Dab tsi yog Egyptian pyramids ua los ntawm?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nthwv dej ntawm pseudoscientific fabrications txog ancient Egyptian kev tsim kho txoj kev tau swept thoob plaws hauv Is Taws Nem thiab lwm yam xov xwm tshaj tawm: nws tau sib cav yam tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab tias lub tsev pob zeb yog cov pob zeb ua vaj tse.

Rice. 1. Cov pyramids ntawm Menkaur (Mikerin) thiab Khafre (Khafre) hauv Giza, ua los ntawm limestone blocks. Ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Menkaur pyramid (foreground) yog chunks ntawm granite thiab granodiorite coj los ntawm Aswan cheeb tsam. Duab los ntawm ib tsab xov xwm sib tham hauv Encyclopedia of Egyptology.

Rau kev tsim kho ntawm pyramids, nrog rau qhov ntxa thiab mastabas nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, lawv nyiam siv cov pob zeb mos thiab dav - limestone thiab sandstone, nrog rau anhydrite thiab gypsum. James Harrell rau Encyclopedia of Egyptology, luam tawm hauv online los ntawm University of California, Los Angeles, tau muab cov ntsiab lus zoo kawg nkaus ntawm 128 cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub quarries. Tej zaum muaj ntau ntau ntawm lawv, tab sis qee qhov tseem tsis tau pom, thaum lwm tus raug rhuav tshem nyob rau yav tom ntej.

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, nthwv dej ntawm pseudoscientific fabrications txog ancient Egyptian kev tsim kho txoj kev tau swept thoob plaws hauv Is Taws Nem thiab lwm yam xov xwm tshaj tawm: nws tau sib cav yam tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab tias lub tsev pob zeb yog cov pob zeb ua vaj tse. Lub hauv paus rau cov kev xav zoo li no yog cov ntawv tshaj tawm los ntawm Fab Kis tus kws kho mob Joseph Davidovits (Davidovits, 1986 thiab lwm tus), uas tau sib cav tias cov blocks hauv cov pyramids tau nchuav rau hauv situ los ntawm kev daws teeb meem ntawm crushed clayey kaolinite limestone, feem ntau hauv Giza. cheeb tsam, txiv qaub thiab dej qab zib. Tau kawg, geologists thiab paleontologists uas tau kawm txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov qauv ntawm Egyptian blocks tau rov sau tseg tias lawv tau ua tiav blocks ntawm ntuj sedimentary deposits, thiab tsis muaj txhais tau tias pob zeb sau (saib, piv txwv li, Jana, 2007), tab sis, alas, cov no yog cov tswv yim ruam tshaj plaws niaj hnub no nws yog kev cai rau kev tsa nto rau daim ntaub thaiv.

Geologist James Harrell ntawm American University of Toledo, Ohio, tsis tau tsuas yog ua tib zoo mapped 128 ancient quarries nyob rau hauv tam sim no tim lyiv teb chaws thiab North Sudan (Daim duab 2), tab sis kuj txiav txim seb lub sijhawm twg yog nyiam rau tej qhov chaw tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ntau yam. ib feem ntawm Ancient Egyptian xeev.

Rice. 2. Daim ntawv qhia txog cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub quarries. Lub voj voog liab qhia limestones, dub squares - sandstones, ntsuab daim duab peb sab - gypsum. Teeb duab los ntawm ib tsab xov xwm sib tham hauv Encyclopedia of Egyptology.

Cov neeg Iyiv siv cov pob zeb thiab cov pob zeb tsis yog rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov pob zeb loj loj, tab sis kuj tseem ua kom muaj zog thiab rov kho cov tsev ua los ntawm adobe cib nrog lawv - palaces, fortresses, storehouses, vaj tsev nyob. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub tsev kuj yog mos, uas yog, yooj yim-rau-ua hauj lwm, sedimentary pob zeb - limestones thiab sandstones (Fig. 1, 3). Yog hais tias cov limestones yuav luag dawb huv calcium carbonate, ces cov sandstones feem ntau yog quartz xuab zeb nplej nrog ib tug admixture ntawm feldspars. Cov neeg Iyiv hu ua limestone "ib pob zeb zoo nkauj ntawm Tura-Masar" (Tura-Masara, los yog Mazar, yog ib qho ntawm cov cheeb tsam uas cov pob zeb tau mined), thiab sandstone - "lub teeb zoo nkauj pob zeb." Nws yog, qhov tseeb, nyuaj dua li limestone.

Rice. 3. (a) Ib qho qhib limestone chaw txua txiag zeb rau Khafre pyramid ntawm Giza, qhov chaw khaws cov cim (Fig. 2, 4). (b) Lub pob zeb limestone mining adit ntawm Ko el Kebir nrog cov kab txhawb nqa (Fig. 2, 64). (c) Chaw txua txiag zeb rau kev tshem tawm cov xuab zeb thaiv ntawm Nag el Khosh (Fig. 2, Quarry 8). Cov duab los ntawm ib tsab xov xwm sib tham hauv Encyclopedia of Egyptology

Txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub Nceeg Vaj qub, limestone tau dhau los ua lub pob zeb tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Iyiv cov neeg tsim, vim nws yog lub pob zeb no uas tau nthuav dav raws ntug dej hiav txwv Mediterranean thiab Nile Valley ntawm Cairo nyob rau sab qaum teb mus rau Esna nyob rau sab qab teb (Daim duab 2, 3a., b). Piv txwv li, ib lub Great Pyramids - Khafra - nyob rau hauv Giza yog tsim los ntawm limestone, uas yog mined nyob rau hauv qab nws (Fig. 3a). Sandstones tuaj rau saum npoo raws ntug dej ntawm Nile sab qab teb ntawm Esna (Fig. 2, 3c). Lawv tau siv tsawg dua: hauv Lub Nceeg Vaj Qub, lub qhov ntxa dynastic hauv Hierakonpole thiab lub pyramid me me hauv Nagada tau tsim los ntawm cov xuab zeb. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias muaj kev nyuaj nrog kev thauj mus los, nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj Tshiab, nws yog pob zeb xuab zeb uas tiv taus ntau dua rau kev puas tsuaj uas dhau los ua cov khoom siv hauv tsev - feem ntau ntawm cov tuam tsev hauv Thebes, qee lub tuam tsev hauv Abydos, lub tuam tsev Aton hauv. El Amarna. Nyob rau hauv Sinai Peninsula thiab nyob rau sab hnub poob oases, kev xaiv ntawm pob zeb rau kev tsim kho yog nyob ntawm seb dab tsi tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm cov chaw txua txiag zeb ze tshaj plaws.

Tsawg zaus, thiab tej zaum yog rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb, ob qho tib si siv tau (kom ntxiv dag zog rau lub tsev) thiab kev ua koob tsheej (kom them se rau tus vaj ntxwv lossis pov thawj), cov neeg Iyiv tau khawb thiab ua cov granites nyuaj heev thiab granodiorites (Fig. 1) los yog ntws (silicon heev.) sandstones thiab basalts. (Basalt thiab granodiorite yog pob zeb igneous, granite muaj ib tug complex metamorphic keeb kwm.) Ob hom ntsev tau mined rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv liab, haum rau kev tsim kho - anhydrite (calcium sulfate) thiab gypsum (hydrous calcium sulfate). Nws yog qhov nthuav tias lub npe ntawm pob zeb thiab pob zeb hauv av - "gypsum" - los ntawm Greeks rov qab mus rau cov neeg Iyiv, txawm tias lawv tuaj yeem qiv los ntawm Akkadians. Rau cladding, cov Egyptians kuj siv travertine, los yog calcareous tuff, hu ua "Egyptian alabaster".

Yog li ntawd ntawm cov blocks loj hauv cov tsev tsis muaj qhov khoob, nrog rau cov voids thiab chips, cov neeg Iyiv hauv lub sijhawm Preynastic tau tsim lawv tus kheej hom gypsum-raws li kev daws teeb meem. Thaum cov ntxhia no tau rhuab mus rau 100-200 ° C, nws poob qee qhov dej thiab hloov mus rau hauv hemihydrate - hlawv gypsum. Thaum sib tov nrog dej, cov khoom no rov ua kom rov ua dua tshiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm gypsum thiab sai sai solidifies. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv, burnt gypsum tau siv ntau dua los tsim cov chaw raws li qhov kev pab cuam tau carved, thiab thaum nws yuav tsum tau muab tub lim, xuab zeb tau ntxiv. Qhov tiag limestone-raws li cement slurry tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv Ptolemies (IV xyoo pua BC).

Ntawm 128 lub chaw ua haujlwm paub, 89 tau mined rau limestone, 36 rau sandstone, thiab 3 rau gypsum thiab anhydrite. Txawm hais tias, raws li txoj cai, lub pob zeb rau kev tsim kho tau raug coj mus rau hauv lub chaw txua txiag zeb ze tshaj plaws, tab sis rau kev ntsib kev ua haujlwm, cov quarries nyob deb kuj tseem siv tau yog tias cov pob zeb tawg tsawg dua ntawm cov ntxoov ntxoo zoo nkauj thiab textures tuaj yeem pom muaj, piv txwv li, limestones los ntawm quarries ntawm. Tura thiab Masara nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm Ancient thiab Middle Kingdom. Thiab rau cov tuam tsev hauv Thebes, cov xuab zeb tau xa mus tshaj li ib puas kilometers. Feem ntau, lub pob zeb tau quarried nyob rau hauv qhib-qhov chaw quarries, tab sis thaum cov khoom ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo yog yuav tsum tau, adits tau drilled mus txog 100 m tob rau hauv lub pob tsuas (Fig. 3b). Nrog kev pab los ntawm kev xaiv thiab chisels (tooj liab, bronze, tom qab hlau) thiab pob zeb sledge hammers, cov duab plaub raug txiav tawm (Daim duab 4).

Rice. 4. (a) Cov phiaj xwm ntawm lub tuam tsev tau sau rau ntawm kab ntawv txhawb nqa hauv Jbel Sheikh Said adit (Fig. 2, Quarry 33). (b) Cov pob zeb limestone uas tseem tshuav nyob rau hauv lub chaw txua txiag zeb "Queen Ty" (Fig. 2, Quarry 35). Cov duab los ntawm ib tsab xov xwm sib tham hauv Encyclopedia of Egyptology

Daim duab qhia chaw ntawm quarries, muab tso ua ke los ntawm James Harrell, yog nrog los ntawm ib daim ntawv teev npe, uas muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov pob zeb uas tau mined nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv: lub npe ntawm tsim, nws lub hnub nyoog, nta ntawm cov qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, feem ntau yam ntxwv fossil kab mob., nrog rau cov tsev uas tej zaum, tau tsim los ntawm cov blocks mined hauv qhov chaw txua txiag zeb no, thiab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tau ua hauv nws. Piv txwv li, rau Khafre pyramid, limestone blocks raug txiav tsis deb ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub chaw txua txiag zeb (Fig.3a), uas nthuav tawm Middle Eocene Observatory Tsim (kwv yees li 45 Ma), uas yog ib txwm marine sediments nrog ntau plhaub ntawm loj protozoa - foraminifera nummulitides, nrog rau microscopic operculinids, globigerinids thiab lwm yam foraminifera; cov seem ntawm hiav txwv urchins pom muaj; cov yam ntxwv ntawm limestone qhia tau hais tias nws tsim tsis tob tshaj li lub hauv paus ntawm cua daj cua dub yaig.

Nws yog cov mineralogical muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pob zeb (Fig.5), lawv cov qauv, kev ntxhib los mos thiab lwm yam petrographic nta, thiab rau cov pob zeb sedimentary - kuj muaj cov fossil fauna - ua kom raug txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov chaw txua txiag zeb yav tom ntej ntawm cov tsev tshwj xeeb raug tshem tawm. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm lub hiav txwv phiab los yog ib feem me me ntawm nws tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb sedimentary tsim muaj thiab khov nyob rau hauv lawv mus ib txhis, txawm tias cov tawg ntawm cov pob zeb no ua cov khoom siv hauv tsev.

Rice. 5. Cov qauv hauv av ntawm cov pob zeb siv los ua cov khoom siv hauv tebchaws Iziv thaum ub. Cov kab sab saud yog granite thiab granite; kab thib ob - gneisses, gypsum thiab limestone; kab thib peb yog limestone; thib plaub - limestone thiab sandstones; H6, H7, O1, L6, L9, L21, L25, L75, L91, S3, S9b - designations of quarries on the map. Los ntawm phau ntawv Harrell, 2009.

Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li petrographic thiab paleontological nta, nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm lawv tab tom nrhiav rau quarries, qhov twg limestone tau mined nyob rau hauv nruab nrab hnub nyoog rau kev tsim kho cov tuam tsev ntawm Ancient Russia thiab Fabkis, thaum lawv pib kho lawv. Vim tias txawm tias cov pob zeb limestone zoo sib xws tau muab los ntawm cov quarries sib txawv muaj qhov sib txawv me ntsis, nrog rau cov tshuaj lom neeg, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev yaig ntau ntxiv hauv cov phab ntsa rov qab los ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm "patches" nrog cov pob zeb qub.

Saib ntxiv:

1) J. Davidovits. X-ray tsom xam thiab x-ray diffraction ntawm casing pob zeb los ntawm lub Pyramids ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, thiab limestone ntawm cov quarries txuam / R. A. David // Science in Egyptology Symposia. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1986. P. 511-520.

2) D. Jana. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj los ntawm cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov pob zeb casing los ntawm Great Pyramid ntawm Khufu, lub ntuj limestone los ntawm Tura, thiab cov txiv neej tsim (geopolymeric) limestone // Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Lub Rooj Sib Tham 29th ntawm Cement Microscopy, Quebec City, PQ, Canada, Tsib Hlis 20 -24. 2007. P. 207-266.