Yuav ua li cas historians tsim lub Mongol faj tim teb chaws

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Raws li Montaigne tau hais tias, "Cov neeg ntseeg tsis muaj dab tsi ruaj khov dua li qhov lawv paub tsawg kawg nkaus." Kev paub keeb kwm, lossis qhov tsis paub, yog tib yam. Cov neeg feem coob muaj kev ntseeg siab hauv lub neej ntawm Ancient Hellas, Ancient Rome, Ancient Babylonia thiab Ancient Rus.

Thiab tsuas yog sim qhia tias lawv tsis yog - nrog g … lawv yuav noj, shit thiab tsuj rau hauv av, kom lwm tus yuav tsis mloog lus rau "thov rau qhov dawb huv". Okay, qhov no tseem nkag siab - hamsters tiv thaiv cov dab neeg ntawm "lawv" (universal lossis hauv zos) yav dhau los.

Tab sis txawm tias kuv pom tias nws nyuaj rau piav qhia qhov kev mob siab rau uas lawv tiv thaiv cov lus dab neeg ruam ntawm Great Mongol Empire, liam tias stretching ntawm Danube thiab thaj tsam Subpolar mus rau Is Nrias teb thiab Cambodia. Okay, nyob ntawd, tsis zoo li txhua qhov kev nkag siab zoo, ua kev zoo siab rau hnub ntawm kev yeej ntawm Kulikovo teb, qhov twg "peb cov pob zeb tau tawg rau hauv" (archaeologists tsis pom txawm tias ib tug hint ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm qhov chaw qhia - tsis muaj pes tsawg pom pom tias muaj tub rog. kev ua). Puten tau txiav txim siab los koom nrog kev hlub nrog lub zog thiab lub ntsiab, kom txaus siab rau cov poj koob yawm txwv koob meej, txawm tias qee cov peev nyiaj tau faib rau qhov no. Hauv tag nrho cov no, lo lus "pob nyiaj" yog qhov tseem ceeb. Tab sis dab tsi yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tiv thaiv qhov tsis muaj tseeb txog cov Mongols uas tau raug cua tshuab tawm tsam? Txawm hais tias los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev tshaj tawm thiab kev siv hluav taws xob, qhov no tsis muaj qab hau. Tsis muaj leej twg yuav muab cov peev nyiaj rau kev hu nkauj ntawm cov neeg phem steppe knights, uas tau raug txiav tawm los ntawm peb cov yawg koob yawg koob thiab peb cov pog yawg tau siv nws. Thaj, tsuas muaj ib qho laj thawj - Mongolian conquest ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog li ruaj khov inscribed nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no keeb kwm mythology uas rub tawm lub cib - tag nrho cov phab ntsa yuav poob. Thiab cov peev nyiaj rau kev ywj pheej twb tau muab faib … Ua li cas peb cov neeg tau tshuab rau ntawm Kulikovo teb, yog tias tsis muaj Mongol invaders? Tam sim no yog dab tsi, tag nrho cov kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm sciences uas tau txais kev kawm txuj ci rau "scientific" kawm ntawm "Mongol-Tatar yoke" yuav tsum tau muab lawv lub luag haujlwm?

Lub caij no, txhawm rau kom nkag siab txog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tshaj plaws ntawm kev xav txog kev kov yeej Mongol, nws txaus los tig mus rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txawm tias keeb kwm "science" uas sim ua pov thawj qhov tsis sib xws. Qhov tseeb, dab tsi taug qab cov Mongols tseg:

- Sau qhov chaw- 0 (zero), uas tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, txij li cov Mongols tau txais lawv cov ntawv sau tsuas yog nyob rau xyoo pua nees nkaum (ua ntej ntawd, ntau cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm ntau haiv neeg tau yoog). Txawm li cas los xij, txawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm (txawm hais tias lawv raug littered nrog lig forgeries), tsis muaj Mongols puas tau hais.

- Architectural monuments-0 (zero).

- Linguistic qiv- 0 (zero): raws li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus tsis muaj ib lo lus Mongolian, yog li nyob rau hauv Mongolian mus txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua nees nkaum tsis muaj qiv los ntawm Lavxias teb sab.

- Kev qiv nyiaj thiab kev cai lij choj- 0 (xoom): tsis muaj nyob hauv peb lub neej tsis muaj dab tsi los ntawm Trans-Baikal nomads, thiab cov nomads tsis tau qiv ib yam dab tsi los ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntau haiv neeg uas lawv tau liam tias kov yeej mus txog rau xyoo pua xeem.

- Kev lag luam yuav tshwm simconquest ntawm lub ntiaj teb no - 0 (zero): nomads robbed ob feem peb ntawm Eurasia, lawv puas yuav tsum tau coj yam tsawg kawg nkaus los tsev? Tsis txhob cia cov tsev qiv ntawv, tab sis tsawg kawg yog ib daim ntawm kub, ripped los ntawm cov tuam tsev liam tias puas los ntawm lawv … Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi.

- Numismatic kab - 0 (zero): tsis muaj nyiaj npib Mongolian paub rau ntiaj teb.

- Hauv kev lag luam riam phom -0 (zero).

- Nyob rau hauv lus dab neeg Tsis muaj Mongols, txawm tias phantom nco txog lawv "zoo" yav dhau los, uas tau sau tseg los ntawm txhua tus neeg nyob sab Europe uas muaj kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, thaum lub nthwv dej ntawm Lavxias teb sab colonization mus txog Transbaikalia.

- Cov noob caj noob ces Tsis pom qhov me me ntawm qhov nyob ntawm Trans-Baikal nomads nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm Eurasia, uas lawv kov yeej.

Feem ntau, txawm tias ib qho kev sib cav zaum kawg yog txaus rau ib zaug thiab rau txhua tus muab lub ntsiab lus rog hauv qhov teeb meem no - Mongol conquest yog ib qho kev tsim. Cia kuv piav qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev yog dab tsi. Cov cim caj ces ntawm Y-DNA kis tau nrog Y-chromosome nkaus xwb los ntawm leej txiv kab (uas yog, los ntawm leej txiv mus rau nws cov tub), thiab mtDNA cov cim tau kis los ntawm leej niam kab rau txhua tus menyuam. Txij li cov txiv neej yog cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm Y-DNA cov cim, ib pab tub rog, txawm tias tsawg npaum li cas, tawm hauv thaj chaw uas nws dhau mus, Y-DNA, uas nyob hauv cov neeg coob tsis ploj mus thiab tsis yaj yav tom ntej, tab sis tau dhau los ntawm leej txiv mus rau tus tub tsis hloov pauv thiab ib txwm kuaj pom nrog cov qauv ntau dua lossis tsawg dua. Piv txwv li, tsuas yog ib tus neeg nyiam poj niam txiv neej Genghis Khan yuav tsum muaj ntau dua 10 lab tus xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv hnub no:-))). Muaj tseeb tiag, tsuas yog tias nws muaj tiag tiag thiab muaj ntau tus tub li keeb kwm "paub tseeb". Tab sis daim ntawv qhia txog kev faib tawm ntawm Mongol haplogroup qhia tias lawv qhov kev nthuav dav tau ncaj qha rau hauv kev coj ua. Tus kab mob tshwm sim hauv thaj av Caspian yog Kalmyks, uas yog, tib lub Mongols uas tau tsiv ntawm no nyob rau xyoo pua 17th los ntawm Dzungaria (kev tshwm sim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Kazakhstan), qhov chaw Oirats, sab hnub poob ceg ntawm Mongols, nyob.

Yog li ntawd, historians, thiaj li yuav cawm tau lub "honor ntawm lub uniform", yuav tsum tau kho sai sai lawv cov lus qhuab qhia thiab tshaj tawm hais tias tag nrho cov Mongol horde muaj tsuas yog eunuchs, thiab rau peb centuries txoj cai no tsis muaj kev zam. Thiab tom qab ntawd muaj dab tsi tshwm sim: Cov qhua nyob sab Europe, uas tau saib mus rau Russia tau ntau lub hlis xyoo 1812, tau tawg lawv cov Y-DNA hauv kev nplua nuj raws txoj kev Smolensk, thiab hordes ntawm Mongols (thiab lwm yam nomads), liam tias siv peb cov yawg koob yawg koob. yuav luag 300 xyoo, tsis muaj cov cim caj ces sab laug? Hauv Is Nrias teb, Transcaucasia, Iran, Cambodia thiab Tuam Tshoj, daim duab zoo ib yam. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Mongolia, ntawm qhov tsis tooj, cov cim ntawm kev nyob ntev ntawm Suav hauv haplogroups yog qhov tseeb heev. Zoo, peb cov kuj "kwj xeeb" me ntsis nyob ntawd.

Tab sis cia peb saib ze dua ntawm qhov uas tau hais los saum toj no kom tiav.

Sau cov khoom qub … Cov Mongols tsis muaj lawv tus kheej cov lus sau, uas tsis suav nrog kev muaj peev xwm ntawm lub xeev rau lawv. Txhua lub xeev yog lub bureaucratic apparatus, qhov no yog clerical ua hauj lwm, cov no yog decrees, txiav txim, txiav txim thiab cov lus ceeb toom los ntawm lub zos hais txog lawv kev tua los ntawm saum toj no. Txhua lub xeev tab tom sau se, tab sis yuav ua li cas koj khaws cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj ntaub ntawv? Yog li ntawd, tau rub lub zog txaus, cov neeg sau keeb kwm yuam kev ib yam dab tsi txog "laus Mongolian tsab ntawv", uas, lawv hais tias, yog, tab sis poob rau hauv dej. Rau qee yam, cov Mongols lawv tus kheej hu "lawv" kev sau ntawv thaum ub, uas yog, "Uyghur tsab ntawv", uas nws tseem ceeb yog. Mongols tsis yog Uyghurs, thiab Uyghurs tsis yog Mongols, lawv cov lus belongs rau pawg Turkic.

Puas muaj ntau lub monuments nyob rau hauv "Old Mongolian lus"? Zoo, muaj txog ib qho tseeb - lub npe hu ua Chinggis pob zeb (saib daim duab), thawj cov xov xwm uas yog hnub tim 1818. Nws tau txais nws lub npe … oh, tam sim no nws yuav funny: vim hais tias cov haiv neeg nyob ze ntawm lub Nerchinsk cog, qhov twg nws tau pom tsis paub los ntawm leej twg, raws li nws yog, lawv hais rau Russians tias lo lus "Genghis Khan" tau sau rau ntawm pob zeb. Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub zos Buryats, yuav luag universally tsis nyeem ntawv thiab tsis muaj lawv tus kheej sau lus mus txog rau thaum 1930s, nyeem tau Uygurzhin bichig qauv ntawm 1204 (keeb kwm "paub" txawm lub xyoo thaum sau ntawv no tau tsim), txawm hais tias tsuas yog ib lo lus. - "Chingis-khan". Txwv tsis pub, lawv yuav tau ua tiav cov ntawv txhais lus tseeb.

Kuv yuav tsum puzzle tshaj qhov kev txhais lus los ntawm ib tug kws tshawb fawb. Txij li thaum tsis muaj leej twg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb no hais lus "Mongolian lus qub", lawv txhua tus txhais raws li lawv txaus siab. Sim ua pov thawj nws tsis yog. Thawj qhov kev txhais lus ntawm cov ntawv sau tau ua los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb German Isaac Jakob Schmidt thaum kawg ntawm 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem:

Donji Banzarov, thawj Buryat uas tau txais kev kawm nyob sab Europe, tau muab cov ntawv sau rau xyoo 1851 ib qho kev txhais txawv kiag li:

Nyob rau hauv 1927, ib tug tshiab txhais lus los ntawm Mongolian I. N. Klyukin:

Cov kev txhais lus no muaj li cas? Tsuas yog ib yam: lo lus "Chinggis Khan" thiab hais txog sartagul. Rau tus so, ua kom tsis sib haum xeeb: Schmidt sau txog qhov kawg ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg; Banzarov hais tias Isunke tau txais ib tug detachment ntawm 335 tub rog siv, thiab Klyukin nyeem rau pob zeb txog kev ua si nyob rau hauv archery. Los ntawm txoj kev, los ntawm dab tsi hangover Banzanov tshaj tawm Sartagul Khorezmians? Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis paub txog qhov muaj nyob ntawm Sartuls, ib pawg neeg Buryat. Muaj tseeb, qhov tshwm sim ntawm Sartuls hauv Buryatia yog khi rau xyoo pua 18th, thaum lawv tsiv tawm ntawm thaj chaw ze ntawm lub roob Sarata uula, uas yog nyob rau hauv Mongolia. Yog li ntawd, "Genghis Pob Zeb", yog tias pawg neeg hauv zos ntawm Sartuls tau hais tiag tiag rau nws, tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua ntej. Nws yog vim li no Banzanov tshaj tawm tias Sartaguls yog cov neeg nyob hauv Khorezm, thiab tsis muaj lwm tus. Kev tshawb fawb thiab maj.

Tag nrho cov no hais txog ib yam: tsab ntawv Uyghur, tshaj tawm tias "laus Mongolian", cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem nyeem hnub no. Tab sis yog tias lawv nyeem tsis tau cov ntawv sau, lawv tuaj yeem faib nws li cas thiab txawm tias hnub tim rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th? Los ntawm kev zoo li? Zoo, tom qab ntawd nthuav tawm cov khoom qub uas muaj tsawg kawg yog ob lossis peb puas! Lub pob zeb yog pob zeb: nws tau bungled nag hmo lossis 800 xyoo dhau los - tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los nruab nws. Niaj hnub Mongols, los ntawm txoj kev, txawm tias cov kws tshaj lij tshaj plaws hauv "kev sau ntawv Mongolian qub", tsis tuaj yeem nyeem cov pob zeb no. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, ib tug version tshwm sim hais tias lub "Chinggis pob zeb" yog ib tug replica ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Vim li cas ib tug neeg xav ua qhov cuav los ntawm kev sau ntawv Uyghur zoo li abrocadabra? Zoo, Duc, Academy ntawm Sciences mus thiab unfastened zoo nkauj heev rau xws li ib tug tshwj xeeb exhibition. Kev lag luam yog kev lag luam. Thiab ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm rau nws "scientific study". Qhov ntawd yog hais txog txhua yam uas tuaj yeem hais txog "kev sau ntawv Mongolian qub".

Architectural monuments. Feem ntau hais lus, rau nomads, lub tswv yim ntawm architecture tsis paub txog qhov laj thawj pom tseeb. Tab sis txij li cov keeb kwm tsim lub Great Mongol Empire - qhov loj tshaj ntawm tag nrho cov greats (qhov sib npaug zoo heev Roman faj tim teb chaws tsis sawv nyob ze), nws yuav tsum tau tsim lub peev ib yam nkaus, txwv tsis pub nws yuav ua li cas undignifiedly hloov tawm hais tias tus loj tshaj conqueror ntawm tag nrho cov sij hawm thiab cov neeg., Genghis Khan, nyob hauv ib lub yurt ntawm cov tawv nqaij stinking, tab sis nws ua nws qhov tsim nyog los ntawm kev zaum hauv qhov chaw qhib. Lub nroog lub nroog Karakorum tau tsim. Tab sis nws yog cunningly invented tias qhov no Karakorum yog ib tug kakbe, tab sis nws tsis paub qhov twg. Yog li ntawd, koj tuaj yeem xav txog nws qhov kev ua tau zoo yam tsis muaj kev xav tsis thoob:

Tab sis cov keeb kwm yav dhau los tau ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab: lawv hais tias, peb kuj tsis yog neeg phem, thiab thiaj li yuav so peb cov phooj ywg laus lub qhov ntswg, peb yuav pom Karakorum tam sim no. Thiab lawv pom nws. Nikolay Yadrintsev, uas nrhiav tau ib qho chaw qub nyob rau hauv lub hav ntawm Orkhon River, tshaj tawm tias nws Karakorum. Kara-korum lus txhais tau tias "dub pob zeb". Tsis deb ntawm qhov kev sib haum xeeb muaj ib lub roob, uas cov neeg European tau muab lub npe hu ua Karakorum. Thiab txij li cov roob hu ua Karakorum, ces qhov kev sib haum xeeb ntawm tus dej Orkhon tau muab tib lub npe. Nov yog qhov laj thawj zoo li no! Muaj tseeb tiag, cov neeg hauv zos yeej tsis tau hnov txog ib qho Karakorum, tab sis hu ua Muztag roob - Ice Toj siab, tab sis qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau "cov kws tshawb fawb" kiag li.

Tab sis tsis muaj architecture hauv Karakorum. Muaj tsuas yog kev txom nyem seem ntawm adobe phab ntsa. Qhov loj tshaj plaws seem tau tshaj tawm lub palace ntawm Ogedei, kagan ntawm Mongol Empire, tus tub ntawm Genghis Khan. Tab sis qhov teeb meem yog, thaum lub sij hawm nthuav dav excavations nyob rau hauv Ogedei lub palace, qhov seem ntawm lub thaj neeb ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th tau nrhiav pom, thiab qhov tseeb, Karokorum yog qhov ruins ntawm Erdeni-Dzu monastery.

Muaj ob lub npe hu ua Golden Horde - Saray-Batu thiab Saray-Berke. Txawm lub ruins tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no. Cov keeb kwm pom cov neeg ua txhaum ntawm no ib yam nkaus - Tamerlane, uas tuaj ntawm Central Asia thiab rhuav tshem cov nroog loj thiab muaj neeg nyob sab hnub tuaj. Niaj hnub no, archaeologists tab tom khawb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub peev ntawm lub Eurasian lub teb chaws Ottoman tsuas yog qhov seem ntawm adobe tsev pheeb suab thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev qub tshaj plaws. Txhua yam tseem ceeb, lawv hais tias, tau plundered los ntawm lub siab phem Tamerlane. Thiab cov pob zeb, zoo li yog … mus rau kev tsim kho ntawm Astrakhan. Muaj tseeb tiag, los ntawm Astrakhan mus rau Saray-Batu, ib thiab ib nrab puas mais, tab sis cov keeb kwm paub tseeb tias txawm tias cov pob zeb tom qab Timur lub pogrom raug khawb thiab muab tshem tawm. Yog li ntawd, archaeologists pom nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub qub "capital" tsuas yog tsev neeg rubbish, shards ntawm pottery thiab pectoral crosses. Qhia rau koj paub, archaeologists tsis pom cov kab me me ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm Mongolian nomads nyob rau hauv cov chaw no. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis thab lawv tag nrho. Txij li cov kab ntawm Greeks, Russians, Italians thiab lwm tus tau pom nyob rau ntawd, ces qhov teeb meem yog tseeb: cov Mongols coj craftsmen los ntawm lub conquered lub teb chaws mus rau lawv lub peev. Puas muaj leej twg tsis ntseeg tias Mongols kov yeej Ltalis? Ua tib zoo nyeem cov haujlwm ntawm "cov kws tshawb fawb" - cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm - nws hais tias Batu mus txog ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Adriatic thiab yuav luag mus txog Vienna. Ib qhov chaw nws ntes tau cov neeg Italians.

Thiab qhov tseeb tias Sarai-Berke, qhov twg lub peev ntawm Golden Horde tsiv ntawm Sarai-Batu, mus rau qhov chaw ntawm Sarsk thiab Podonsk Orthodox dioceses, hais rau? Qhov no, raws li historians, ua tim khawv rau qhov zoo kawg nkaus kev cai dab qhuas siab ntev ntawm lub Mongol conquerors. Muaj tseeb tiag, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no nws tsis paub meej tias yog vim li cas Golden Horde Khans liam tias tsim txom ntau tus huab tais Lavxias uas tsis xav tso lawv txoj kev ntseeg. Grand Duke ntawm Kiev thiab Chernigov Mikhail Vsevolodovich txawm canonized rau tsis kam pe hawm qhov dawb ceev hluav taws thiab raug tua vim tsis mloog lus.

Hauv daim duab saum toj no, kev khawb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Saray-Batu (lub zos Selitrennoe). Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tias ua ntej peb yog cov seem ntawm khan lub palace, ua los ntawm adobe cib. Niaj hnub no, cov neeg nyob hauv zos tsim pigsties thiab los ua ib qho zoo sib xws. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov loj me yuav roughly sib haum mus rau dab tsi archaeologists tau khawb. Lawv pom tsis muaj dab tsi zoo dua.

Cov kws tshaj lij keeb kwm thiab lawv cov hamsters mob siab rau xa mus rau cov neeg sau keeb kwm yav dhau los, uas xav tias "pom txhua yam ntawm lawv lub qhov muag" thiab piav qhia lawv ncaj ncees. Allegedly, Ibn Battuta liam tias sau cov hauv qab no txog Sarai, liam hauv 1334:

Muaj ib qho ntawm ob yam: txawm tias txoj haujlwm ntawm Ibn Battut yog 100% cuav, lossis lub nroog Saray tsis yog txhua qhov chaw uas cov keeb kwm muab nws rau. Tsis muaj lwm txoj kev.

Thiab qhov no yog li cas lwm lub peev ntawm Golden Horde, Saray-Berke, zoo li niaj hnub no. Nrog rau kev xav zoo, ib tus tuaj yeem xav txog cov palaces zoo nkauj, cov tuam tsev zoo nkauj, cov phab ntsa siab thiab cov yees. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tsis txhob sim khawb hauv av, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev khawb yuav ua rau koj poob siab heev. Zoo dua xav txog ntxiv.

Nyiaj. Yog tias muaj lub teb chaws Ottoman, ces yuav tsum muaj "emission center". Koj ua tsis tau yog tsis muaj nws! Txhua tus neeg African bantustan, tam sim ntawd tom qab tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov pib luam tawm teb chaws tugriks. Thiab lub teb chaws Ottoman tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ua kom pom lub ntiaj teb nws cov nyiaj npib, nyiam dua nrog cov npe ntawm nws cov huab tais uas muaj koob meej, thiab txawm nrog lawv cov duab. Lub imperial mint yuav nyob qhov twg yog tias tsis nyob hauv Karakorum? Tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb archaeologists, uas khawb av nce thiab nqis, tsis pom ib yam dab tsi ntawm nws. Tab sis lawv pom ntau cov nyiaj npib Suav nyiaj ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th.

Tsis muaj pov thawj archaeological ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug imperial chaw nyob rau hauv Mongolia, thiab yog li ntawd, raws li kev sib cav nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm ib tug kiag li delusional version, official science muaj peev xwm tsuas qhia casuistic txhais ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm Rashid al-Din. Muaj tseeb tiag, lawv hais txog qhov kawg xaiv xaiv. Piv txwv li, tom qab plaub xyoos ntawm kev khawb hauv Orkhon, cov neeg sau keeb kwm nyiam tsis nco qab tias nws sau txog kev taug kev ntawm dinars thiab dirhams hauv Karakorum. Thiab Guillaume de Rubruck tau tshaj tawm tias cov Mongols paub ntau yam txog cov neeg Loos cov nyiaj, uas tau ntim lawv cov pob nyiaj siv. Cov keeb kwm tam sim no kuj yuav tsum nyob ntsiag to txog qhov no. Nws tseem yuav tsum tsis nco qab tias Plano Carpini tau hais li cas tus thawj coj ntawm Baghdad them tribute rau Mongols hauv Roman kub solidi - besants. Tsis muaj nyiaj npib Roman tau pom nyob rau hauv Mongolian steppes. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, tag nrho cov tim khawv thaum ub tsis yog lawm. Tsuas yog cov kws sau keeb kwm niaj hnub no paub qhov tseeb.

Nyob rau hauv daim duab muaj ib tug tooj liab npib nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib haum xeeb nyob ze lub zos ntawm Selitrennoye nyob rau hauv lub Astrakhan cheeb tsam. Nws tau tshaj tawm tias Golden Horde tsuas yog nyob rau thaj chaw uas nws tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas cov neeg sau keeb kwm tau tso lub peev ntawm Golden Horde - Saray-Batu. Qhov tseeb, txoj kev lag luam qub dhau los ntawm cov chaw no, thiab tuaj yeem muaj ntau yam nyiaj npib ntawm no. Nws kuj tseem yuav raug tshaj tawm Persian, Arab, Byzantine, lossis Lavxias. Hmoov zoo, tsis muaj cov ntawv nyeem, cov lej lossis cov cim ntawm daim tooj liab no. Raws li cov nyiaj npib "Mongol", cov neeg sau keeb kwm tshaj tawm xws li ib qho nyiaj npib yog tias, piv txwv li, muaj ib daim duab ntawm hneev rau nws (nws tau tshaj tawm tias yog lub cim ntawm Mongol lub zog) lossis tus neeg caij nrog ntaj. Tab sis cov nyiaj npib nrog dos tau minted, raws li nws ntseeg, nyob rau hauv Bulgaria, thiab horseman yog qhov dav tshaj plaws duab ntawm Lavxias teb sab nyiaj.

Kev txuas ntxiv…