txog Khan txoj kev sim nkag mus rau hauv kev koom tes nrog Bukhara emir rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov khoom ntawm Russia.

Cov lus qhia no tau lees paub tias muaj ntau tus neeg Askiv nyob hauv Kokand Khanate, uas "tau koom nrog cov phom loj ntawm cov qauv ntawm European." Nws txawm hais tias nws twb tau pom txog 20 rab phom tooj liab hauv Tashkent, tau teeb tsa rau lub tsheb. Lawv kuj koom nrog kev tiv thaiv ntawm Chimkent thiab Tashkent.

Ua kom tiav tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Central Asia thiab ua tiav ntau qhov kev thov ntawm sab qaum teb Kazakh xeem, cov ntsiab lus ntawm Russia, rau kev tso tawm ntawm lawv cov txheeb ze yav qab teb thiab kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg Kokand, tsoomfwv Lavxias thaum pib xyoo 1865 tau txiav txim siab los tuav. ciam teb Kokand muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm Syrdarya kab thiab Altava koog tsev kawm ntawv.

Txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov ciam teb no yuav tsum tau nqa tawm los ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus - los ntawm sab ntawm Syrdarya kab thiab los ntawm sab ntawm lub Altavsky koog tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kom ob leeg detachments mus sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Turkestan. Lub Orenburg detachment tau txib los ntawm Colonel Verevkin, Altavian Colonel M. G. Chernyaev, uas tau qhia kom coj Aulie-Ata thiab tsiv mus rau Turkestan los koom nrog Colonel Verevkin.

Chernyaev lub detachment, sib sau ua ke nyob rau hauv Verny, teem tawm rau lub Tsib Hlis 28, 1864 thiab nyob rau lub rau hli ntuj 6, nws coj thawj lub nroog fortified Aulie-Ata los ntawm kev quab yuam.

Los ntawm no, thaum Lub Xya Hli 7, Chernyaev lub detachment tau tsiv mus raws txoj kev mus rau Chimkent, muaj 6 lub tuam txhab infantry tsis tiav, ib puas Cossacks, ib tug faib ntawm nees-Artillery roj teeb, suav nrog 1298 tus neeg thiab me ntsis ntau tshaj 1000 tub ceev xwm los ntawm cov pej xeem Kyrgyz.

Mus koom nrog ib feem ntawm detachment ntawm Colonel Verevkin mus los ntawm Turkestan. M. G. nws tau ua txoj kev zoo no raws cov dej tsis muaj steppe rau qhov deb ntawm yuav luag 300 versts ntawm 40 cua sov nrog ceev ceev thiab hmoov zoo.

Tau koom nrog Turkestan detachment ntawm Lieutenant Colonel Lerhe thiab Captain Mayer nyob rau hauv 330 tus neeg, Chernyaev yeej kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam 18 txhiab Kokands, nyob rau lub Xya hli ntuj 22, uas thaiv txoj kev mus rau Chimkent, ua ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws reconstruction ntawm Chimkent thiab rov qab mus rau. Arys.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib tw yog qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm M. G. Chernyaev. hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau txeeb Chimkent ua lub ntsiab lus sib dhos rau Kokand rog. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam no nrog kev piav qhia ntawm cov laj thawj uas ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub nroog thiab cov phiaj xwm rau kev ua tub rog tau xa mus rau St. Petersburg rau 12.09.1864.

Meanwhile, los ntawm lub sij hawm no Chernyaev M. G. tau tsa tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog Turkestan (Novokokand kab). Qhov xwm txheej no thiab qhov tseeb tias Chimkent, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm qee cov neeg European, tau ua haujlwm zoo heev los txhawb thiab tuav lub nroog, yuam Chernyaev, yam tsis tau tos kev tso cai los siv nws txoj kev npaj, tam sim ntawd pib txoj haujlwm ntawm Chimkent, uas nws tau ua. Cuaj hlis 21.

Lub garrison ntawm lub fortress muaj cov tub rog Kokand, tshaj 10 txhiab, nyob rau hauv cov thawj coj ntawm ib co European. Lub citadel tau ua rau ntawm lub roob impregnable thiab tau ua tub rog nrog cov phom loj loj nrog cov khoom tawg thiab lwm cov plhaub.

Lub caij nplooj zeeg sai ntawm Chimkent kuj tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos, uas muaj lawv tus kheej cov kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm cov neeg tuaj tshiab Kokand. Qhov no yog thawj zaug ua phem rau tsis yog rau Central Asian khanates, tab sis kuj rau lawv cov neeg Turkish thiab Askiv, thaj av loj nrog 1.5 lab tus neeg nyob hauv tau dim.

Tsis muaj kev tso cai txav mus ntxiv mus rau Tashkent, Chernyaev lub detachment tseem nyob rau lub caij ntuj no hauv Chimkent, sau cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv zos. Nyob rau hauv nws cov lus ceeb toom, Chernyaev tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sau tseg qhov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv qhov zoo ntawm Kokand artillery, ceev thiab raug ntawm nws cov hluav taws, thiab; kev siv loj-caliber pem teb-ricochet-explosive shells. Nws tau tshaj tawm txog kev tuaj txog hauv Tashkent ntawm "ib tus neeg European uas nyiam kev hwm thiab yog tus saib xyuas cov phom phom."

Nyob rau hauv lwm tsab ntawv, Chernyaev taw qhia txog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm underestimating lub zog ntawm lub Kokand Khanate: "… Lawv cov thawj coj tsis yog phem tshaj peb, cov artillery yog zoo dua, pov thawj: dab tsi yog rifled phom, infantry yog armed nrog bayonets, thiab muaj nyiaj ntau dua li peb. Yog tias peb tsis ua tiav lawv tam sim no, tom qab ob peb xyoos yuav muaj Caucasus zaum ob ".

Kev ua tiav zoo hauv Central Asia, uas tsis tas yuav tsum tau siv nyiaj tshwj xeeb, tsis cuam tshuam cov tub rog loj, tau txaus siab rau tsoomfwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws.

Yuav kom tswj hwm tus kheej hauv lub tebchaws, tsarism nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo txawv teb chaws tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom tsis muaj zog, tab sis kuj tseem yuav tau txais yeej, nws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm muab nqi zog rau kev mloog lus tsis raug cai ntawm nws cov kev kawm nrog chauvinistic frenzy ntawm yeej, ntau thiab ntau dua. kev kov yeej tshiab,”F. Engels taw qhia.

Tias yog vim li cas qee qhov "dhau ntawm txoj cai", uas tau tso cai los ntawm Chernyaev, uas yog, qhib kev ua nruj ua tsiv, tsis muaj txhais tau tias aroused tawm tsam nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, tsuav yog tsis muaj loj defeats. Nrog rau cov tub rog Lavxias me me hauv Central Asia, txhua qhov kev swb tuaj yeem ua rau lawv nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev puas tsuaj, thiab ib qho kev yeej ntawm cov yeeb ncuab ntau zog tau nce lub meej mom ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Qhov no ua rau cov lus ceeb toom rov qab los ntawm tsoomfwv rau cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog thiab cov lus qhia "tsis txhob faus koj tus kheej."

Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1864, ib tug neeg muaj koob muaj npe Abdurrahman-bek, uas kav sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub nroog, khiav tawm ntawm Tashkent mus rau Chimkent. Nws qhia Chernyaev txog qhov xwm txheej hauv Tashkent thiab lub fortifications ntawm lub nroog.

Ib tug ntawm nws cov neeg nplua nuj tshaj plaws, Mohammed Saatbai, tau ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv kev npaj cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev ntes ntawm Tashkent. Ib tug loj luam daim duab uas pauv nrog Russia rau ntau xyoo, nws khaws cia mus tas li cov neeg muag khoom nyob rau hauv Petropavlovsk thiab Troitsk, mus xyuas Russia ob peb zaug, yog txuam nrog trading tsev ntawm Moscow thiab Nizhny Novgorod thiab paub Lavxias teb sab.

Chernyaev tau sau tias Saatbai, ib tug ntawm cov neeg muaj hwj chim tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Tashkent, belongs rau ib pab pawg neeg ntawm "civilized Muslims" uas yog npaj txhij "ua concessions tawm tsam lub Kaulees, yog hais tias qhov no tsis cuam tshuam cov kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm Islam thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev lag luam. " Chernyaev tau hais tias Saatbay yog thawj pab pawg neeg Lavxias ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm Tashkent.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee tus neeg nyob hauv Tashkent, feem ntau yog Muslim txiv plig thiab cov voj voog nyob ze nws, nrhiav kev sib cuag nrog lub taub hau ntawm Central Asian Muslims - Bukhara emir. Lawv xa ib lub embassy rau nws thiab, coj kom zoo dua ntawm ua ntej ntawm lub emir cov tub rog mus rau Tashkent, tshaj tawm lawv kev lees txais ntawm Bukhara pej xeem.

Hais txog qhov kev hem thawj rau Tashkent los ntawm Bukhara Khanate, tus thawj coj tub rog ntawm thaj av Turkestan nyob rau nees nkaum lub Plaub Hlis 1865 tau teeb tsa lub phiaj xwm tshiab ntawm lub taub hau ntawm nws qhov kev tshem tawm.

Lub Plaub Hlis 28, 1865, Chernyaev lub detachments mus txog lub Niyazbek fortress ntawm tus dej. Chirchik, 25 versts qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tashkent. Lub fortress no tswj kev muab dej rau lub nroog. Tom qab lub foob pob tawg ntev heev, Niyazbek lub garrison surrendered (tsoos ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog - 7 raug mob thiab 3 me ntsis plhaub-shocked).

Tom qab txeeb lub fortress, Chernyaev coj ob lub ntsiab ceg ntawm tus dej. Chirchik, uas muab Tashkent nrog dej. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg sawv cev hais txog kev tso siab rau lub nroog tsis tuaj txog, thiab Chernyaev txiav txim siab tias Kokand garrison yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev tswj ntawm qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv Tashkent. Lub Tsib Hlis 7, cov tub rog tsarist tau ua txoj haujlwm 8 versts los ntawm lub nroog.

Khan Alimkul nws tus kheej tuaj txog ntawm no nrog rau 6 txhiab tub rog thiab 40 phom. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 9, kev sib ntaus sib tua tawv ncauj tau pib, raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kokand sarbazes raug yuam kom thim rov qab, tau poob, raws li Chernyaev, txog li 300 tus neeg tua thiab 2 phom. Cov tub rog tsarist poob tau 10 tus raug mob thiab 12 tus raug mob. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua rau lub Tsib Hlis 9, tus thawj coj ntawm Kokand Khanate, Alimkul, raug tua.

Kev tuag ntawm tus thawj coj tseem ceeb thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub xeev tau muab Chernyaev lub laj thawj los nug "txog lub neej yav tom ntej txoj hmoo ntawm Kokand Khanate." Chernyaev xav kom kos ciam teb raws tus dej. Syr-Darya "raws li lub ntuj tshaj plaws" thiab thov cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm Bukhara Emir mus tuav lub so ntawm Kokand Khanate - "tshaj Darya."

Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Tsov Rog tau taw qhia rau qhov tsis xav tau ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm Bukhara Emir hauv Kokand Khanate. Chernyaev tau raug qhia kom ceeb toom rau emir tias txhua qhov kev txeeb ntawm Kokand av yuav raug suav tias yog kev ua phem tawm tsam Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thiab yuav ua rau "kev tswj hwm tag nrho ntawm kev lag luam ntawm Bukharians hauv Russia."

Kev tuag ntawm Alimkul, tus thawj coj ntawm lub nroog tiv thaiv, txo qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Kokand garrison. Kev tsis sib haum xeeb pib ntawm Kokand tus thawj coj tub rog Sultan Seid-khan, uas nyob rau hauv Chernyaev cov lus ceeb toom yog hu ua "cov tub ntxhais hluas Kokand khan", lub taub hau ntawm lub nroog ntawm Tashkent Berdybay-kushbegi, txuam nrog cov nom tswv hauv zos, thiab lub taub hau ntawm Tashkent txiv plig Hakim. Khoj-Kaziy.

Tsis muaj zaub mov thiab dej ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov, thaum lub sijhawm muaj ntau tus tswvcuab ntawm pawg ntseeg Muslim siab tshaj raug ntaus.

Cov neeg pluag Tashkent tau ua tiav qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm Sultan Seid Khan: hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 9-10, nws tawm hauv nroog nrog 200 tus neeg nyob ze nws. Qee cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb (Hakim Khoja-kaziy, Ishan Makhsum Gusfenduz, Karabash-Khoja mutuvali, thiab lwm yam) tau thov kev txhawb nqa rau Bukhara emir, uas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd nrog cov tub rog loj hauv Khojent.

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv Bukhara Khanate los ntawm kev cuam tshuam hauv kev tawm tsam uas tshwm sim hauv Tashkent, Chernyaev thaum ntxov Lub Rau Hli tau xa ib qho me me ntawm tus tauj ncov loj Abramov mus rau "Bukhara txoj kev" thiab tuav lub Chinaz fortress ntawm tus dej. Syr-Darya, rhuav tshem txoj kev hla.

Yog li nyob ib puag ncig Tashkent ntawm peb sab, Chernyaev lub detachment, suav nrog 1950 tus neeg nrog 12 phom, mus txog ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub nroog thiab pib tua hluav taws ntawm txoj kev mus rau nws, lawv tau tawm tsam los ntawm 15 txhiab Kokand garrison.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov chaw tsis zoo ntawm cov phom loj thiab kev tawg ntawm Tashkent garrison tshaj ntau cov qauv tiv thaiv tau yooj yim rau kev tawg ntawm lub fortifications. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog, thiab qee tus ntawm lawv tau npaj los pab cov tub rog Lavxias.

Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 14-15, cov tub rog tsarist tau pib ua phem rau Tashkent. Tom qab ob hnub ntawm txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev tawm tsam ntawm lub nroog cov neeg tiv thaiv tau tawg. Thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 16, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos tuaj txog ntawm Chernyaev nrog kev thov kom tso cai rau aksakals ntawm Tashkent tshwm. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 17, aksakals thiab "cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe" (lub nroog nobility), sawv cev ntawm tag nrho lub nroog, "tshaj tawm lawv txoj kev npaj txhij mus rau tsoomfwv Lavxias."

Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Lavxias tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tiav sai ntawm kev yeej. Tshwj xeeb, txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm ua phem, thaum cov tub rog tsarist txeeb lub nroog phab ntsa, Muhammad Saatbai thiab nws cov neeg nyiam nyiam hu rau cov neeg Tashkent kom tsis txhob tawm tsam thiab, raws li Chernyaev, tau pab txhawb rau kev tso siab rau lub nroog.

Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev mob siab los kho lub neej zoo nyob rau hauv Tashkent kom sai li sai tau, kom tsis txhob muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab agitation ntawm Muslim txiv plig thiab adherents, lub Bukhara emir, tom qab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub nroog Chernyaev luam tawm ib daim ntawv thov rau nws cov neeg nyob, nyob rau hauv uas nws. tshaj tawm txoj kev tsis raug cai ntawm lawv txoj kev ntseeg thiab kev lis kev cai thiab lav tiv thaiv kev sawv thiab kev mus rau hauv cov tub rog.

Lub tsev hais plaub Muslim qub tau khaws cia (txawm tias kev ua txhaum cai raug txiav txim siab raws li txoj cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws), arbitrary extortions raug tshem tawm; rau ib xyoos, cov neeg nyob hauv Tashkent feem ntau raug zam los ntawm cov se thiab se. Tag nrho cov kev ntsuas no tau ua kom ruaj khov rau qhov xwm txheej loj tshaj plaws hauv Central Asia.

Muaj lwm qhov nthuav dav ntawm kev sib raug zoo thoob ntiaj teb. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 24, 1865, tus thawj coj ntawm Maharaja Rambir Singh, tus thawj coj ntawm North Indian tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Kashmir, uas tau tuav kev lag luam ntev thiab kev nom kev tswv nrog Central Asian khanates, tuaj txog hauv Tashkent.

Kashmiri ambassadors tuaj txog ob peb lub hlis tom qab cov tub rog Lavxias nkag mus rau hauv Tashkent, tau taug kev ntev, nyuaj thiab txaus ntshai. Qhov no tau qhia tias Is Nrias teb tau ua raws li kev txhim kho ntawm cov xwm txheej hauv Central Asia.

Lub Embassy tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag lub hom phiaj tag nrho. Ntawm plaub tus neeg xa los ntawm Rambir Singh, tsuas yog ob tus ua rau Tashkent. Hauv thaj chaw uas tswj hwm los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Askiv (nruab nrab ntawm ciam teb ntawm Kashmir thiab lub nroog Peshawar), lub embassy raug tawm tsam, ob tug ntawm nws cov tswv cuab raug tua, thiab maharaja cov lus rau cov Russians raug nyiag lawm.

Qhov poob ntawm tsab ntawv, uas tsis muaj nuj nqis rau cov tub sab nyiag, qhia tias cov koom haum ntawm kev tawm tsam muaj lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nom kev tswv. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias qhov kev tawm mus ntawm Embassy tau paub rau cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv nyob hauv lub nroog Kashmir, Srinagar, thiab hais tias British colonial tswj hwm tau ntsuas los tiv thaiv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lawv lub hom phiaj.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov tswv cuab tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm txoj haujlwm - Abdurrahman-khan ibn Seid Ramazan-khan thiab Sarafaz-khan ibn Iskander-khan, tau hla dhau Peshawar, Balkh thiab Samarkand, tuaj txog hauv Tashkent. Lawv hais rau Chernyaev tias lawv tsis paub txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm Rambir Singh tsab ntawv, tab sis hauv cov lus lawv tau qhia kom qhia tias nyob rau hauv Kashmir lawv twb paub txog "kev ua tiav ntawm cov neeg Lavxias", uas lub hom phiaj ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm yog "kev nthuav qhia. ntawm kev phooj ywg, "nrog rau kev kawm lub zeem muag rau kev txhim kho kev sib raug zoo ntawm Lavxias-Kashmir….

Cov Ambassadors tau tshaj tawm tias Maharaja xav xa lwm lub tebchaws rau Russia, dhau los ntawm Kashgar, tab sis lawv tsis paub tias lub hom phiaj no puas muaj tseeb. Los ntawm kev sib tham nrog cov Kashmiris, nws tau pom tseeb tias cov pej xeem ntawm Is Nrias teb tau npau taws los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv tebchaws Askiv.

Yog li tus cwj pwm zoo ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Central Asia, Is Nrias teb mus rau Russia muaj ntau pua xyoo dhau los keeb kwm ntawm kev lag luam, kev ntseeg, ua ib qho kev xav ntawm sab ntsuj plig thaum ub, uas yog ua tib zoo muab zais los ntawm kev tsim keeb kwm ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, kev ua phem thiab paganism..

Kwv yees li. Jingoism (eng.jingoism, los ntawm jingo - jingo, lub npe menyuam yaus ntawm cov neeg Askiv chauvinists, los ntawm jingo - Kuv cog lus rau Vajtswv) txhais tau tias yog cov neeg nyiam kev ntseeg siab thiab kev xav tsis thoob. Jingoism yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev nthuav dav colonial thiab incitement rau haiv neeg enmity”.

Hauv kev xyaum, qhov no txhais tau tias siv kev hem lossis kev quab yuam tiag tiag tawm tsam lwm lub tebchaws txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov pom tau tias yog lub tebchaws nyiam ntawm lawv lub tebchaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, jingoism tau nkag siab tias yog hom kev ntseeg siab ntawm haiv neeg, uas qhov tseem ceeb yog muab tso rau ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm ib tus kheej lub teb chaws tshaj lwm tus.