Lub riddle ntawm terteria av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Xyoo 1961, lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm cov xov xwm ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm archaeological. Tsis yog, xob quaj ntawm ib qho kev tshawb pom zoo tsis yog los ntawm Egypt lossis Mesopotamia. Ib qho kev xav pom tau pom nyob hauv Transylvania, hauv lub zos Romanian me me ntawm Terteria.

Dab tsi xav tsis thoob cov txiv neej erudite ntawm antiquity science? Tej zaum cov kws tshawb fawb tau poob rau qhov kev faus neeg nplua nuj zoo li lub qhov ntxa ntawm Tutankhamun? Los yog ib tug masterpiece ntawm ancient kos duab tshwm sim ua ntej lawv? Tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li no. Peb cov av nplaum me me ua rau muaj kev zoo siab.

Rau lawv tau dotted nrog cov cim kos duab mysterious, strikingly reminiscent (raws li tus sau ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws nrhiav tau nws tus kheej, Romanian archaeologist N. Vlass nws tus kheej sau tseg) Sumerian pictographic sau ntawv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th BC. e.

Tab sis cov archaeologists nyob rau hauv rau lwm surprise. Cov ntsiav tshuaj pom tau dhau los ua 1000 xyoo laus dua cov Sumerian! Ib tug tsuas yog kwv yees: yuav luag 7 txhiab xyoo dhau los, nyob deb dhau qhov muaj koob meej thaum ub Eastern kev vam meej, qhov twg nws tsis tau xav txog, tsab ntawv qub tshaj plaws (txog hnub no) hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej tau los ua?

Sumerians hauv Transylvania?

Xyoo 1965, German Sumerologist Adam Falkenstein tau hais tias kev sau ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv Terteria raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm Sumer. M. S. Hud tawm tsam nws, sib cav tias cov ntsiav tshuaj Terteria tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog kev sau ntawv txhua. Nws tau sib cav tias cov tub lag luam Sumerian ib zaug tau mus xyuas Transylvania, nws yog lawv cov ntsiav tshuaj uas tau theej los ntawm cov neeg hauv zos. Tau kawg, lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj tsis meej rau Terterians, txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev siv lawv hauv kev cai dab qhuas.

Tsis muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, cov tswv yim ntawm Hood thiab Falkenstein yog thawj, tab sis kuj tseem muaj qhov tsis muaj zog hauv lawv. Yuav ua li cas piav qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm ib txhiab xyoo dhau los ntawm cov tsos ntawm Terterian thiab Sumerian ntsiav tshuaj? Thiab yuav ua li cas koj thiaj li luam tau tej yam uas tseem tsis tau muaj?

Lwm tus kws tshaj lij cuam tshuam nrog Terterian sau ntawv nrog Crete, tab sis ntawm no qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm mus txog ob txhiab xyoo.

Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm N. Vlass kuj tsis mus unnoticed nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia ntawm tus kws kho mob ntawm keeb kwm Sciences TS Passek, tus hluas archaeologist V. Titov tab tom tshawb nrhiav cov lus nug ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm cov Sumerians nyob rau hauv Transylvania. Kev sib raug zoo, rau ib qho kev xav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm Terterian riddle tsis tuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws tshaj lij-Sumerologist ntawm lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Archaeology ntawm USSR Academy ntawm Sciences A. Kifishin, tau soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, tuaj rau cov lus xaus hauv qab no:

1. Cov ntsiav tshuaj Terteria yog ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem sau ntawv hauv zos.

2. Cov ntawv nyeem ntawm ib lub ntsiav tshuaj sau rau 6 lub cim thaum ub, uas coincide nrog "daim ntawv teev npe" los ntawm Sumerian nroog Dzhemdet-Iasra, nrog rau lub foob los ntawm qhov chaw faus neeg uas yog Hungarian kab lis kev cai ntawm Keresh.

3. Cov cim ntawm lub phaj no yuav tsum tau nyeem nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog counterclockwise.

4. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv sau (yog tias koj nyeem nws hauv Sumerian) tau lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm lub cev tuag ntawm ib tug txiv neej nyob rau tib lub Terteria, uas yog ib qho cim ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ritual cannibalism ntawm lub ancient Transylvanians.

5. Lub npe ntawm tus vaj tswv hauv zos Shaue zoo ib yam rau Sumerian vajtswv Usm. Cov ntsiav tshuaj no tau muab txhais raws li nram no: “Nyob rau hauv lub fortieth reign, rau daim di ncauj ntawm tus vajtswv Shaue, cov txwj laus raug hlawv raws li lub ritual. Nov yog qhov thib kaum."

Yog li cas Terteria ntsiav tshuaj tseem zais? Tseem tsis tau muaj lus teb ncaj qha. Tab sis nws yog tseeb: tsuas yog txoj kev kawm ntawm tag nrho cov complex ntawm kab lis kev cai monuments ntawm Turdash-Vinci (hais tias, Terteria belongs rau nws) yuav coj peb los ze zog mus rau unraveling paub tsis meej ntawm peb av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj.

Lub deeds ntawm hnub dhau mus

Cov ntug dej ntawm tus dej, nrog rau cov nkoj boiled, overgrown nrog nyom …

Cov tub rog txoj kev uas cov tsheb sib tw dov tau overgrown nrog cov nyom quaj …

nyob rau hauv lub nroog, vaj tse tau poob rau hauv ruins.

Los ntawm Sumerian paj huam "Lub foom ntawm Akkad"

Nees nkaum kilometers ntawm Terteria yog lub toj Turdash. Ib qho kev sib haum xeeb thaum ub ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ntawm lub sijhawm Neolithic yog faus rau hauv nws qhov tob. Lub toj no tau raug khawb txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tab sis tsis tau raug khawb tag. Txawm li cas los xij, kev saib xyuas ntawm archaeologists tau nyiam los ntawm cov duab kos duab kos rau ntawm qhov tawg ntawm cov hlab ntsha.

Tib cov cim ntawm cov shards tau pom nyob rau hauv neolithic kev sib hais haum ntawm Vinca nyob rau hauv Yugoslavia, uas muaj feem xyuam rau Turdash. Tom qab ntawd cov kws tshawb fawb tau txiav txim siab cov cim raws li cov cim yooj yim ntawm cov tswv ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Tom qab ntawd lub roob Turdash tsis muaj hmoo: tus kwj deg, tau hloov nws txoj kev, yuav luag ntxuav nws mus. Xyoo 1961, archaeologists tau tshwm sim ntawm Terteria toj.

Txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug archaeologist yog ib qho nyuaj, tab sis tsis tshua muaj siab heev, me ntsis reminiscent ntawm lub ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug criminalist. Tab sis yog hais tias tus kws tshawb fawb forensic restores lub sijhawm ntawm nws cov niaj hnub, ces tus kws tshawb fawb archaeologist feem ntau yuav tsum rov tsim kho cov xwm txheej ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los uas siv cov cim tsis tshua pom.

Thiab qhov twg lub qhov muag ntawm ib tug layman pom tsuas yog homogeneous txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb, lub connoisseur yuav paub qhov txawv qhov seem ntawm ib tug ancient tsev, hearth, fragments ntawm ceramics thiab cov cuab yeej. Txhua txheej khaws cia rau hauv nws tus kheej cov cim cim ntawm lub neej ntawm ntau tiam neeg. Xws li txheej yog hu ua kab lis kev cai los ntawm archaeologists.

Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau ze rau kev ua tiav; Nws zoo nkaus li tias Terteria tau nthuav tawm tag nrho nws cov lus zais … Thiab tam sim ntawd, hauv qab txheej qis tshaj ntawm lub roob, ib lub qhov dej uas muaj tshauv tau pom. Nyob rau hauv qab no muaj figurines ntawm ancient idols, ib tug bracelet ua los ntawm hiav txwv shells thiab … peb lub me me av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj npog nrog pictographic kos npe rau. Dismembered thiab hlawv cov pob txha ntawm ib tug neeg laus tau pom nyob ze. Thaj, ntawm no cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thaum ub tau ua kev txi rau lawv cov vajtswv.

Thaum qhov kev zoo siab ploj mus, cov kws tshawb fawb ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiav tshuaj me me. Ob tug yog rectangular, thib peb round. Cov ntsiav tshuaj puag ncig thiab cov duab plaub loj muaj ib puag ncig los ntawm lub qhov hauv nruab nrab. Ua tib zoo tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov ntsiav tshuaj tau tsim los ntawm cov av nplaum hauv zos. Cov paib tsuas yog siv rau ntawm ib sab xwb. Cov txheej txheem sau ntawv ntawm Terterians thaum ub tau ua kom yooj yim heev: kos duab kos npe tau khawb nrog cov khoom ntse ntawm cov av nplaum ntub dej, tom qab ntawd cov ntsiav tshuaj raug hlawv.

Tuaj hla cov ntsiav tshuaj nyob deb Mesopotamia, tsis muaj leej twg yuav xav tsis thoob. Tab sis cov ntsiav tshuaj Sumerian hauv Transylvania! Nws yog amazing.

Nws yog thaum ntawd lawv nco txog cov cim tsis nco qab ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus los ntawm Turdash-Vinci. Lawv piv lawv nrog Terteria: qhov zoo sib xws tau pom tseeb. Thiab qhov ntawd hais ntau heev. Kev sau ntawv ntawm Terteria tsis tshwm sim los ntawm kos, tab sis yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev nthuav dav nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub 6th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 5th BC. e, pictographic sau ntawm Balkan kab lis kev cai ntawm Vinci.

Thawj qhov chaw ua liaj ua teb tau tshwm sim hauv Balkans thaum ntxov li 6 xyoo txhiab BC. e., thiab ib txhiab xyoo tom qab ntawd lawv tau koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb thoob plaws sab hnub tuaj thiab Central Europe. Thawj cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nyob li cas? Thaum xub thawj lawv nyob hauv dugouts, cog cov av nrog cov cuab yeej pob zeb. Lub ntsiab qoob loo yog barley. Maj mam, cov tsos ntawm kev sib hais haum hloov.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 5th BC. e. thawj adobe tsev tshwm. Cov tsev tau txhim kho yooj yim heev: ib lub thav duab ua los ntawm cov ncej ntoo tau txhim tsa, cov phab ntsa woven los ntawm nyias rods tau txuas rau nws, uas tau coated nrog av nplaum.

Lub tsev tau rhuab nrog vaulted qhov cub. Puas yog lub tsev zoo li lub tsev pheeb suab hauv Ukrainian? Thaum nws tau ploj mus, nws tau demolished, qhov chaw tau leveled thiab tsim ib qho tshiab. Yog li ntawd, kev sib haum xeeb thaum ub maj mam nce siab. Ntau pua xyoo dhau los, thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb maj mam pib ua tswv axes thiab lwm yam cuab yeej ua los ntawm tooj liab.

Cov neeg nyob puag thaum ub ntawm Transylvania zoo li cas?

Ntau cov duab pom thaum lub sij hawm excavations tuaj yeem rov tsim lawv cov tsos.

Ntawm no nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm peb yog ib tug txiv neej lub taub hau sculpted los ntawm av nplaum. Lub ntsej muag ua siab tawv, lub ntsej muag loj, lub qhov ntswg nkhaus, cov plaub hau tau muab faib rau hauv nruab nrab, thiab sib sau ua ke hauv ib lub pob hauv qab. Tus sculptor thaum ub piav txog leej twg? Ib tug thawj coj, ib tug pov thawj los yog ib pab pawg neeg - nws nyuaj rau hais. Nws tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lwm qhov tseem ceeb: ua ntej peb tsis yog ib tug pej thuam khov, nqa tawm raws li tej yam thiab nruj canons, tab sis lub ntsej muag ntawm ib tug txiv neej - ib tug ancient neeg nyob rau hauv Transylvania. Nws zoo li yuav saib peb ntawm qhov tob ntawm xya txhiab xyoo!

Thiab ntawm no yog ib tug heev stylized duab ntawm ib tug poj niam. Lub cev yog them nrog intricate geometric qauv uas tsim ib tug intricate qauv.

Tib lub ornament yog pom ntawm lwm cov duab ntawm Turdash-Vinci kab lis kev cai. Thaj, qhov tangle ntawm kab no muaj qee lub ntsiab lus. Seb nws yog tattoo, uas, tej zaum, cov poj niam ntawm lub sij hawm adorned lawv tus kheej nrog, los yog muaj ib co tej yam yees siv lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov no, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau teb; Cov poj niam tsis nyiam tshaj tawm lawv cov secrets.

Ntawm qhov kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb yog lub hwj loj ritual yos rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm Wingchan kab lis kev cai. Ntawm nws peb pom ib daim duab, tej zaum, ntawm cov tsos ntawm lub sanctuary, thiab daim duab no, dua, yog heev reminiscent ntawm lub sanctuary ntawm lub ancient Sumerians. Lwm coincidence? Tab sis ob lub sanctuaries tau sib cais los ntawm ib leeg los ntawm yuav luag nees nkaum centuries!

Txawm li cas los xij, vim li cas thiaj li muaj kev ntseeg siab rau hnub? Thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj li txiav txim siab lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj Terteria, yog tias thaum lub sij hawm khawb ntawm Terteria tsis muaj qhov seem ntawm cov lauj kaub tais diav, raws li qhov kev tshawb pom feem ntau yog hnub tim?

Physics pab keeb kwm

… Ib tug cwj mem hluav taws nyob hauv nws txhais tes … tuav.

Ntawm lub ntsiav tshuaj nws kos lub hnub qub ntawm lub ntuj zoo …

Los ntawm Sumerian paj huam "Ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub Tuam Tsev"

Physicists tuaj rau kev pab ntawm historians. University of Chicago tus xibfwb Willard Libby tau tsim ib txoj hauv kev rau kev sib tham los ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide C-14, uas tom qab ntawd nws tau txais qhov khoom plig Nobel.

Cov pa roj carbon monoxide C-14, tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb huab cua los ntawm kev raug cosmic hluav taws xob, yog oxidized thiab assimilated los ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntaub so ntswg tuag maj mam txo qis, thaum qee qhov C-14 lwj ntawm ib lub sijhawm. Ib nrab-lub neej ntawm C-14 yog 5360 xyoo. Yog li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm C-14 hauv cov organic seem tuaj yeem siv los txiav txim siab lub sijhawm dhau mus txij li cov nroj tsuag lossis tsiaj tuag. V. Libby txoj kev muab qhov tseeb siab ntawm kev sib tham ± 50-100 xyoo.

Artifact ntawm Turdash - Vinca kab lis kev cai nrog inscribed cim

Yog li dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sanctuary ancient yuav luag 7 txhiab xyoo dhau los? Puas yog tus kws tshaj lij Sumerian txoj cai thaum nws ntseeg tias archaeologists tau pom cov cim ntawm kev cai dab qhuas cannibalism?

Tej zaum nws yog lawm. Puas yog nws muaj peev xwm xav txog tias hauv ib lub zej zog uas muaj kev coj noj coj ua tseem ceeb xws li kev sau ntawv, cannibalism muaj nyob, txawm tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ritual? Ua tau. Kev tshawb fawb ntawm ntau lub tebchaws Asmeskas thaum ub tau lees paub qhov no.

Los ntawm txoj kev, cov ntawv sau Sumerian, luam tawm los ntawm S. Langdon, qhia txog kev tua neeg ntawm tus pov thawj hlob thiab tom qab ntawd xaiv tsa tus thawj tswj hwm tshiab. Tej zaum muaj qee yam zoo sib xws hauv Terteria. Lub cev ntawm tus pov thawj raug tua raug hlawv ntawm qhov hluav taws kub dawb huv. Ib sab ntawm cov neeg tuag tau muab tso rau cov duab ntawm cov vajtswv - patrons ntawm Terterian zej zog thiab cov ntsiav tshuaj khawv koob.

Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj pov thawj tias tus pov thawj kib tau noj. Yog lawm, nws tsis yooj yim los nqa daim ntaub thaiv ntawm rau xyoo txhiab. Cov tim khawv ntawm cov txheej txheem thaum ub yog ntsiag to: cov mlom ntawm cov mlom thiab cov pob txha tawg ntawm ib tug Terterian thaum ub. Tab sis, tej zaum, tus tim khawv thib peb yuav hais - cov ntawv sau thaum ub?

Lo lus ntawm av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj

Thawj lub ntsiav tshuaj dais ib lub cim ntawm ob tug tshis. Ib pob ntseg muab tso rau nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Tej zaum daim duab ntawm ib tug tshis thiab pob ntseg yog lub cim ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub zej zog, uas yog raws li kev ua liaj ua teb thiab nyuj yug me nyuam? Los yog tej zaum qhov no yog kev yos hav zoov, raws li N. Vlassa?

Nws yog qhov xav paub tias qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau pom ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj Sumerian. Lub phaj thib ob yog muab faib los ntawm cov kab ntsug thiab kab rov tav rau hauv cov ntu me me. Ntawm lawv txhua tus, ntau yam duab kos duab raug khawb. Puas yog cov totems no?

Lub voj voog ntawm Sumerian totems yog nto moo. Thiab yog tias peb sib piv cov duab kos rau ntawm peb lub phaj nrog cov duab ntawm lub nkoj ritual pom thaum lub sij hawm khawb hauv Jemdet-Nasr, ib qho kev sib tsoo zoo sib xws yuav rov ua rau lub qhov muag. Thawj lub cim ntawm lub ntsiav tshuaj Sumerian yog lub taub hau ntawm tus tsiaj, feem ntau yuav yog menyuam yaus, qhov thib ob qhia txog kab laug sab, qhov thib peb, pom meej, lub taub hau ntawm tus neeg lossis tus vajtswv, plaub lub cim qhia txog ntses, lub cim thib tsib yog qee qhov. hom qauv, thib rau yog ib tug noog. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem xav tias cov ntsiav tshuaj qhia txog totems: "me nyuam yaus", "scorpion", "dab", "fish", "depth-death" "" noog ".

Lub totems ntawm Terterian ntsiav tshuaj tsis tsuas yog coincide nrog cov Sumerian sawv daws yuav, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv tib theem. Qhov no yog dab tsi, lwm qhov kev sib tsoo? Tej zaum tsis yog. Cov duab coincidence ntawm cov cim tuaj yeem yog qhov tsis sib xws. Kev tshawb fawb paub xws li coincidence. Strikingly zoo sib xws, piv txwv li, yog tus kheej cov cim ntawm kev sau tsis meej ntawm proto-Indian kev vam meej ntawm Mohenjo-Daro thiab Harappa nrog cov cim ntawm kohau-rongo-rongo sau ntawv ntawm Easter Island nyob deb.

Tab sis qhov coincidence ntawm totems thiab lawv cov kab ke yog tsis tshua muaj xwm txheej. Nws qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm kev ntseeg kev ntseeg ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Terteria thiab Jemdet-Nasr los ntawm ib qho hauv paus. Nws zoo li peb muaj nyob rau hauv peb txhais tes ib yam ntawm cov yuam sij rau deciphering kev sau ntawv ntawm Terteria: tsis paub yuav ua li cas sau, peb twb paub nyob rau hauv dab tsi ua ntu zus peb yuav tsum tau nyeem.

Yog li ntawd, cov ntawv sau tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev nyeem nws counterclockwise nyob ib ncig ntawm lub qhov ntawm lub phaj. Yog lawm, peb yuav tsis paub yuav ua li cas cov lus ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Terteria suab, tab sis peb tuaj yeem tsim lub ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov cim qhia raws li qhov sib npaug Sumerian.

Cia peb pib nyeem cov ntsiav tshuaj Terteria puag ncig. Cov cim sau tau sau rau ntawm nws, sib cais los ntawm kab. Lawv tus lej hauv txhua lub square yog me me. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj Terteria, zoo li cov ntawv sau Sumerian archaic, yog cov cim, cov cim cim thiab cov cim sau ntawv tseem tsis tau muaj.

Cov hauv qab no yog sau rau ntawm lub phaj round:

4. NUJ KA. SHA. UGULA. PI. MUS KARA 1.

"Los ntawm plaub tus thawj coj rau lub ntsej muag ntawm tus vajtswv Shaue, tus hlob ntawm lub siab tob tau hlawv ib tug."

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv yog dab tsi?

Ib zaug ntxiv, kev sib piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv hais saum toj no los ntawm Jemdet-Nasr qhia nws tus kheej. Nws muaj ib daim ntawv teev cov viv ncaus thawj tug pov thawj uas coj plaub pawg neeg. Tej zaum tib cov pov thawj hlob-tus thawj coj nyob hauv Terteria? Tab sis muaj lwm coincidence. Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau los ntawm Terteria, tus vajtswv Shaue tau hais, thiab lub npe ntawm tus vaj tswv tau piav qhia tib yam li cov neeg Sumerians. Yog lawm, pom tau tias, Terterian ntsiav tshuaj muaj cov ntaub ntawv luv luv txog kev tua thiab hlawv ib tug pov thawj uas tau ua haujlwm rau qee lub sijhawm ntawm nws txoj kev kav.

Yog li leej twg yog cov neeg nyob hauv ancient sij hawm ntawm Terteria, uas tau sau "hauv Sumerian" nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5th BC? BC, thaum twg tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev ntawm Sumer nws tus kheej? Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Sumerians? Qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias Proto-Sumerians tawg tawm ntawm Proto-Kartvelians nyob rau xyoo 15th-12th xyoo pua BC. BC, tawm hauv Georgia rau Kurdistan. Yuav ua li cas lawv tau dhau ntawm lawv cov ntawv sau rau cov neeg ntawm cov teb chaws Europe sab hnub tuaj? Lo lus nug tsis tseem ceeb. Thiab tseem tsis tau muaj lus teb rau nws.

Cov neeg qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov Balkans tau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Asia Minor. Kev sib txuas ntawm Turdash-Vinci kab lis kev cai nrog nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo taug qab los ntawm pictographic kos npe rau ntawm ceramics. Cov cim qhia, qee zaum zoo ib yam rau cov neeg ntawm Vinchan, tau pom nyob rau hauv cov lus dab neeg Troy (pib ntawm 3 xyoo txhiab BC). Tom qab ntawd lawv tshwm sim hauv lwm thaj tsam ntawm Asia Minor.

Cov echoes nyob deb ntawm Vinci cov ntawv sau muaj nyob rau hauv cov duab kos duab ntawm Crete thaum ub. Ib tug tsis tuaj yeem tab sis pom zoo nrog qhov kev xav ntawm Soviet archaeologist V. Titov tias cov ntawv sau thaum ntxov nyob rau hauv Aegean lub teb chaws muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau hauv lub Balkans ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th BC. e., thiab tsis tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm Mesopotamia nyob deb, raws li qee cov kws tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau ntseeg.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws paub: tus tsim ntawm Balkan kab lis kev cai ntawm Vinci nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5th BC. e.tawg hla Asia Minor mus rau Kurdistan thiab Khuzistak, qhov twg thaum lub sij hawm lub Pra-Sumerians nyob. Thiab tsis ntev nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no ib tug pictographic proto-Elamite sau ntawv tshwm sim, sib npaug zos rau Sumerian thiab Terterian.

Cov lus xaus qhia nws tus kheej: cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm Sumerian sau tau, tsis zoo, tsis yog Sumerians, tab sis cov neeg nyob hauv Balkans. Qhov tseeb, yuav ua li cas ntxiv los piav qhia tias cov ntawv sau qub tshaj plaws hauv Sumer, yos los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 4 xyoo txhiab BC. e., tshwm sim sai heev thiab twb nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho tsim daim ntawv. Cov Sumerians (zoo li cov Babylonians) tsuas yog cov tub ntxhais kawm zoo, siv cov duab sau los ntawm cov neeg Balkan thiab txuas ntxiv txhim kho nws mus rau hauv kev sau ntawv cuneiform.

B. PERLOV, historian

IB QHOV IB TSEV

Ntawm cov lus nug uas tshwm sim hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm Terterian nrhiav, ob zoo li tseem ceeb rau kuv:

1. Kev sau ntawv Terterian tau los ua li cas thiab qhov kev sau ntawv tau txuas nrog?

2. Cov Terterians hais lus dab tsi?

B. Perlov, tau kawg, yog lawm, hais tias Sumerian sau tau tshwm sim nyob rau yav qab teb Mesopotamia thaum kawg ntawm 4 xyoo txhiab BC. e. cas poob nthav, nyob rau hauv ib tug tiav daim ntawv. Nws yog nyob rau ntawm nws uas feem ntau ancient encyclopedia ntawm noob neej "Harra-khubulu" tau sau, uas tag nrho xav txog lub ntiaj teb no saib ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub 10th-4th txhiab xyoo BC. e.

Kev kawm txog cov cai ntawm kev txhim kho sab hauv ntawm Sumerian pictography qhia tau hais tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th BC. e. pictographic sau raws li ib tug system nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm lwj es tsis ua. Ntawm tag nrho cov Sumerian kev sau ntawv (tus lej txog 38 txhiab tus cim thiab kev hloov pauv), me ntsis ntau dua 5 txhiab tau siv, thiab tag nrho lawv tuaj ntawm 72 lub cim qub zes. Cov txheej txheem ntawm polyphonization (uas yog, qhov sib txawv ntawm lub suab ntawm tib lub cim) ntawm lub zes ntawm Sumerian system pib ntev ua ntej ntawd.

Polyphonization maj mam eroded lub plhaub txheej ntawm ib tug complex kos npe rau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov zes, ces rhuav tshem lub internal tsim ntawm lub kos npe rau nyob rau hauv ib nrab-decayed zes, thiab, thaum kawg, tag nrho cov zes nws tus kheej. Cov cim zes tau tawg mus rau hauv cov kab hluav taws xob ntev ntev ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm Sumerians hauv Mesopotamia.

Nws yog qhov xav paub tias qhov tshwm sim zoo sib xws tau pom nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv proto-Elamite, uas tshwm sim ib txhij nrog Sumerian ib qho ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Persian Gulf. Kev sau ntawv Proto-Elamite kuj raug txo rau 70 lub cim zes, uas tau faib ua 70 polyphonic kab teeb. Ob qho tib si proto-Elamite kos npe thiab Sumerian muaj kev tsim sab hauv thiab sab nrauv. Tab sis cov proto-Elamite kuj muaj pendants. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nws cov kab ke, nws yog ze rau Suav hieroglyphics.

Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm Fusi (2852-2752 BC), cov Aryan nomads invaded Tuam Tshoj los ntawm sab qaum teb hnub poob thiab coj nrog lawv ib tug zoo-tsim kev sau ntawv system.

Tab sis cov duab suav thaum ub tau ua ntej los ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm Namazga kab lis kev cai (Central Asia). cais pawg ntawm cov paib nyob rau hauv nws muaj ob Sumerian thiab Suav counterparts.

Dab tsi yog vim li cas rau qhov zoo sib xws ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm cov neeg sib txawv? Qhov tseeb yog tias lawv txhua tus muaj ib qhov chaw, qhov kev tawg ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv VII txhiab xyoo BC. e.

Rau ob txhiab xyoo ua ntej lub cev qhuav dej, thaj tsam Elamo-Suav tau ntsib nrog Sumeroid kab lis kev cai ntawm Guran thiab Iranian Zagros. Cov cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm kev sau ntawv tau tawm tsam los ntawm sab hnub poob, uas tau coj los ua raws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm Sumeroids ntawm pre-Gurana (Ganj-Daro, saib daim ntawv qhia). Tom qab ntawd, cov txheej txheem sau ntawv ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub, Crete-Mycenaeans, Sumerians thiab Terterians tau sawv los ntawm nws.

Yog li, cov lus dab neeg ntawm "Babylonian" pandemonium thiab kev tawg ntawm ib hom lus hauv ntiaj teb tsis yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb. Rau, sib piv 72 lub zes ntawm Sumerian sau ntawv nrog cov zes zoo sib xws-cov cim ntawm tag nrho lwm cov txheej txheem sau ntawv, ib qho xav tsis thoob ntawm lawv qhov xwm txheej tsis yog hauv cov qauv tsim, tab sis kuj muaj cov ntsiab lus sab hauv.

Ua ntej peb zoo li cov tawg, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm kev sib koom ua ke tsis sib haum xeeb. Thaum twg, txawm li cas los xij, rov tsim dua lub cim ntawm qhov kev sau ntawv no ntawm IX-VIII millennia BC. e. piv nrog cov cim qhia-cov cim ntawm Paleolithic lig ntawm Tebchaws Europe (20-10 txhiab xyoo BC). BC), ib tug tsis tuaj yeem tab sis xyuam xim rau lawv qhov deb ntawm kev sib tsoo.

Yog lawm, cov txheej txheem sau ntawv ntawm 4 txhiab xyoo BC. e. tsis tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb, tab sis tsuas yog ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub autonomous txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tawg tsam ntawm ib tug disintegrated prasystem ntawm kev cai dab qhuas symbolism uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw, raws li, contrary to lub tswv yim ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg, homo sapiens feem ntau tshwm nyob rau hauv. ib qhov chaw.

Cov Terterians thaum ub hais lus dab tsi? Cia peb saib daim ntawv qhia haiv neeg ntawm Western Europe ntawm 7th-6th millennia BC. e. Thaum lub sij hawm no, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lub Neolithic kiv puag ncig, muaj ib tug pej xeem tawg. Ntau xyoo dhau los, cov pej xeem tau nce 17 zaug (los ntawm 5 lab mus rau 85). Muaj kev hloov pauv los ntawm kev sib sau ua ke rau kev ua liaj ua teb dej nyab.

Qhov ntau tshaj ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv lub Balkans, cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm cov neeg Semitic-Hamitic, coj lawv mus rau thoob plaws kev tsiv teb tsaws mus rau tsawg dua cov neeg nyob qhov twg lub Neolithic kiv puag ncig tseem tsis tau tshwm sim. Qhov kev tawm tsam tau ua rau sab qaum teb raws Danube thiab sab qab teb dhau los ntawm Asia Minor, Zej Zog Sab Hnub Tuaj, North Africa thiab Spain. Ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov lej loj heev, cov Prosemites los ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab Prahamites los ntawm sab hnub poob wiped cov Proto-Indo-Europeans nyob deb mus rau sab qaum teb (rau thaj chaw uas nyuam qhuav tso tawm ntawm lub glacier).

Cov duab tiag tiag ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm tib neeg tau dim, los ntawm txoj kev, hauv Celtic mythology. Lub npe Proto-Slavic ntawm Celtic vajtswv qhia tias Proto-Slavs uas tsis xa mus rau lawv cov yeeb ncuab tseem yog tus chij ci ntsa iab hauv lub qhov muag ntawm Prakelts ntawm Fabkis, ua lawv cov vajtswv. Celtic "Proto-Slavs" - Dananians los ntawm Goria xeem (uas yog, "goryne") subjugated Pragracs ntawm Harz thiab tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam ntev nrog Presemites ntawm Danube kab lis kev cai. Qhov no tau tshwm sim hauv Indian (Manu-Svarozhich) thiab Greek myths xwb.

Kev tsov rog rog heev thiab ntev. Cov phooj ywg ntawm Proto-Indo-Europeans yog Sumeroids ntawm Iranian Zagros, nyob deb ntawm lawv, uas ua rau lub Neolithic kiv puag ncig ua ntej thiab rushed mus rau Asia Me los ntawm sab hnub tuaj. Cov Semitic-Hamitic pincers tau txiav.

Cov Hamites pov lawv lub zog tseem ceeb rau ntawm Egyptian kev ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua tub rog, thaum lub Semites - ntawm Greek thiab Asia Minor, qhov chaw lawv thiaj li tawm tsam kev txeeb chaw ntawm Sumeroids, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog Pyrrhic yeej. Lub Semitic-Hamitic kev tawm tsam tau khiav tawm ntawm chav.

Thiab nyob rau hauv lub VI xyoo txhiab BC. e. ua tiav lub Neolithic kiv puag ncig thiab Proto-Indo-Europeans. Tsiv mus rau kev ua liaj ua teb nyuj yug me nyuam, lawv tau txais lub hwj chim hla qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm Great Steppe. Cov Prahamites tau koom ua ke los ntawm Celts thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, thaum Prasemites tau khiav mus rau Danube qis.

Nruab nrab ntawm Indo-Europeans ntawm Denmark thiab Pomerania thiab Prosemites ntawm Thrace los ntawm qhov pib ntawm 5 xyoo txhiab BC. e. tsim ib cheeb tsam loj loj (Upper Danube, Carpathian cheeb tsam, Ukraine) nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb cov pejxeem. Tom qab ntawd, nws cov tub ntxhais kawm (Baden kab lis kev cai) tau ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov haiv neeg ntawm Lesbos, Tripoli thiab Troy.

Tias yog vim li cas thiaj muaj cov laj thawj zoo los koom nrog cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av no (xws li Terterians thiab Trypillians) nrog Proto-Etruscans, raws li pov thawj los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv anthropological. Cov Praetruscans thaum kawg tau ntiab cov Prasemite los ntawm cov Balkans thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 5th BC. e. mus rau Asia Minor thiab ze East. Yog li, lawv tau tshem txoj hauv kev rau Indo-European herders, uas tau yeej los ntawm sab qaum teb.