Cov thawj coj archaeology tau lees paub tias cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm cov neeg European yog Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

National Geographic Russia cov ntawv xov xwm luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv nthuav tawm nrog cov duab nthuav dav ntawm archaeological excavations nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Kostenki (40 km ntawm Voronezh). Raws li cov txiaj ntsig tau txais, cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab hauv qab no: "cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm cov neeg European yog Russia."

VENUS NTAWM BATTLES

Qhov twg yog thawj HOMO SAPIENS tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Europe?

Txog thaum tsis ntev los no, nws tau ntseeg tias Homo sapiens, ntau dua 40 txhiab xyoo dhau los, thawj tsiv los ntawm Africa mus rau Western Europe, tom qab ntawd mus rau Central Europe, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd nyob thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Tab sis qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm archaeologists nyob ze Voronezh tau ua rau tsis ntseeg txog qhov kev xav no.

Kastinsk, Kostenyok, Kostenki … Lub npe ntawm lub zos nyob rau hauv lub Don River, 40 kilometers sab qab teb ntawm Voronezh, ib txwm hais txog dab tsi nws los ua nto moo rau: los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial, cov pob txha loj ntawm cov tsiaj mysterious tau pom ntawm no. Cov neeg nyob hauv zos tau ntev muaj cov lus dab neeg txog cov tsiaj nyaum nyob hauv av, uas tuaj yeem pom tom qab nws tuag. Txawm tias Peter kuv txaus siab rau cov pob txha no, leej twg yuam kom cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws kom xa mus rau Kunstkamera hauv St. Tom qab kuaj xyuas lawv, huab tais tuaj txog qhov tsis xav txog: cov no yog cov seem ntawm cov ntxhw ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Alexander lub Great.

Nyob rau hauv 1768, qhov pom nyob rau hauv Kostenki tau piav nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Nyob thoob plaws Russia mus tshawb txog peb lub nceeg vaj ntawm xwm" los ntawm nto moo German traveler Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1879, tom qab Gmelin, archaeologist Ivan Semyonovich Polyakov nqa tawm thawj excavations nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm lub zos (nyob rau hauv Pokrovsky gorge), uas qhib lub camp ntawm dej khov hnub nyoog yos hav zoov. Thawj qhov kev khawb hauv Kostenki (rov qab rau xyoo 1881 thiab 1915) tau ua tsis zoo - lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog khaws cov khoom siv pob zeb. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo 1920 uas txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm Paleolithic qhov chaw pib, uas txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no.

Lub archaeological excavations ntawm Kostenkovsko-Borshchevsky complex tau sai heev thoob ntiaj teb koob meej. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm Paleolithic monuments tau dhau los ua qhov txawv txav ntawm no: niaj hnub no, ntawm thaj tsam ntawm tsuas yog 30 square kilometers, 25 qhov chaw sib txawv tau tshawb pom, 10 ntawm cov uas yog multilayer! Tsis tas li ntawd, archaeologists ntawm cov chaw no pom tsis tau tsuas yog qhov seem ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev, cov cuab yeej, tab sis kuj yog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub zoo li Paleolithic lig: headbands, bracelets, figurative pendants, me me (txog 1 cm) kab txaij rau lub kaus mom thiab khaub ncaws, tawg ntawm cov yas me me.. Thiab nyob rau hauv Kostenki-1, kaum, tam sim no nto moo thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no, kuj zoo tib yam (uas yog ib tug zoo rarity) poj niam figurines, nicknamed los ntawm archaeologists "Paleolithic Venuses", tau pom.

Hauv Kostenki-1, muaj lwm yam kev tshawb pom tshwj xeeb, piv txwv li, daim dyes, qhia tias Kostenkovites siv charcoal thiab marly pob zeb kom tau dub thiab dawb dyes, thiab ferruginous nodules pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm, tom qab ua lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug hluav taws, muab tsaus. liab thiab ocher dye tones. Burnt av nplaum kuj pom muaj - tej zaum nws yog siv rau txheej ci pits.

IMAGE NTAWM LUB MAMMOT ua los ntawm marl nrog cov kab ntawm cov xim liab ocher.

Kostenki-1, qhov thib ob tsev nyob.

Hnub nyoog ntawm qhov chaw: 22-23 txhiab xyoo.

Medidas: 3,5 x 4, 1 cm.

Ancient Hunters

Cov Kostenkovites thaum ub zoo li cas thiab lawv nyob li cas? Outwardly, raws li nws tau tig tawm los ntawm cov burials nrhiav pom, lawv tsis txawv nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub. Raws li rau lawv lub tsev, lawv yeej yog ob hom. Cov qauv ntawm thawj hom yog loj, elongated, nrog hearths nyob rau hauv lub longitudinal axis. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv yog lub tsev nyob 36 meters ntev thiab 15 meters dav, uncovered nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem los ntawm tus naas ej archaeologist Peter Efimenko nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Kostenok-1, nrog plaub dugouts, 12 cia pits, ntau yam kev nyuaj siab thiab pits. uas tau siv los ua ib qho chaw cia khoom. Lub tsev ntawm hom thib ob yog puag ncig, nrog lub hearth nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Earthen embankments, mammoth pob txha, ntoo thiab tsiaj tawv nqaij tau siv rau kev tsim kho. Nws tseem yog qhov tsis paub yuav ua li cas cov neeg thaum ub tau tswj hwm los thaiv cov qauv zoo li no.

Cov vaj tsev nyob hauv ntau lub tsev (lawv kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv Kostenki-4) zoo ib yam li cov qauv poj koob yawm txwv kawm tau zoo ntawm Asmeskas Khab thiab Polynesians thiab kuj ua tim khawv rau txoj kev ua neej ntawm Kostenkovites. Tsiv mus ntxiv, mus rau ntau thaj chaw sab qaum teb, tib neeg tau tsim cov qauv tshiab ntawm kev npaj tua tsiaj - tsis yog nyob rau hauv ib pawg, tab sis nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov zej zog tsim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntshav thiab caj ces. Lawv yos hav zoov mammoth, nees, reindeer thiab tsiaj me thiab noog.

Tag nrho cov pob txha ntawm hma thiab arctic hma liab pom, txawm li cas los xij, ua tim khawv rau qhov tseeb tias cov neeg yos hav zoov thaum ub tshem tawm cov tawv nqaij thiab plaub tsiaj los ua khaub ncaws. Qhov no kuj tau lees paub los ntawm cov cuab yeej pob txha rau kev ua cov ntaub npog thiab ua cov tawv nqaij mos: hlawv, plws, awls thiab txhua hom ntsiab lus, cov khoom rau smoothing seams ntawm cov khaub ncaws. Cov leeg ntawm cov tsiaj tau siv los ua cov xov.

LUB TSEV PALEOLITHIC QHOV TSEEB?

Txog rau thaum ntxov 1990s, ib qho kev ntoj ke mus ncig ua haujlwm hauv Kostenki nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences. Tom qab ntawd peb cais pawg tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov kws tshaj lij hauv Paleolithic ntawm St. Petersburg lub koom haum rau Keeb Kwm ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb: Andrei Sinitsyn, Mikhail Anikovich thiab Sergei Lisitsyn. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm Kostenki State Tsev khaws puav pheej-Reserve, uas tau los ua ywj pheej hauv xyoo 1991, tam sim no tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb ntxiv. Yog li kev txaus siab tshawb fawb hauv Kostenki ntawm archaeologists tsis ploj zuj zus.

Tab sis dab tsi ntxiv Kostenki qhia rau koj npaj txhij txog? Lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub zos excavations twb xam tau tias yog - 130 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev los no cov kev tshawb pom tau ua rau ib zaug ntxiv riveted cov neeg tshawb nrhiav Paleolithic, thiab tsis yog cov neeg Lavxias, rau Kostenki. Rov qab rau hauv 50-60s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov kws tshawb fawb pom thaum kawm cov txheej txheem qis ntawm qhov tsis paub qhov twg volcanic tshauv tuaj ntawm. Tom qab ntawd lawv pib pom nws ntawm lwm qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb hauv Kostenki-14 (kev ntoj ncig ntawm Andrei Sinitsyn), hauv Kostenki-12 (kev ntoj ke mus ncig ntawm Mikhail Anikovich) thiab hauv Borshchevo-5 (kev ntoj ke mus ncig ntawm Sergei Lisitsyn). Ntawm cov chaw no (ua ke nrog Kostenka-mi-1), kev tshawb fawb archaeological feem ntau tau ua niaj hnub no.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav txog keeb kwm thiab hnub nyoog ntawm volcanic tshauv. Tab sis nws muab tawm hais tias nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom paub nrog kev pab los ntawm archaeologists ib leeg. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum koom nrog lwm tus kws tshaj lij - cov kws tshawb fawb hauv av, paleozoologists. Thiab rau kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj, kuj xav tau nyiaj ntxiv. Cov nyiaj tau pom ua tsaug rau Lavxias thiab thoob ntiaj teb cov nyiaj.

TXHUA QHOV NO

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib koom tes dav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb tau ua dab tsi? Rau lub sijhawm ntev nws tau xav tias lub hnub nyoog qis dua (cov nyob hauv qab tshauv) txheej hauv Kostenki tsis ntau tshaj 32 txhiab xyoo. Tab sis kev tshawb fawb paleomagnetic thiab radiocarbon ntawm cov tshauv volcanic no tau qhia tias nws tau raug coj mus rau Don tom qab muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev hauv thaj av Phlegrean hauv Ltalis 39,600 xyoo dhau los! Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tau hu ua lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov txheej qub qub ntawm Kostenok. Lawv lub hnub nyoog yog 40-42 txhiab xyoo. Thiab cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, tau kawm txog cov av nrog cov txheej txheem thermoluminescent, ntxiv peb txhiab xyoo ntxiv rau lawv! Qhov no yog qhov uas cov lus nug pib tshwm sim. Nws tau ntseeg tias nws tau tshwm sim 45 txhiab xyoo dhau los hauv Western Europe. Tam sim no nws hloov tawm tias tus txiv neej niaj hnub nrog nws cov kab lis kev cai Upper Paleolithic nyob tib lub sijhawm nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm sab av loj. Tab sis ua li cas nws mus txog qhov ntawd thiab los ntawm qhov twg? Kev tshawb fawb tau ua hauv Kostenki tseem tsis tuaj yeem muab cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no.

Cov kab hauv nruab nrab ntawm evolution los ntawm Middle Paleolithic (Neanderthals) mus rau Upper, thaum nws tshwm sim tau pom. Tab sis nyob ze muaj qhov chaw ntawm Lub Paleolithic lig nrog cov txheej txheem nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm pob zeb thiab pob txha ua, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab cov duab kos duab. Cov pov thawj tias cov "archaic" monuments ua ntej cov tsim tawm tseem tsis tau pom. Thiab zoo li lub zos Kostenki ze Voronezh yuav ua rau muaj ntau yam xav tsis thoob rau cov kws tshawb fawb.

VENUS PALEOLITIC

Limestone figurine (center). Qhov siab - 10.2 cm.

Kostenki-1, qhov thib ob tsev nyob.

Hnub nyoog ntawm qhov chaw: 22-23 txhiab xyoo.

Ob tug figurines los ntawm mammoth ivory.

Qhov siab -11.4 cm (sab laug) thiab 9.0 cm (sab xis).

Kostenki-1, thawj qhov chaw nyob.

Deity los yog Fetish?

Sculptural cov duab ntawm cov poj niam liab qab, lub npe menyuam yaus los ntawm archaeologists thoob plaws ntiaj teb "Paleolithic Venus", tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Europe 20-27 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Thawj zaug, ib feem ntawm xws li ib tug pej thuam tau pom los ntawm archaeologists nyob rau hauv 1894 nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Brassempui nyob rau hauv Fabkis. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib pom ntawm lwm qhov chaw ntawm Paleolithic hauv Tebchaws Europe, suav nrog kaum daim duab ntawm kev khaws cia zoo - hauv Kostenki-1, ua los ntawm limestone thiab mammoth tusk. Leej twg tuaj yeem cov duab no sawv cev nrog lawv lub hauv siab, lub plab thiab lub duav? Ntau qhov kev xav tau ua los ntawm peb cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo. Qee tus ntseeg tias cov duab no yog cov cim ntawm kev xeeb tub thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm pawg neeg (Peter Efimenko), lwm tus pom lawv cov cwj pwm ntawm kev yos hav zoov khawv koob (Dr. Sergei Zamyatnin), lwm tus - cov poj niam ntawm lub zog ntawm xwm thiab txawm tias "superhuman poj niam beings. " (Academician Alexey Okladnikov). Lwm qhov paub tsis meej. Tag nrho cov figurines no tau ua nrog kev saib xyuas zoo, tab sis lub taub hau thiab ob txhais ceg ntawm limestone figurines tau txhob txwm tshaj tawm, lub hauv siab thiab lub plab puas. Tej zaum lawv tau siv rau kev ua koob tsheej thiab kev coj noj coj ua thiab puas yog fetishes hauv qee qhov kev cai dab qhuas?

Tab sis figurines los ntawm mammoth tusk tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb recesses nrog rau lwm yam khoom tseem ceeb rau cov neeg thaum ub. Lawv khaws cia yog vim lawv lub hom phiaj. Tab sis li cas? Lwm feature ntawm Kostenkovskaya Venuses yog cov adornments uas tsis rov ua dua. Tej zaum, los tsim cov duab no, xijpeem lawv tau npaj rau, tus tswv tau theej cov yam ntxwv, cov duab ntawm lub cev thiab kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm nws lub sijhawm?

Svetlana Demeschenko

Senior Researcher, Archaeology Department, Lub Xeev Hermitage