Wrecking, vim hais tias ntawm cov niaj hnub tsev kawm ntawv tsis txawj nyeem ntawv tsis qhia xav

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Koj puas paub tias tam sim no hauv Finland thiab Asmeskas lawv tab tom pib siv cov txheej txheem qub ntawm Soviet Union? Vim li cas lawv thiaj xav tau lawv? Thiab peb cov tsev kawm ntawv siv txoj kev qhia twg? Cia peb suav daws ua ke.

Kev xav. Vim li cas 80% ntawm cov neeg laus tsis muaj nws

Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky pib daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev xav. Nws tau txheeb xyuas peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv lub tswv yim nws tus kheej: lub peev xwm los qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ib qho khoom lossis qhov tshwm sim, muaj peev xwm pom qhov ua rau thiab kwv yees qhov tshwm sim, muaj peev xwm ua kom cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsim kom muaj tag nrho cov duab.

Cia peb daws qhov teeb meem rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 6 txog rau xya xyoo, txawm tias cov neeg laus tsis tas yuav tiv nrog nws. Yog li tit, nquab, noog, sparrow, os. Dab tsi yog superfluous?

Tau kawg os! Los yog tsis yog? Yog vim li cas os? Vim nws yog tus loj tshaj? Thiab dua li, waterfowl? Qhov tseeb, ntawm chav kawm, ib tug noog yog superfluous nyob rau hauv no series, vim hais tias nws yog ib tug generalizing feature, tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub qhov no, koj yuav tsum muaj kev xav. Zoo li cov vis dis aus yog tias koj txiav txim siab qhov kev xeem kom raug, thiab tom qab ntawd peb yuav pom los ntawm tus lej seb feem pua ntawm cov neeg saib muaj kev xav. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, niaj hnub no tsuas yog 20% ntawm cov tib neeg muaj kev xav txog kev xav. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov no yog cov neeg uas tau kawm txog txuj ci lossis kev tshawb fawb ntuj, uas tau kawm los qhia txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, sib faib thiab sib xyaw ua ke, thiab tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo-thiab-tshuaj.

Kev xav txog kev xav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los ntsuas qhov xwm txheej txaus thiab kos cov lus xaus kom raug. Tab sis cov uas tsis tau tsim los kuj muaj peev xwm ua tau li no. Ces qhov txawv li cas? Qhov tseeb hais tias rau tom kawg lawv lub tswv yim ntawm qhov xwm txheej yog lawv tus kheej illusion thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog kev muaj tiag. Lawv daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ploj mus thaum ntsib kev muaj tiag, cov phiaj xwm tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim, kev npau suav thiab kev twv tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Thiab lawv xav txog cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig lawv lossis cov xwm txheej ua txhaum ntawm qhov no. Txoj kev xav tsis yog tsim los ntawm nws tus kheej hauv lub neej niaj hnub. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho nws tsuas yog los ntawm kev kawm txog kev tshawb fawb, txij li lawv lawv tus kheej tau tsim los ntawm lub ntsiab lus xav. Cov tswv yim kev tshawb fawb tau ua raws li cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas lub pyramid ntawm kev paub txog kev tshawb fawb tau tsim. Yog tias cov ntsiab cai no tsis tau muab tso rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv rau menyuam yaus, ces nws nkag mus rau cov neeg laus yam tsis muaj kev xav. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, ua rau lub fact tias objectivity nyob rau hauv nws cov kev ua yuav tsis tuaj, thiab nws yuav tsuas yog coj los ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv cuam tshuam li cas rau kev tsim cov kev xav?

Yav dhau los, lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav tau pib rau cov menyuam yaus nrog cov ntsiab lus "Natural Science". Cov khoom no tau tam sim no tau hloov los ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Ib puag ncig. Tus neeg twg uas tau pom phau ntawv no nkag siab tias qhov no yog qee yam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig okroshka, sau los ntawm qhov tseeb tsis sib xws. Hauv qhov kev ntxhov siab no, cov logic zoo li tsuas yog pom los ntawm nws cov neeg sau ntawv, uas, pom tseeb, lawv tus kheej tsis tuaj yeem khav theeb ntawm kev xav.

Cov kev kawm tom ntej, uas tau raug hu los tsim lub tswv yim ntawm tus me nyuam los ntawm qib tsib, yog "Botany" thiab "History". Tam sim no cov khoom no kuj tau hloov los ntawm cov dab neeg hauv cov duab yam tsis muaj laj thawj: cov dab neeg tawg ri niab ntawm xwm lossis cov dab neeg txog tib neeg keeb kwm yav dhau los lossis lub sijhawm knightly.

Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv qib rau tshwm sim "Zoology", nyob rau hauv lub xya "Anatomy", nyob rau hauv lub yim "General biology". Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ib tug logic duab tshwm sim: flora, tsiaj, tib neeg thiab cov kev cai ntawm kev loj hlob. Tam sim no tag nrho cov no yog tov. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kaleidoscope, qhov twg ib daim duab yog hloov los ntawm lwm tus. Cov neeg tsim khoom hu qhov no qhov system-activity mus kom ze.

Daim duab zoo ib yam nrog rau lwm yam khoom. Piv txwv li, hauv physics thiab chemistry zaj lus qhia, tam sim no lawv tsis daws teeb meem, tab sis ua kev nthuav qhia. Ntawd yog, lawv rov hais dua cov ntawv hauv cov duab. Tsis muaj dej num - tsis muaj lub sijhawm los txhim kho kev xav.

Muaj ib qho kev xav tsis zoo rau qhov tshwm sim hauv kev kawm. Peb yog lub teb chaws raw khoom ntawm lub ntiaj teb thib peb. Peb tsis xav tau ntau tus neeg kawm ntawv uas tuaj yeem xav thiab kos cov lus xaus. Yuav ua li cas kaw qhov kev xav no yog rau kev muaj tiag, peb yuav sib tham tom qab saib hauv cov lus hauv qab video, tab sis tam sim no cia peb txav mus rau qhov kev ua yuam kev thoob ntiaj teb thib ob ntawm kev kawm, thiab nws cuam tshuam nrog kev nyeem ntawv tag nrho, uas tau dhau los ua tus cov qauv ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv niaj hnub no. Yog li ntawd,

Tag nrho kev tsis nyeem ntawv yog qhov yuam kev ntawm System, tsis yog ntawm cov menyuam yaus

Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev nyeem tsis tau ntawv ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv tau pib sib tham txog ob peb xyoos dhau los. Tam sim no txhua leej txhua tus tsuas yog accustomed mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis muaj peev xwm qhia cov me nyuam sau ntawv tsis yuam kev. Lub tsev kawm ntawv pom qhov teeb meem ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tau hloov pauv, hauv cov niam txiv uas tsis tuaj yeem faib sijhawm thiab lub zog los pab tus menyuam hauv kev kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tom qab tsov rog, thaum tsis muaj yuav tsum tau tos kev pab nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev kawm los ntawm cov niam txiv koom nyob rau hauv lub reconstruction ntawm lub teb chaws, cov me nyuam tseem paub yuav ua li cas sau ntawv kom raug. Tsis muaj leej twg tau hnov cov kws kho mob hais lus thiab cov kws qhia ntawv. Vim li cas, tam sim no, thaum cov niam txiv muaj lub sijhawm los mus rau kev pab los ntawm cov kws qhia lus Lavxias, cov menyuam yaus tseem sau ntawv yuam kev?

Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim ib nrab xyoo tom qab?

Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yog qhov yooj yim: txoj kev qhia hom lus nyuam qhuav hloov.

Tsis zoo li, piv txwv li, Serbian lossis Belarusian lus, qhov twg tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus hais thiab cov lus sau li cas, hauv Lavxias nws tsis tuaj yeem sau "raws li koj hnov" los ntawm pob ntseg, vim hais tias hauv peb hom lus muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus. ib lo lus sau thiab ib lo lus hais…

(Belarusian lus)

(Serbian lus)

Qhov no yog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev qhia kev sau ntawv. Thiab qhov nyuaj heev no, qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm lub mid-eighties, tau ua tiav los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia cov lus ib txwm, uas yog raws li kev pom-kev xav ntawm kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws yog raws li nram no: ua ntej, cov me nyuam tau qhia rau cov ntawv, ces lawv tau qhia kom sau thiab nyeem cov lus los ntawm cov qauv. Tom qab mastering kev nyeem ntawv, cov kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus tau kawm. Thiab cov menyuam yaus tsis tau pib sau cov lus hais, kom pom cov lus los ntawm pob ntseg, tsis ntxov dua li thaum kawg ntawm lawv cov kev kawm hauv qib peb.

Txoj kev qhia qhov muag tau muab dab tsi? Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tus cwj pwm ntawm kev sau ntawv muaj peev xwm thiab nkag siab txog kev xav ntawm cov lus nws tus kheej. Txawm hais tias cov tub ntxhais kawm tsis nco qab cov kev cai ntawm cov lus Lavxias, lawv tseem sau tsis tau yuam kev, siv qhov pom kev nco.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub eighties, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev qhia cov lus Lavxias teb sab hloov dramatically. Tam sim no nws yog los ntawm kev soj ntsuam lub suab ntawm kev hais lus. Cov me nyuam thawj zaug kawm cov suab lus ntawm cov lus, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd lawv tau nkag mus rau cov ntawv thiab qhia yuav ua li cas txhais cov suab rau hauv cov ntawv.

Koj xav li cas hauv tus menyuam lub taub hau?

Lub suab duab ntawm lo lus, txoj kev nws yog pronounced, ua lub ntsiab, "primary" rau cov me nyuam, thiab cov tsiaj ntawv uas cov me nyuam kawm ntawv ces pib siv los sau lo lus, txoj kev uas lo lus yog spelled ob.

Qhov ntawd yog, cov menyuam yaus tau raug qhia kom sau qhov lawv hnov, uas yog qhov tsis sib xws rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau cov lus hauv Lavxias.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem pib ntawm cov lus Lavxias muaj ntau yam kev ua haujlwm rau kev kaw suab ntawm ib lo lus uas siv cov ntawv.

Cov kev tawm dag zog zoo li no, thaum kev sau ntawv qhia txog cov lus hais li cas, tsuas yog txhawb kev txawj sau ntawv tsis paub. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tau siv los sau "biroza", "sasna" es tsis yog "birch", "pine", thiab yav tom ntej lawv tsis txaj muag los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov lawv tau piav qhia.

Cov menyuam yaus hla cov ntawv thaum lawv ntsib cov lus uas tsis tau hais hauv ib lo lus, piv txwv li.lawv sau raws li lawv hais, piv txwv li, " ntaiv", "hnub" (tsis yog " ntaiv", "hnub"). Lawv prepositions feem ntau sib koom ua ke nrog cov lus, vim hais tias yog li cas lawv hais, piv txwv li, "vakno" (es tsis yog "tawm lub qhov rais"), "fki no" (es tsis yog "hauv xinesmas"). Lawv kuj sau cov lus tsis muaj suab thiab suab lus raws li lawv hnov, xws li: "flak" thiab "chij", "dup" thiab "ntawm ntoo qhib". Txij li thaum tsis muaj suab kuv, Yo, E, Yu, cov me nyuam sau "yozhik", "yashik", "zeloniy", "yula", thiab lwm yam.

Niaj hnub no, tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sau ntawv tsis paub yog suav tias yog kev hais lus tsis raug, thiab tus menyuam uas ua rau lawv raug xa mus rau tus kws kho mob hais lus rau cov chav kawm kho. Tab sis txog thaum kawg ntawm lub yim caum, tsis muaj leej twg tau hnov txog cov kws kho mob hais lus. Lawv tsis ua haujlwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thiab txawm tias tsis muaj lawv lawv ua tiav kev paub kev paub. Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov tom qab lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib hloov mus rau qhov kev kawm lus Lavxias tshiab. Ib qho kev qhia uas qhia me nyuam sau ntawv raws li lawv hnov.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov Methodist xav tau pib txhais cov xub kom raug - raws li lawv, vim li cas rau kev nyeem ntawv tag nrho yog tsis txaus mloog hauv cov menyuam yaus. Tab sis txhawm rau kawm sau ntawv kom raug, cov menyuam yaus tsis tas yuav tsum muaj lub rooj sib hais hauv xov tooj, thiab qhov tseeb ntawm kev hnov lus. Pov thawj ntawm qhov no: cov menyuam lag ntseg-mute uas tseem qhia los ntawm txoj kev pom thiab ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo nrog nws txoj kev pab: feem ntau ntawm cov menyuam lag ntseg-mute sau tau raug.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia lus Lavxias raws li kev soj ntsuam zoo ntawm kev hais lus yog qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis nyob deb ntawm tsuas yog vim li cas rau cov neeg tsis paub ntawv dav dav ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv niaj hnub no.

Qhov thib ob yog vim li cas kev nyeem ntawv tsis txaus. Muaj 4 cov txheej txheem rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov txheej txheem nyeem ntawv: ceev, nthuav qhia, flawlessness thiab nkag siab ntawm cov ntawv nyeem. Nws feem ntau lees paub tias yog menyuam yaus nyeem sai, ces nws nkag siab qhov nws nyeem. Tab sis qhov no nyob deb ntawm rooj plaub. Qhov tseeb yog qhov qhab nia thiab nkag siab cov ntawv nyeem yog ob lub hlwb sib txawv. Txij li thaum lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thaum tshawb xyuas cov txheej txheem kev nyeem ntawv yog ceev thiab nthuav tawm, kev nyeem ntawv nkag siab tawm ntau yam uas xav tau. Yog li ntawd, cov menyuam yaus feem ntau nyeem tau heev, tab sis tsis to taub qhov lawv tau nyeem.

Xws li cov txheej txheem rau kev ntsuam xyuas kev nyeem ntawv tau ua rau qhov tseeb tias niaj hnub no kwv yees li 70% ntawm cov kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv tsis muaj kev txawj nyeem ntawv tag nrho. Lawv nyeem tsis tau cov ntaub ntawv loj, vim lawv tsuas tsis to taub tias nws yog dab tsi.

Yog li ntawd, tau ntau xyoo lawm, txoj kev kawm niaj hnub no tsis muaj peev xwm tiv tau txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev qhia cov me nyuam kom txawj sau ntawv, nyeem ntawv tag nrho, thiab kev xav. Puas muaj cov lus teb rau cov lus nug uas muaj hnub nyoog "Leej twg yuav liam" thiab "Yuav ua li cas"?

Cov niam txiv tab tom sim nrhiav qee cov zaub mov txawv rau lawv tus kheej, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev qhia lawv tus menyuam txog kev sau ntawv rau lawv tus kheej, saib peb cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm lub ncauj lus no. Ib tug neeg tab tom nrhiav lwm txoj kev kawm, thiab pom lawv, tab sis cov kev zam no tsuas yog lees paub txoj cai. Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau ntau qhov yuam kev thoob ntiaj teb hauv kev kawm niaj hnub no ntau dua li peb tau qhia, thiab yav tom ntej no peb yuav ua yeeb yaj kiab rau lub ncauj lus no, yog li peb xav kom teeb tsa cov ntawv ceeb toom. Thiab tsis txhob hnov qab tawm lus, lawv pab peb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshiab. Pom koj tom qab.