Vim li cas lawv thiaj tso tseg tsis qhia kev ntseeg hauv tsev kawm ntawv?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Logic yog science ntawm yuav ua li cas xav. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv peb txoj kev kawm, kev xav raug txwv. Koj tsuas tuaj yeem nyeem thiab cim cov ntawv sau hauv phau ntawv thiab pom zoo los ntawm txoj haujlwm kev kawm. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg tsis nco qab lawm, nws yuav tsum rov qab saib dua ntawm phau ntawv kawm thiab kawm. Yog li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb ntawm logic tsis haum rau hauv txoj kev kawm no.

Muaj pov thawj tias qhov kev kawm no tau kawm hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv niaj hnub no. Thiab ntawm no yog cov txuas mus rau 1947 thiab 1953 cov phau ntawv logic.

Lub logic tseem ceeb npaum li cas. Formal logic yog cov cement uas tuav tag nrho lwm yam kev paub ua ke. Logic tiag tiag "qhia kom kawm." Yog vim li cas logic, txawm tias tag nrho nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo, tsis qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab?

Muaj lus teb rau lo lus nug no.

Logic tsis tau qhia rau tib yam vim li cas cov qhev tsis pub muaj riam phom. Txaus ntshai. Tom qab tag nrho, tag nrho lub tswv yim ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv niaj hnub no yog dab tsi? Ntawm txoj cai. Cov menyuam yaus raug qhia tsis yog los ua pov thawj lawv cov lus, tab sis kom "substantiate" lawv ib yam li hauv cheeb tsam.

Nws hloov tawm tias muaj ob txoj hauv kev sib tw ntawm kev sib cav. Thawj yog los ntawm logic. Qhov thib ob yog los ntawm txoj cai (sau hauv phau ntawv nyeem lossis yog li tus kws qhia ntawv tau hais). Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm logic, pov thawj los ntawm txoj cai yog qhov kev xav tsis zoo. Nov yog qhov nws zoo li hauv lub neej tiag tiag. "Koj yog leej twg los sib cav nrog kuv, tus neeg sib tw ntawm kev tshawb fawb!" Rau niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab science, qhov no yog ib tug variant ntawm tus qauv.

Txawm hais tias tus kws qhia ntawv xav kom nws cov tub ntxhais kawm xav txog kev xav, nws yuav tsis ua. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv physics muaj ntau heev uas yog illogical, inconsistent, ruam, thiab erroneous. Thiab tag nrho cov no tau pom zoo los ntawm txoj haujlwm kev kawm. Tus menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum kawm qhov no, teb thiab tau qhab nia. Kev xav hauv cov txheej txheem zoo li no raug txwv. Dab tsi ntawm tus kheej muaj nyob. Thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv tsuas yog txo qis rau qhov tseeb tias txhua yam uas tau pom zoo los ntawm txoj haujlwm kev kawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv cim tau zoo. Thiab ntawm qhov kev xeem, nws yuav raug kuaj.

Cov neeg feem ntau tau tso tseg tsis ua pov thawj, tsuas yog vim lawv tsis paub yuav ua li cas thiaj li xav tau. Thiab tsis muaj qhov xav tau rau qhov no tau ntev. Txhua yam tau pom zoo los ntawm txoj haujlwm kev kawm. Yog tias koj tsis nco qab qhov koj tau kawm, ces koj yuav tsum muab phau ntawv nyeem dua thiab kawm.

Qhov xwm txheej no hauv kev kawm tau tshwm sim txij li tsawg kawg thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Qhov tshwm sim yog tias yuav luag txhua tus tsis nco qab xav li cas. Feem coob xav li lawv xav. Qee tus neeg xav tias yog xa lawv tus menyuam mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntiav lossis tsev kawm qib siab uas xav kawm physics, lawv yuav zam kev tsis zoo. Tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li no. Cov phau ntawv uas ua yuam kev tseem zoo li qub, pom zoo los ntawm txoj haujlwm kev kawm. Thiab nws yuav tsis muab dab tsi tshiab thaum kawm lawv.

Xav, dhau, nws yuav xav li cas?

Qhov tsis muaj logic nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev kawm qhia tau hais tias kev kawm nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub tsev kawm ntawv yog ib tug kim clownery ntau tshaj qhov tau txais kev paub.

Ua ntej koj yuav tsum to taub qhov twg ntawm cov logics peb tab tom tham txog: logic - raws li ib feem ntawm lub tswv yim - kev tshawb fawb ntawm txoj kev xav kom raug, thiab logic - ib ceg ntawm kev ua lej, lub npe hu ua. Boolean algebra.

1) Logic, raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm txoj kev xav, yog qhia los ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv kev qhuab qhia - lej, uas koj yuav tsum txheeb xyuas txhua tus piv txwv, thiab nrhiav qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws, thiab, piv txwv li, ntawv nyeem, qhov twg cov tub ntxhais kawm tau koom nrog hauv txhua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas tsis nyiam ntawm kev ua haujlwm.

2) Boolean algebra tau qhia hauv qhov xav tau (tej zaum) ntim hauv chav kawm computer science.

Muaj kev xav:

Dab tsi rau? Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau qhia kev xav kom raug hauv cov ncauj lus sib txawv, koom nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xav tau zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm kev paub cov kev xav tau rau kev xav kom muaj kev sib txawv yog txawv. Nws zoo nkaus li tias tom qab tsov rog, thaum cov chav kawm tau coj mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet los ze zog rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ua ntej kev tawm tsam, lawv tau qhia txog kev xav. Kuv tsis tau hnov tias qhov no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.

Stalin raug foom tsis zoo rau kev cob qhia cov neeg siv khoom tsim nyog hauv tsev kawm ntawv, uas ua tim khawv rau qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev noj haus, ua rau lub taub hau ntawm Soviet cov menyuam kawm ntawv nrog txhua hom khib nyiab uas tsis tsim nyog rau cov haiv neeg: txhua yam ntawm lub cev., lej, thiab rau qee qhov laj thawj txawm tias logic, uas yeej tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam kev nce qib ntawm cov paj rwb ua haujlwm hnyav dua li qub-fashioned wool suits, tab sis, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, tshem tawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev qhia txawm tias tus nqi tseem ceeb liberal. democratic thiab Nazi brainwashing.

Nyob ntev Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, uas tam sim ntawd tshem tawm cov kev qhia ntawm logic nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab yog li ntawd coj los ze zog rau lub hnub ntawm los rau lub hwj chim ntawm lub Great Pizza Merchant (VTP) MS Gorbachev thiab tsis muaj tsawg tshaj plaws lub teb chaws cawv (VNA) B. N. Yeltsin!

Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), nyob rau hauv tsab cai "Ntawm Kev Qhia Txog Logic thiab Psychology hauv Secondary School" ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 3, 1946, tau lees paub tias nws yog qhov txawv txav uas tsis tau kawm hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab., thiab xav tias nws tsim nyog los qhia nyob rau hauv 4 xyoo, pib los ntawm 1947/48 xyoo kawm ntawv, qhia cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Soviet Union. Raws li tsab cai no, xyoo 1947-1949, kev qhia txog kev puas siab puas ntsws tau qhia hauv 598 lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab … Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1947, phau ntawv qhia los ntawm B. M. Teplova "Psychology", npaj rau cov chav kawm qib siab ntawm tsev kawm theem nrab. Xyoo 1956, lwm phau ntawv qhia rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau tshwm sim, npaj los ntawm G. A. Fortunatov thiab A. V. Petrovsky.

Tab sis … Logic thiab psychology ceased yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv 1959. Tshwj xeeb, ua tsaug rau tus INSTRUCTOR OF THE DEPARTMENT OF Schools THIAB EDUCATION AND THE STUDENT … NTAWM UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBIA THIAB TXOJ CAI NTAWM PERESTROIKA ALEXANDER NIKOLAEVICH YAKOVLEV.

Me ntsis keeb kwm

Tom qab Bolshevik Party tau los ua lub hwj chim thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1917, ob peb tus neeg xav txog tias lawv tau npaj mus deb npaum li cas los ua lawv cov lus qhuab qhia Marxist. Hauv lawv Internationale, Bolsheviks hu nkauj: "Peb yuav rhuav tshem tag nrho lub ntiaj teb kev ua phem mus rau qhov tseem ceeb. Thiab tom qab ntawd peb yog peb li, peb yuav tsim lub ntiaj teb tshiab. " Nrog rau cov qauv ntawm cov lus nug no, txhua yam poob rau hauv lub skating rink ntawm Red Revolution - cov kev cai ntawm formal logic thiab.

Karl Marx thiab Friedrich Engels ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm kev xav, kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev lag luam. Cov tsim ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm communism yog inclined ntseeg hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm tsim tau ib qho kev qhia piav qhia txog cov cai ntawm kev loj hlob keeb kwm. Ntau tus ntawm lawv cov thwjtim maj mam tig txawm tias cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg thiab kev ntseeg hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tsim ntawm Marxism rau hauv dogmas akin rau kev ntseeg. Cov Bolsheviks, uas tau kov yeej tag nrho lub xeev, mus deb tshaj plaws hauv txoj haujlwm no. Marxist lub tswv yim tau txais kev sib cav muaj zog hauv nws txoj kev nyiam - lub xeev cov cuab yeej ntawm kev ua phem tsim los ntawm Bolsheviks thaum lub sij hawm kiv puag ncig thiab kev tsov kev rog.

Lub hauv paus ntawm Marxism yog dialectics. Txoj kev philosophical no yog los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev muaj tiag. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Marxism, dialectical materialism tau tsim, uas lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nco qab. Bolshevik lub tswv yim qhia tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog cov khoom ntawm kev tsim los yog kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, logic, kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kev cai ntawm kev xav, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub tswv yim, tau tig tawm mus rau hauv lub xeev ntawm yeej Marxism-Leninism.

Tom qab tag nrho, cov kev cai thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm logic ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb hauv ib qho "tsuas yog cov lus qhuab qhia tseeb." Twb tau los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 1910s, logic pib hu ua tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv dua li lub citadel ntawm kev xav metaphysical, incompatible nrog dialectics. Logic raug liam ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej bourgeois, uas tau los rau hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog kev tshawb fawb proletarian. Niaj hnub no philosopher Alexander Karpenko aptly sau tseg hais tias lub logic ntawm ntshai tsis muaj chaw rau logic.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1920s, lub Bolsheviks thaum kawg daws tau "philosophical lo lus nug". Txhua tus kws tshawb fawb txog tib neeg uas tsis txaus siab tau thov kom raug tshem tawm hauv lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv 1922, ib tug "philosophical steamer" tshwm sim - ib tug series ntawm kev ua los ntawm cov Bolsheviks mus ntiab tawm philosophers, theologians, sociologists thiab sau ntawv los ntawm lub teb chaws.

Ib qho lus qhuab qhia thiab kev xav uas tsis haum rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm dialectical materialism raug tshem tawm. "Los ntawm cov xov xwm uas cuam tshuam lub siab, kuv tuaj yeem tshaj tawm tias Nadezhda Krupskaya thiab qee tus M. Speransky raug txwv tsis pub nyeem Plato, Kant, Schopenhauer, Vladimir Soloviev, Nietzsche, Lev Tolstoy," sau Maxim Gorky hauv xyoo 1923. Rau ntau xyoo lawm, lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv Russia xyaum ceased muaj.

Los ntawm nruab nrab-1920s mus rau lig 1950s, Marxism-Leninism khov kho tuav nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Soviet lub tswv yim. Sab nraud ntawm nws, nws tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ua haujlwm - hauv USSR, tsis muaj lwm txoj kev xav.

Tab sis tus uas faus lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub USSR "tso rov qab" nws ua ntej - "lub luminary ntawm tag nrho cov sciences" Joseph Stalin. Thiab dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb, lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm kev xav tau pib nrog cov laj thawj raug cai. Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias nws tau ploj mus los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv xyoo 1920-1930s. Tab sis cov neeg uas, rov qab rau xyoo 1920, tau qhib siab rau hauv kev xav, yuav tsum tau sau rau ntawm lub rooj hauv kaum xyoo tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1940s, Stalin mam li nco dheev nco txog lub hav zoov ntawm logic. Ntau xyoo dhau los, kev sib sau ua ke, kev tsim khoom lag luam, "Kev Ua Phem Loj" tau hla lub tebchaws, ntau lab tus tib neeg tau tsiv mus rau hauv nroog.

Lub teb chaws xav tau Stalinist kev nkag siab zoo thiab kev tswj hwm. Thaj, txawm tias Stalin nws tus kheej nkag siab tias kev tua ib leeg hauv qhov teeb meem no tsis tuaj yeem daws txhua yam teeb meem.

Thaum ntxov 1941, Moscow State University xibfwb Valentin Asmus raug hu mus rau Kremlin. Thaum lub sij hawm lub xyoo ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, nws tau qhuas los ntawm cov keeb kwm kev hloov pauv uas lub kiv puag ncig coj, yog li ntawd ib pliag nws tau tsom mus rau kev sim ua ke Marxist dialectics thiab formal logic. Qhov tshwm sim yog phau ntawv Dialectical Materialism thiab Logic.

Tab sis thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1930, nws tau tsom mus rau txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev zoo nkauj Greek thaum ub - thaj chaw muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev paub hauv USSR. Hauv Kremlin, Stalin yws rau Asmus tias nws cov thawj coj "tsis paub yuav ua li cas," yog li nws yog qhov tsim nyog los npaj cov kev kawm hauv kev xav los qhia cov thawj coj ntawm ntau qib. Tab sis qhov pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj tsis tau tso cai rau cov kev kawm no.

Txawm li cas los xij, Stalin tsis tso tseg txoj kev xav ntawm logic. Tab sis tom qab tsov rog nws tau txiav txim siab mus ntxiv - "tus thawj coj ntawm txhua haiv neeg" tab tom yuav qhia tag nrho cov pej xeem Soviet kom xav kom raug. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1946, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm All-Union Communist Party ntawm Bolsheviks tau txais kev daws teeb meem "Rau kev qhia txog kev xav thiab kev xav hauv cov tsev kawm theem nrab." Los ntawm lub sij hawm no, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv kawm, logic thiab psychology raug puas tsuaj los ntawm lub primacy ntawm dialectical materialism. Tab sis Stalin tsis txaj muag los ntawm cov teeb meem no.

"Lub Central Committee ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) tau lees paub tias nws tsim nyog los qhia, nyob rau hauv plaub xyoos, pib ntawm 1947/48, kev qhia txog kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev xav hauv cov chav kawm tiav ntawm tsev kawm theem nrab. Logic thiab psychology yuav tsum tau qhia los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv tsim nyog uas tau txais kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb hauv kev xav txog kev xav thiab kev xav, "nyeem tsab cai tshaj tawm rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4, 1946 hauv "Uchitelskaya Gazeta". Qhov kev sim yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub nroog loj tshaj plaws ntawm RSFSR: Moscow, Leningrad, Gorky, Saratov, Sverdlovsk, Kuibyshev, Novosibirsk thiab lwm yam.

Cov koom pheej Union tau hais kom txiav txim siab txog kev qhia txog kev xav hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv txhua lub nroog uas muaj cov kws qhia tsim nyog.

Nws tau thov kom ua, raws li nws yuav tsum tau nyob hauv Stalinist USSR, ntawm kev nrawm nrawm. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1, 1947, lawv tau hais kom luam tawm phau ntawv qhia txog kev xav rau cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, los ntawm Lub Xya Hli 1 - phau ntawv qhia rau tsev kawm. Nws tau npaj siab los tsim cov chav haujlwm ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. Thiab xyoo 1951, thawj qhov kev kawm tiav ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav tau xav tau.

Qhov no yog qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis xav txog. Twb tau nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem tom ntej ntawm Uchitelskaya Gazeta, nws yuav tsum tau piav qhia: "Logic yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev qhuab qhia ntawm peb txoj kev xav. Raws li kev tshawb fawb txog cov kev cai ntawm kev xav kom raug, logic tsim cov ntsiab lus no, ua raws li peb tuaj yeem zam qhov yuam kev hauv peb cov lus txiav txim thiab cov lus xaus thiab tuaj yeem kho, cov pov thawj tseeb tiag … kawm txog dialectical logic." Cov kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv tau pib sau ntawv tam sim ntawd hais tias cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj laj thawj.

Feem ntau, tag nrho lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet pib siv qhov kev txiav txim siab. Thiab cov logic formal twb rehabilitation kiag li.

Qhov kawg ntawm 1940s-1950s yog hu ua historiography lub sij hawm ntawm "siab Stalinism". Lub sijhawm no, Stalin txoj kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm tau mus txog qhov kawg. Hauv kev tshawb fawb, sim qiv ib yam dab tsi los ntawm Western kws tshawb fawb tau raug txwv. Genetics thiab cybernetics tau swb lawm. Cov ntaj kuj tau dai ntawm quantum physics, tab sis tsuas yog qhov yuav tsum tau siv nws hauv kev tsim lub foob pob atomic cawm thaj tsam ntawm kev paub los ntawm kev swb.

Tsuas yog tawm tsam xws li keeb kwm yav dhau los, kev rov qab los ntawm kev xav, paub txij thaum Antiquity, zoo li kev txawj ntse tawg. Tseeb tiag, nws tsis ntev los lawm. Tus thawj coj kev txiav txim ntawm kev txhawb siab ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav, ntawm lawv qhov kev koom nrog hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov txheej txheem, rub tag nrho lub tswv yim nrog nws. Nyob rau hauv Soviet humanitarian kev paub, spheres pib tshwm sim uas tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev xav li yav dhau los. Qhov no tau tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet tshaj tawm lawv tus kheej ua cov neeg xav paub, muaj peev xwm hais tau ib yam lus nrog lawv cov npoj yaig Western.

Rau xyoo logic

Tab sis lub tsev kawm ntawv logic thiab psychology tau ua phem dua. Raws li kev kawm, lawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv Soviet me ntsis ntev dua li tus thawj coj tseem ceeb ntawm lawv cov lus qhia. Tom qab Stalin tuag nyob rau hauv 1953, qhov project los qhia cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv maj mam pib mus phased.

Txawm li cas los xij, dhau rau xyoo ntawm nws qhov kev siv, ntau qhov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb tau ua. Cov phau ntawv kawm rau cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim. Phau ntawv kawm txog kev puas siab puas ntsws tau sau los ntawm xibfwb BM Teplov, uas tau muab sijhawm ntev los qhia "History of Psychology". SN Vinogradov thiab AF Kuzmin tau sau ib phau ntawv qhia txog kev xav.

Thaum xyoo 1950, kev xav thiab kev xav tau raug qhia hauv ntau dua 600 lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet. Hauv lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov kws qhia lej pib qhia cov kev cai ntawm kev cai logic rau hauv lawv cov kev kawm.

Tom qab Stalin tuag, qhov kev thuam ntawm cov neeg hais lus tau poob rau hauv kev xav, ib yam li xyoo 1920 - 1930s. Tom qab intra-Kremlin tawm tsam, Nikita Khrushchev los rau lub hwj chim, ncaj ncees rau lub revolutionary hom phiaj, yog li ntawd txoj hmoo ntawm "bourgeois" logic thiab puas siab puas ntsws nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv yog ib tug foregone xaus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws raug cais tawm ntawm feem ntau cov kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nws txoj kev qhia rau lej kuj muaj lus nug. Nws tau ntseeg tias logic tsis muaj peev xwm los daws qhov teeb meem tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev ua lej - tsuas yog cov khoom siv dialectical muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov no.

Nyob rau hauv 1959, lub luag hauj lwm kev qhia ntawm logic thiab psychology nyob rau hauv lub Soviet cov tsev kawm ntawv yog kiag li curtailed. Kev sim los ntawm qee tus neeg nyiam kom rov qab los rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm tau ua tsis tiav. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua yam niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab social sciences tshuav cov tsev kawm ntawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau xyoo 1940s lawv tau qhib qhov sib txawv hauv Soviet kev muaj tiag rau tag nrho lwm yam kev paub pub dawb rau tib neeg.