Ntoo nyob rau hauv Russia lub tsev kev lig kev cai

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ntau yam kev kos duab thiab kev tsim kho uas ua tau raws li kev ua neej nyob thiab kev nyiam ntawm cov neeg hav zoov tau tsim nyob rau ntau pua xyoo hauv cov ntoo architecture.

Cov tuam tsev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia tau tsim los ntawm ntau pua xyoo cov pob tw (peb centuries lossis ntau dua) txog li 18 meters ntev thiab ntau tshaj li ib nrab ib meter inch. Thiab muaj ntau cov ntoo zoo li no nyob rau hauv Russia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab Europe North, uas nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm hu ua "Northern Territory".

Cov khoom ntawm ntoo ua cov khoom siv hauv tsev feem ntau txiav txim siab tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv ntoo.

Lub cav - nws qhov tuab - tau dhau los ua ib qho kev ntsuas ntuj rau txhua qhov ntev ntawm lub tsev, ib hom qauv.

Nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev pheeb suab thiab cov tuam tsev muaj ntoo thuv thiab larch tarred rau hauv paus, thiab ib lub ru tsev yog tsim los ntawm lub teeb spruce. Thiab tsuas yog qhov twg cov tsiaj no tsis tshua muaj, lawv siv cov ntoo qhib hnyav lossis birch rau phab ntsa.

Yog, thiab tsis yog txhua tsob ntoo raug txiav, nrog kev tsom xam, nrog kev npaj. Ua ntej, lawv saib tawm rau tsob ntoo ntoo uas tsim nyog thiab ua cov nroj tsuag (weasels) nrog ib rab chais - lawv tshem tawm cov tawv ntoo ntawm lub pob tw hauv qhov nqaim strips los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab, tawm hauv ib daim hlab ntawm cov tawv ntoo ntawm lawv kom muaj kuab heev. Tom qab ntawd, tau tsib xyoos ntxiv, lawv tau tso tsob ntoo ntoo sawv. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws thickly secretes resin, impregnates lub cev nrog nws. Thiab yog li ntawd, thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg txias, thaum lub hnub tseem tsis tau pib ntev, thiab lub ntiaj teb thiab cov ntoo tseem tsaug zog, lawv tau txiav cov ntoo thuv tarred. Koj tsis tuaj yeem txiav nws tom qab - nws yuav pib rot. Aspen, thiab deciduous hav zoov feem ntau, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tau sau nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thaum lub sij hawm kua dej ntws. Tom qab ntawd cov tawv ntoo yooj yim tawm ntawm lub cav thiab nws, qhuav hauv lub hnub, ua kom muaj zog li pob txha.

Lub ntsiab, thiab feem ntau tsuas yog lub cuab tam ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse yog ib tug axes. Saws, txawm hais tias lawv tau paub txij li xyoo pua 10th, tau siv tshwj xeeb hauv kev siv ntoo rau kev ua haujlwm sab hauv. Qhov tseeb yog tias pom kua muag cov ntoo fibers thaum ua haujlwm, tawm hauv lawv qhib rau dej. Lub axes, crushing cov fibers, raws li nws yog, seals qhov kawg ntawm lub cav. Tsis xav tsis thoob, lawv tseem hais tias: "txiav lub tsev pheeb suab." Thiab, paub zoo rau peb tam sim no, lawv tau sim tsis siv rau tes. Tseeb, nyob ib ncig ntawm tus ntsia thawv, tsob ntoo pib rot sai. Raws li qhov chaw kawg, cov ntoo ntoo tau siv.

Lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev ntoo nyob rau hauv Russia yog "log house". Cov no yog cov cav fastened ("txuas") rau ib leeg nyob rau hauv ib lub quadrangle. Txhua kab ntawm cov cav tau reverently hu ua "crown." Thawj zaug, qis crown feem ntau muab tso rau ntawm lub hauv paus pob zeb - "ryazh", uas yog ua los ntawm cov pob zeb muaj zog. Yog li nws yog warmer thiab tsawg rotting.

Los ntawm hom fastening ntawm cov cav, hom cav cabins kuj txawv. Rau kev tsim tawm, siv "txiav-rau-txiav" ncej (tsis tshua muaj nteg). Cov cav ntoo ntawm no tsis tau sib dhos nruj, tab sis ua khub rau sab saum toj ntawm ib leeg, thiab feem ntau tsis tau fastened kiag li. Thaum fastening cov cav "hauv paw" lawv qhov kawg, whimsically hewn thiab tiag tiag zoo li paws, tsis mus dhau ntawm phab ntsa. Cov crowns ntawm no twb tau nruj nyob ib ncig ntawm ib leeg, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ces kaum nws tseem tuaj yeem tshuab tawm thaum lub caij ntuj no.

Qhov feem ntau txhim khu kev qha, sov, tau suav hais tias yog qhov fastening ntawm cov cav "nyob rau hauv ib lub flash", uas qhov kawg ntawm cov cav me ntsis mus dhau ntawm phab ntsa. Xws li lub npe coj txawv txawv niaj hnub no los ntawm lo lus "oblon" ("oblon"), lub ntsiab lus txheej txheej ntawm tsob ntoo (piv "rau khaub ncaws, hnab ntawv, plhaub"). Rov qab rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. lawv hais tias: "kom txiav lub tsev pheeb suab rau hauv Obolon", yog tias lawv xav hais tias nyob rau hauv lub tsev pheeb suab, lub cav ntawm phab ntsa tsis txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau zaus sab nraud ntawm cov cav tseem nyob ib puag ncig, thaum nyob hauv lub tsev pheeb suab lawv tau muab khi rau hauv lub dav hlau - "scraped rau hauv ib lub las" (las hu ua lub strip du). Tam sim no lo lus "bummer" hais txog ntau dua rau qhov kawg ntawm cov cav ntoo uas tawm ntawm phab ntsa sab nraud, uas nyob twj ywm puag ncig, nrog lub bummer.

Cov kab ntawm cov cav ntoo lawv tus kheej (crowns) tau khi ua ke nrog kev pab los ntawm sab hauv spikes. Moss tau nteg nruab nrab ntawm lub crowns nyob rau hauv lub thav duab, thiab tom qab lub rooj sib txoos zaum kawg ntawm tus ncej, cov kab nrib pleb tau caulked nrog linen cab. Attics feem ntau tau pw nrog tib moss kom sov thaum lub caij ntuj no.

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm txoj kev npaj, lub cav cabins tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug quadrangle ("plaub"), los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug octagon ("octagon"). Los ntawm ob peb lub quarters uas nyob ib sab, feem ntau yog cov tsev pheeb suab, thiab lub octagon tau siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj ntoo (tom qab tag nrho, lub octagon tso cai rau koj kom nce thaj tsam ntawm chav tsev yuav luag rau lub sijhawm yam tsis hloov qhov ntev ntawm cov cav). Feem ntau, muab plaub thiab yim rau sab saum toj ntawm ib leeg, tus kws tsim vaj tsev qub qub Lavxias tau muab cov qauv pyramidal ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj lossis cov tsev loj.

Ib qho yooj yim npog cov ntoo thaiv lub tsev tsis muaj kev tsim tawm tau hu ua "cage". "Crate nyob rau hauv ib lub tawb, qhia ib tug povet", - lawv tau hais nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, sim hais txog qhov kev cia siab ntawm lub cav tsev nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog ib tug qhib canopy - povet. Feem ntau cov thav duab tau muab tso rau ntawm "hauv qab daus" - lub hauv paus pab pawg qis, uas yog siv los khaws cov khoom siv thiab khoom siv hauv tsev. Thiab sab sauv rims ntawm thav duab nthuav upward, tsim ib tug cornice - "poob". Lo lus nthuav, muab los ntawm cov lus qhia "kom poob," feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv Russia. Yog li, piv txwv li, "tumblers" tau raug hu ua lub tsev txias txias hauv tsev lossis tsev loj, qhov twg tag nrho tsev neeg tau mus pw (kom ntog) thaum lub caij ntuj sov los ntawm lub tsev sov.

Cov qhov rooj hauv lub tawb tau ua kom tsawg li tsawg tau, thiab cov qhov rais tau muab tso rau siab dua. Yog li ntawd tsawg tshav kub tshuav lub tsev pheeb suab.

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, lub ru tsev ntawm lub log yog ua tsis muaj ntsia hlau - "txiv neej". Rau lub hom phiaj no, qhov kawg ntawm ob kawg phab ntsa tau ua los ntawm shrinking stumps ntawm cav, uas hu ua "txiv neej". Longitudinal ncej tau muab tso rau ntawm lawv nrog cov kauj ruam - "dolniki", "pw" (piv "dag"). Qee zaum, txawm li cas los xij, qhov kawg ntawm lub txaj, txiav rau hauv cov phab ntsa, kuj hu ua txiv neej. Ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, tab sis tag nrho lub ru tsev tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lawv.

Los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab, nyias ntoo trunks txiav down los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov ceg ntawm cov hauv paus hniav raug txiav mus rau hauv ib tug slopes. Xws li cov pob tw nrog cov hauv paus hniav hu ua "cov nqaij qaib" (pom meej rau qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov cag sab laug rau nqaij qaib paw). Cov ceg ntoo saum toj no ntawm cov hauv paus hniav txhawb nqa lub cav hollowed-tawm - "kwj". Cov dej ntws los ntawm lub ru tsev tau sau rau hauv nws. Thiab twb nyob rau saum cov hens thiab sleds lawv nteg dav ru tsev boards, so nrog lawv cov ntug qis tiv thaiv lub hollowed-tawm kwj ntawm kwj. Tshwj xeeb yog ua tib zoo thaiv los ntawm cov nag lub sab sauv sib koom tes ntawm cov laug cam - "nees" ("prince"). Ib tug tuab "ridge slug" tau nteg nyob rau hauv nws, thiab los ntawm saum toj no lub sib koom tes ntawm cov laug cam, raws li yog hais tias nrog ib lub kaus mom, tau them nrog ib tug cav hollowed los ntawm hauv qab no - ib tug "plhaub" los yog "skull". Txawm li cas los xij, ntau zaus lub cav no hu ua "goofy" - uas embraces.

Vim li cas lawv tsis npog lub ru tsev ntawm cov tsev ntoo hauv Russia! Cov quav cab ntawd tau muab khi rau hauv sheaves (bunches) thiab nteg raws lub ru tsev nqes hav, nias nrog ncej; Tom qab ntawd lawv tau tawg cov ntoo aspen rau hauv cov ntoo (shingles) thiab, zoo li cov nplai, npog lub tsev pheeb suab hauv ob peb txheej. Thiab nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus antiquity, txawm sod tis, tig nws upside down thiab underlining lub birch bark.

Cov txheej txheej kim tshaj plaws tau suav tias yog "tes" (boards). Lo lus "tes" nws tus kheej qhia tau zoo txog cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov khoom siv. Ib tug du, knot-dawb cav yog chipped lengthwise nyob rau hauv ob peb qhov chaw, thiab wedges tau tsav mus rau hauv cov kab nrib pleb. Lub cav sib cais nyob rau hauv txoj kev no tau txiav ob peb zaug nrog. Lub irregularities ntawm lub resulting dav boards tau hnyav nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb axes nrog ib tug dav heev hniav.

Lub ru tsev feem ntau yog them rau ob txheej - "undergrowth" thiab "liab plank". Cov txheej qis ntawm tesa ntawm lub ru tsev kuj hu ua pob zeb, vim nws feem ntau npog nrog "pob zeb" (birch bark, uas tau txiav tawm ntawm birch) kom nruj. Qee lub sij hawm lawv tau teeb tsa lub ru tsev nrog lub kink. Tom qab ntawd, qhov qis, flatter feem hu ua "tub ceev xwm" (los ntawm lo lus qub "pem teb" - ib nrab).

Tag nrho cov pediment ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab yog qhov tseem ceeb hu ua "brow" thiab tau abundantly decorated nrog tej yam yees siv tiv thaiv carving. Sab nrauv ntawm lub ru tsev slabs tau them los ntawm cov nag nrog ntev planks - "pricks". Thiab lub sab sauv ntawm lub pischelin tau them nrog ib tug qauv dai board - ib tug "daim phuam".

Lub ru tsev yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv ntoo. "Yuav muaj ib lub ru tsev saum koj lub taub hau," tib neeg tseem hais. Yog li ntawd, dhau sij hawm, nws tau los ua lub cim ntawm ib lub tuam tsev, lub tsev thiab txawm tias ib qho kev lag luam, nws "sab saum toj".

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, txhua yam ua tiav yog hu ua "kev caij". Cov saum no, nyob ntawm qhov kev nplua nuj ntawm lub tsev, tuaj yeem muaj ntau haiv neeg. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws yog "lub tawb" sab saum toj - ib qho yooj yim gable ru tsev ntawm lub tawb. Cov tuam tsev feem ntau tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub "tsev pheeb suab" sab saum toj hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub siab octahedral pyramid. Lub "cubic top" yog intricate, reminiscent ntawm ib tug loj loj plaub-sided dos. Cov yees tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog rau saum toj no. Lub "chim" yog qhov nyuaj heev los ua hauj lwm nrog - ib tug gable pavement nrog du curved outlines, xaus nrog ib tug ntse ridge. Tab sis lawv kuj tau ua "kev cai raus dej chim" - ob txoj kab yooj yim sib tshuam. Hip-ru tsev tsev teev ntuj, cubic, tier, multi-domed - tag nrho cov no muaj npe tom qab ua tiav ntawm lub tuam tsev, nyob rau saum toj.

Lub qab nthab tsis yog ib txwm txaus siab. Thaum tua hluav taws "dub" nws tsis xav tau - cov pa luam yeeb tsuas yog khaws cia hauv qab nws. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub quarters nws tsuas yog ua nrog lub firebox "dawb" (los ntawm ib tug yeeb nkab nyob rau hauv qhov cub). Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub qab nthab boards tau nteg on tuab beams - "matrices".

Lub tsev pheeb suab hauv Lavxias yog ib qho "plaub-walled" (lub tawb yooj yim), lossis "tsib phab ntsa" (lub tawb, muab faib tawm ntawm phab ntsa sab hauv - "txiav"). Thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho lub tsev pheeb suab, cov chav pabcuam tau ntxiv rau lub ntsiab ntim ntawm lub tawb ("chaw", "canopy", "yard", "choj" ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab thiab vaj, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab av, tsis lwj los ntawm tshav kub, lawv sim muab tag nrho cov complex ntawm lub tsev ua ke, nias lawv ua ke.

Muaj peb hom kev koom tes ntawm lub complex ntawm lub tsev uas ua rau lub tshav puam. Ib lub tsev loj ob-zaj rau ob peb tsev neeg nyob hauv ib lub ru tsev tau hu ua "purse". Yog hais tias chav tsev hluav taws xob tau txuas rau sab thiab tag nrho lub tsev coj daim ntawv "G", ces nws raug hu ua "verb". Yog hais tias lub outbuildings raug kho los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub ntsiab ncej thiab tag nrho cov complex tau rub mus rau hauv ib txoj kab, ces lawv hais tias nws yog ib tug "tua ntoo".

Ib "chav tsev" coj mus rau hauv lub tsev, uas feem ntau tau teem rau ntawm "kev txhawb nqa" ("qhov hluav taws xob") - qhov kawg ntawm cov log ntev tso tawm ntawm phab ntsa. Xws li ib lub sam thiaj hu ua "dai".

Lub ru tsev feem ntau yog ua raws li "tsev cog khoom" (canopy - duab ntxoov ntxoo, qhov chaw ntxoov ntxoo). Lawv tau npaj kom lub qhov rooj tsis qhib ncaj qha mus rau txoj kev, thiab cua sov tsis tawm ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab thaum lub caij ntuj no. Sab pem hauv ntej ntawm lub tsev, ua ke nrog lub sam thiaj thiab qhov nkag, tau hu ua nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm "sprout".

Yog hais tias lub tsev pheeb suab yog ob-zaj dab neeg, tom qab ntawd hauv pem teb thib ob hu ua "povetya" nyob rau hauv outbuildings thiab "saum chav tsev" nyob rau hauv lub quarters. Cov chav saum toj kawg nkaus hauv pem teb thib ob, qhov chaw uas tus poj niam feem ntau nyob, tau hu ua "terem".

Nyob rau hauv pem teb thib ob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv outbuildings, feem ntau yog coj los ntawm "ntshuam" - ib tug inclined cav platform. Ib tug nees nrog lub laub nrog quav nyab tuaj yeem nce nrog nws. Yog hais tias lub sam thiaj coj ncaj qha mus rau hauv pem teb thib ob, ces lub qab nthab platform nws tus kheej (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias muaj kev nkag mus rau thawj pem teb hauv qab nws) hu ua "locker".

Txij li thaum lub tsev pheeb suab yuav luag tag nrho "chimney", uas yog, lawv tau rhuab "dub", ces nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa yog dawb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txiav mus rau qhov siab ntawm ib tug txiv neej lub siab, thiab saum toj no lawv - dub los ntawm tas li pa luam yeeb. Ntawm cov pa luam yeeb ciam teb, nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa, feem ntau yog cov ntoo ntev ntev - "Vorontsov", uas tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm cov pa luam yeeb rau hauv qab ntawm chav tsev.

Cov pa luam yeeb tawm ntawm lub tsev pheeb suab los ntawm me me "dag windows" los yog los ntawm "chimney" - ib tug ntoo yeeb nkab, nplua nuj nrog carvings.

Hauv cov tsev nplua nuj thiab cov tuam tsev, ib qho "gulbische" feem ntau tau teem ib ncig ntawm lub tsev log - lub qhov rooj npog lub tsev los ntawm ob lossis peb sab.