Rau lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Islam

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Zoo li txhua leej txhua tus paub qhov twg Islam tuaj ntawm: ntau pua phau ntawv, cov ntawv xov xwm, txhua hnub thiab ntu TV thiab xov tooj cua tshaj tawm… Tab sis tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Great Steppe Murad Aji nyuam qhuav coj los ntawm Iran sensational kev lees paub ntawm nws qhov kev xav ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Islam. Nws lo lus.

- Murad Eskenderovich, feem ntau lees txais tias Islam raws li kev ntseeg hauv tebchaws Arabia. Koj muaj lub ntsiab lus txawv. Vim li cas?

- Yog lawm, niaj hnub no nws yog kev cai xav li ntawd - pib ntawm Arabia. Tab sis peb lossis plaub puas xyoo dhau los, tib neeg tau qhia lawv tus kheej txawv: tom qab ntawd muaj cov tswv yim sib txawv ntawm Islam. Qhov tseeb, kuv tab tom tham txog lub sijhawm ntawd hauv kuv phau ntawv "Kipchaks, Oguzes".

Thaum ntxov Islam yog ho txawv ntawm niaj hnub Islam. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv medieval Europe nws tau hu ua "Egyptian heresy", vim hais tias txoj kev ntseeg tshiab tau zoo heev nyob rau hauv tsos rau Eastern Christianity - tib Monotheism. Lawv tej kab ke thiab kev thov Vajtswv yuav luag tib yam. Byzantium, tus tsim cai lij choj ntawm kev txiav txim hauv Tebchaws Europe, tsis paub txog Islam rau lub sijhawm ntev, xav tias nws yog pawg ntseeg.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, Western Christians (tshwj xeeb, kom ntxhov siab rau Byzantines!), Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, hu lawv tus kheej cov phooj ywg ntawm Islam, thiab cov popes tau lees tias lawv ntseeg Vajtswv tib yam li Muslims, lawv paub Kaulees. Piv txwv li, Pope Sylvester II, ua ntej nws xaiv tsa, nyob hauv cov Muslims tau ntau xyoo, kawm lej, chemistry thiab kev kawm txuj ci nyob ntawd. Thiab, ntseeg kuv, muaj ntau yam piv txwv. Tom qab tag nrho, tus ntoo khaub lig sib npaug yog lub cim ntawm Islam thaum ntxov. Tsawg kawg yog thaum ntxov li 1024, lub tsiab peb caug ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Cross tau ua kev zoo siab nyob rau hauv lub Caliphate, lub festivities tau qhib los ntawm lub Caliph nws tus kheej. Thiab cov cim tau siv los ntawm Muslims … Hauv ib lo lus, ntau yam tau txawv ntawm qhov lawv niaj hnub no.

- Ces yog vim li cas thiaj li me ntsis paub txog keeb kwm thaum ntxov ntawm Islam?

- Cov lus teb yuav tsum tau nrhiav hauv ntiaj teb kev nom kev tswv. Nws, kev nom kev tswv, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th yuam kom rov sau keeb kwm ntawm Islam, ua kom nws txoj kev paub niaj hnub no. Qhov tseeb faded rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau. Qhov tseem ceeb tau muab tso rau hauv keeb kwm Arabic. Zoo li yog tsis muaj lwm yam "hauv paus".

Qhov no tau ua tiav los ua kom tiav lub tshuab nqus tsev: Ottoman Empire tom qab ntawd raug kev puas tsuaj, lub luag haujlwm ntawm Turkic hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj tau qaug zog nrog rau cov Turks, nws yuav tsum tsis nco qab. Kev rov sau keeb kwm yog ib txwm muaj, nws ib txwm ua raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm lub hwj chim.

Tab sis thawj Quran yog sau ua lus Arabic. Nrog qhov no koj yuav tsis sib cav?

- Thiab qhov no paub li cas? Yog lawm, nyob rau hauv cov ntawv niaj hnub ntawm Qur'an muaj, piv txwv li, cov kab hauv qab no: "Peb tau ua nws lub Qur'an hauv Arabic kom koj nkag siab." (Sura 43–3). Kuv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog lo lus "Arabic" thiab hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tus Yaj Saub tsis muaj lus Arabic. Thiab tsis muaj leej twg paub lo lus "Arab". Cov Arabs tshwm sim tom qab, ntau xyoo tom qab, thaum lub xeev ntawm Caliphate sawv. Nws cov neeg nyob, uas tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau Islam, raug hu ua Arabs. Lawv yog cov Turks, Egyptians, Syrians, Libyans thiab lwm haiv neeg. Precisely cov neeg! Raws li koj tau pom, Arab tsis yog ib lo lus haiv neeg.

Cov lus Arabic tau tsim tom qab, txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th. Tsawg kawg, al-Khalil tau ua thawj zaug los tsim phau ntawv txhais lus Arabic thiab cov cai, lossis ntau dua, qee qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus tshiab kev ntseeg, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 8, tab sis nws qhov kev sim ua tsis tiav. Cov lus "composite" tsis ua haujlwm. Thaj, nws yog raws li lus Turkic.

Qhov thib ob sim los tsim ib phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm cov lus Arabic yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Ibn Duraid (837 - 933), nws tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no, paub txog cov kws tshawb fawb Arab. Nws yog qhov ua tau los txiav txim rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus Arabic los ntawm nws. Tab sis qhov ntawd kuj tsis yog Arabic tseem. Tsuas yog tom qab ntawd, thaum cov lus "pab" tau ntxiv nrog cov lus ntawm Bedouin nomads, ib yam dab tsi zoo li Arabic tau tshwm sim. Tom qab ntawd cov ntawv sau "Phau Ntawv Kho" hauv 10 phau ntawv tau luam tawm, nws tus sau Abu Mansur Muhammad ibn al-Azhar al-Azhari (895 - 981). Tej zaum nws yog tus tsim ntawm cov lus Arabic, yam tsawg kawg nws tau sawv ntawm nws lub hauv paus.

Lub tswvyim ntawm "Arabic" yog tseem heev conditional. Piv txwv li, nws suab txawv hauv Saudi Arabia dua li hauv Egypt lossis Algeria. Arabs to taub ib leeg li Russians to taub Ukrainians los yog Bulgarians. Tej yam yog meej, tab sis tsis yog tag nrho. Ntxiv mus, cov lus ntawm Quran yog txawv kiag li.

Thiab qhov no yog vim Arabs yog ib lub koom haum ntawm cov neeg sib txawv uas tau koom ua ke los ntawm Islam, ib lub koom haum nom tswv lossis kev ntseeg.

- Ces nws tsis meej kiag li. Cov ntawv sau ntawm cov neeg Arab tuaj qhov twg?

- Kuv lees, nws txaus siab rau kuv thiab. Tab sis kuv tsis tau tig mus rau phau ntawv kawm ntawm cov lus Arabic lossis phau ntawv sau ntawv. Nws ua rau tsis muaj kev nkag siab, muaj keeb kwm ntawm cov lus Arabic pib nrog hnub tsis meej - "ua ntej IV xyoo pua." Ua tiav absurdity. Vim li cas, koj nug?

Vim hais tias lub xyoo pua 4th, ntau precisely 312, yog hnub ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Middle East, sau nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv reminiscent ntawm Arabic tsab ntawv. Muaj tseeb tiag, tsis yog ib tug Arabist ib leeg tau nyeem nws, nrog rau tag nrho lwm cov ntawv "Arabic" thaum ub. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau tawv ncauj hu ua Arab. Nov yog qhov kev nom kev tswv hauv science …

Lawv txawm tuaj nrog version ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm Arabic thiab Aramaic, tab sis qhov no tsis yog los ntawm qhov pib. Tom qab tag nrho, tsab ntawv Arabic pib ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug, nws muaj cov duab qhia thiab peculiar, zoo ib yam li nws nyob ze thiab Middle East. Cuneiform - yog, muaj, hieroglyphs - kuj yog, tab sis ligature - tsis yog. Yog li cov lus nug tshwm sim - qhov twg yog ib tsab ntawv tshiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua 4 hauv Middle East? Thiab cov Copts thiab Ethiopians?

Kuv qhov kev txaus siab tshawb fawb yog nyob rau hauv Great Migration of Peoples, uas tau pib ua ntej lub sijhawm tshiab los ntawm Ancient Altai thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau steppes ntawm Eurasia mus txog rau xyoo pua 5. Hauv lwm lo lus, kuv tab tom kawm keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb Turkic thiab Great Steppe. Ntawm no cov lus teb rau koj cov lus nug tau pom.

Nws hloov tawm tias ntev ua ntej lub sijhawm tshiab, Ancient Altai muaj nws cov lus sau. Cov no yog runes, lawv tau carved rau ntawm pob zeb, lawv tau kawm los ntawm science, lawv lub hnub nyoog tau tsim. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis yog lub ntsiab lus. Runic sau pib los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug lossis los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab, cov lus tau hla, cov ntawv sau hauv ib lo lus. Qhov no yog qhov originality ntawm Altai sau. Cov runes tau ua haujlwm ua "cov ntawv thaiv".

Ntxiv nrog rau runes, cov Altaians thaum ub paub sau ntawv hais lus. Nws sau los ntawm tes rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij, sau nrog quills los yog finely pointed sticks, dipping lawv nyob rau hauv cov xim, vim hais tias lawv tsis muaj ntawv, number case los yog lwm yam ntaub ntawv sau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd. Lub ntiaj teb sab hnub poob tau kawm txog cov lus sau ntawm Altaians nyob rau hauv 250 BC, thaum lub Great Migration of Peoples kov cov av ntawm Ancient Persia. Lub zog muaj dhau mus rau dynasty ntawm Arshakids, los yog Liab Sakas, lawv tuaj ntawm Altai.

Lub foob ntawm Arshakids tso cai rau ib tug hais li ntawd, nws yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Xeev Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Iran, muaj tseeb Turkic runes rau nws, thiab qhov no yog ib tug indelible cim. Kuv pom lawv tus kheej.

Ua ke nrog cov thawj coj, kev sau ntawv tshiab tuaj rau Iran los ntawm sab xis mus rau sab laug, hauv ib lo lus, uas yog, raws li cov cai ntawm Ancient Altai! Tom qab ntawd cov kws sau ntawv hauv zos tau muab tsab ntawv ib qho floridness, thiab "cov ntawv" pib zoo li swans, lawv tau txais lub npe - kufi (hauv Turkic "kuf" - "swan"), tab sis tau kawg lawv tsis hloov tsab ntawv hauv txoj cai..

Thaum, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th, lub Great Migration ntawm Tib neeg mus txog rau Middle East, lub Kufic tsab ntawv, uas yog tam sim no vim li cas hu ua ancient Arabic, kuj tuaj ntawm no. Tab sis, kuv rov hais dua, tsis yog ib tug Arabist tau nyeem nws …

Yuav kom tsis txhob dhuav cov neeg nyeem nrog cov ntsiab lus, kuv yuav nco ntsoov: cov ntawv qub ntawm Kaulees tau sau rau hauv Kufic tsab ntawv. Lawv khaws cia rau hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb Muslim ua lub thaj neeb ntawm Islam.

Hauv Iran, Altai ntawv tau tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 6th. (Nyeem ntxiv txog qhov no hauv kuv phau ntawv). Thiab cov Arabs tau kawm txog nws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th, ntau precisely, nyob rau hauv 751. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Kaulees pib sau rau ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv Turkic kufi, tab sis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, uas tam sim no siav nyob rau hauv Samarkand thiab hu ua Turkic lo lus "kagit". Ua ntej no, cov Kaulees tau sau rau hauv Kufi tsab ntawv, tab sis ntawm cov tawv hnav zoo nkauj.

Yuav kom tsis txhob ncua lub ntsiab lus, kuv yuav nco ntsoov: lo lus "phau ntawv" (kinig) yog Turkic, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm nws txhais tau tias "nyob rau hauv ib tug scroll": niaj hnub phau ntawv pib nrog scrolls. Cov ntaub ntawv rau lub scroll yog hu ua "sanduk" ntawm cov Turks, thiab cov Arabs - ib yam nkaus thiab … Koj tuaj yeem mus ntxiv, vim tias yuav luag txhua phau ntawv lag luam pib hauv Altai. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm kev tsim cov nplooj ntawv ntawm Kaulees thaum ub. Ntawm no lawv yog, saib, cov no yog Turkic ornaments!

Lo lus nug no yuav tsum muaj kev txaus siab rau cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntev, nws nyob ntawm qhov chaw, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg tau tsim nws. Kev nom kev tswv cuam tshuam. Kuv tau ntseeg qhov no thaum lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no mus rau Iran. Iranian cov npoj yaig tau pom cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws ntawm Kaulees, sau rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij hauv Kufic tsab ntawv. Kuv tuav hauv kuv txhais tes cov phau ntawv no, dawb ceev rau ib tug Muslim. Lawv yeej yog "Altai", xws li kuv tau piav hauv kuv phau ntawv.