Geographic anomalies ntawm daim ntawv qhia qub

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Raws li qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj haujlwm tshawb fawb, ntau qhov tsis paub txog yav dhau los tau pom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia thaj chaw qub. Cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no tsis sib haum rau cov kev muaj tiag niaj hnub no, tab sis qhia txog kev sib raug zoo nrog cov paleogeographic reconstructions ntawm Pleistocene.

Feem ntau, kev sib tham txog cov relics prehistoric, tej zaum yuav xav txog ntawm thaj chaw daim duab qhia chaw, yog txwv rau cov dej nyab thiab Terra Australis (saib, piv txwv li, tej hauj lwm ntawm C. Hepgood thiab G. Hencock). Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshawb fawb tau dim ntawm qhov ncaj ncees ntawm cov relics ntawm prehistoric geography. Thaum tshawb nrhiav lawv, daim ntawv qhia qub ntawm thaj tsam sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov teb chaws, nrog rau Arctic, tau txheeb xyuas tsis zoo. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog kom tsawg kawg ib nrab sau qhov sib txawv.

Hauv qab no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev tshawb pom.

Ntsuab Sahara

Tshaj li ib nrab lab xyoo dhau los, Sahara tau dhau los ntev los nag 5 zaug, thaum cov suab puam loj tshaj plaws tau hloov mus rau hauv savannah, nrog rau cov dej ntws mus rau ntau txhiab xyoo, cov pas dej loj tau nchuav, thiab cov chaw pw hav zoov ntawm cov neeg yos hav zoov thaum ub rau cov tsiaj tsis pom. nyob rau hauv cov suab puam tau nyob. Lub caij los nag kawg hauv nruab nrab thiab sab hnub tuaj Sahara xaus li 5,500 xyoo dhau los. Thaj, nws yog qhov xwm txheej no uas txhawb kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov pej xeem los ntawm Sahara mus rau Nile Valley, kev txhim kho cov dej hauv qhov ntawd thiab, vim li ntawd, kev tsim ntawm lub xeev ntawm vaj ntxwv.

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus siab yog lub tsim hydrography ntawm lub Sahara nyob rau hauv medieval maps kos los ntawm cov ntxhuav ntawm Alexandrian geography Ptolemy (II caug xyoo AD).

Rice. 1. Dej thiab pas dej ntawm Sahara nyob rau hauv Ulm tsab ntawm Ptolemy lub geography 1482

Xws li daim duab qhia chaw ntawm 15th-17th centuries nyob rau hauv Central thiab Eastern Sahara qhia tag nrho cov dej ntws (Kinips, Gir) thiab pas dej uas tsis muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no (Chelonid bogs, Lake Nuba) (Fig. 1). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav yog trans-Saharan dej Kinips, uas hla tag nrho cov qab zib los ntawm sab qab teb mus rau sab qaum teb los ntawm Tibesti highlands mus rau lub Gulf of Sidra ntawm lub hiav txwv Mediterranean (Fig. 2). Satellite duab pom tau tias muaj ib qho chaw qhuav heev hauv cheeb tsam, uas yog dav dua li Nile Valley (Fig. 3). Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub taub dej ntawm Kinips, Ptolemy muab tso rau hauv Chelonid swamps thiab Lake Nuba, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam uas ib tug qhuav txaj ntawm prehistoric mega-lake twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub Sudanese xeev ntawm North Darfur.

Rice. 2. Tus dej system ntawm Libyan phiab ntawm Mercator daim ntawv qhia raws li Ptolemy (1578; sab laug) thiab nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm paleo-channels ntawm tus dej Sahara (txoj cai).

Rice. 3. Lub txaj qhuav ntawm tus dej Kinip Ptolemy nyob ze nws cov delta hauv daim duab los ntawm qhov chaw.

Ptolemy tsis yog ib leeg piav qhia txog qhov tseeb prehistoric ntawm cov ntub dej Sahara. Yog li Pliny tus Txwj Laug (1st caug xyoo AD) tau hais txog Triton swamp, uas "ntau qhov chaw nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob Sirtes", qhov twg tam sim no muaj ib lub txaj qhuav ntawm lub loj heev Fezzan paleolake, 400 km sab qab teb ntawm Tripoli. Tab sis qhov kawg lacustrine deposits ntawm Fezzan hnub rov qab mus rau prehistoric lub sij hawm - ntau tshaj 6 txhiab xyoo dhau los.

Rice. 4. Tsis muaj nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Nile los ntawm Sahara ntawm daim duab qhia ntawm 1680 (xub xub).

Rice. 5. Cov kab ke ntawm tib lub prehistoric influx nyob rau hauv lub satellite duab (xub xub).

Lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov av ntub dej Sahara yog Nubian tributary ntawm Nile - tus dej piv rau Nile uas ntws los ntawm Sahara thiab ntws mus rau hauv Nile hauv thaj av Aswan los ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub poob, tsuas yog saum Elephantine Island (Fig. 4). Lub tributary no tsis paub txog Ptolemy lossis Herodotus, uas tus kheej tau mus xyuas Elephantine. Txawm li cas los xij, Nubian tributary tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm European cartographers, los ntawm Beheim (1492) thiab Mercator (1569) mus txog rau thaum xyoo 19th. Ntawm satellite dluab, Nubian tributary yog taug qab ntawm 470 km ntawm Nile raws li lub bay ntawm Lake Nasser, raws li ib tug tsaus nti strip ntawm ib tug qhuav channel, raws li ib tug saw ntawm ntsev pas dej, thiab thaum kawg, raws li "honeycombs" ntawm teb nyob ib ncig ntawm dej- bearing qhov dej (Fig. 5).

Dej Arabia

Cov suab puam Arabian nyob ze ntawm Sahara. Nws kuj tau ntsib nag los nag ntau zaus thaum lub caij sov sov. Qhov kawg xws li huab cua zoo tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim 5-10 txhiab xyoo dhau los.

Rice. 6. Arabian suab puam nrog dej thiab pas dej nyob rau hauv Ulm tsab ntawm Ptolemy lub geography 1482.

Nyob rau hauv daim duab qhia chaw raws li Ptolemy cov ntaub ntawv, lub Arabian Peninsula yog qhia raws li rugged dej ntws thiab nrog ib tug loj pas dej nyob rau hauv nws yav qab teb kawg (Fig. 6). Qhov twg muaj lub pas dej thiab cov ntawv sau "aqua" (dej) nyob rau hauv Ulm tsab ntawm Ptolemy's geography (1482), tam sim no muaj kev nyuaj siab qhuav 200-300 km thoob plaws, npog nrog xuab zeb.

Tam sim no lub nroog Mecca thiab Jeddah nyob qhov twg, Ptolemy tso ib tug dej loj ntau pua kilometers ntev. Kev tua los ntawm qhov chaw lees paub tias muaj, nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia los ntawm Ptolemy, ncav lub hav dej qub qhuav mus txog 12 km dav thiab ib thiab ib nrab puas kilometers ntev. Txawm tias yav qab teb tributary, merging nrog lub ntsiab channel ntawm Mecca, yog pom zoo.

Lwm tus dej loj Ptolemy uas hla Arabia thiab ntws mus rau hauv Persian Gulf ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm United Arab Emirates tam sim no muab zais rau hauv cov xuab zeb dunes. Relics ntawm nws cov delta tuaj yeem nqaim, zoo li dej, bays ntawm hiav txwv thiab ntsev marshes ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Al Hamra thiab Silah.

Glaciers ntawm Eastern Europe

Thaum lub sij hawm Pleistocene, Eastern Europe tau ntsib ntau glaciations. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Scandinavian ice sheets tsis tsuas yog nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Russia, tab sis nqis los ntawm Dnieper hav txawm mus rau Dub hiav txwv steppes.

Hauv qhov no, kev txaus siab heev yog lub roob uas tsis muaj nyob, uas Ptolemy muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm "East European Plain" ntawm thaj chaw niaj hnub. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov kab ke no cuam tshuam nrog cov lowlands ntawm niaj hnub geographic maps.

Tau ntau pua xyoo, cov kws paub txog thaj chaw tau txuas ntxiv mus rub lub Roob Hyperborean, ncab raws qhov sib npaug ntawm 60o-62o los ntawm Rybinsk reservoir mus rau Urals. Kev sim txheeb xyuas qhov Hyperborean Roob nrog Urals (Bogard-Levin thiab Grantovsky, 1983) lossis nrog ntug ntawm qhov kawg, Valdai glacier (Seibutis, 1987; Fadeeva, 2011) khiav mus rau qhov tsis sib haum xeeb. Txoj kev taw qhia latitudinal ntawm Hyperborean Roob tsis pom zoo nrog SW-NE kev taw qhia ntawm moraines ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Valdai, thiab Urals feem ntau ncav cuag sab qab teb mus rau sab qaum teb. Cov yav qab teb txuas ntxiv ntawm Ptolemy roob raws Dnieper hav (Ripeyskie thiab Amadoca), nrog rau raws Oka-Don tiaj (Hypian roob) tsis tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov neeg keeb kwm nrog cov roob tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj chaw niaj hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau ua raws li ob hom lus ntawm Dnieper glaciation, uas txog 250 txhiab xyoo dhau los mus txog latitudes ze rau cov roob Ptolemy (Fig. 8). Yog li nyob rau hauv lub Dnieper hav, lub glacier mus txog ib tug latitude ntawm 48 degrees, uas yog nyob ze rau yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm lub Amadok Toj siab ntawm Ptolemy (51 degrees). Thiab ntawm lub Don thiab Volga, lub glacier mus txog ib tug latitude ntawm 50 degrees, uas yog nyob ze rau yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm lub Hypian Toj siab (52 degrees).

Rice. 7. Roob pom ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv niaj hnub nrog lub pas dej periglacial thiab cov duab zoo sib xws ntawm Hyperborean toj siab ntawm Ptolemy ntawm daim duab qhia ntawm Nikola German (1513)

Rice. 8. Lub latitudinal orientation ntawm Ptolemy Hyperborean Roob thiab lawv ob ridges nyob rau hauv ib tug southerly kev taw qhia (Basler 1565; sab laug) zoo sib xws rau ciam teb ntawm lub Dnieper glaciation tshaj lub xeem Valdai glacier nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm glacial moraines (txoj cai).

Cov roob Hyperborean raug sib raug mus rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Dnieper glacier ntawm Volga thiab Ob tus dej, qhov twg nws ciam teb khiav los ntawm sab hnub poob mus rau sab hnub tuaj raws li 60o parallel. Cov pob tsuas ntawm cov ntug dej hiav txwv niaj hnub no yeej muaj lub roob zoo li lub roob (Fig. 7). Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cia peb xyuam xim rau lub fact tias cov maps ntawm Nikola Herman (1513) depict lub Hyperborean roob nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo xws li txoj kev - nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug pob tsuas nrog cov pas dej nyob ib sab ntawm nws ko taw, uas xav tsis thoob zoo li periglacial reservoirs ntawm yaj dej.. Txawm tias Arab tus kws qhia thaj chaw al-Idrisi (XII xyoo pua) tau piav txog cov toj siab Hyperborean li Mount Kukaya: Nws yog lub roob siab siab, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom nce nws, thiab nyob rau saum nws muaj nyob mus ib txhis, tsis muaj dej khov … Nws lub nraub qaum yog uncultivated; vim muaj frosts hnyav heev, tej tsiaj tsis nyob ntawd.” Cov lus piav qhia no yog qhov tsis sib xws nrog cov geography niaj hnub ntawm sab qaum teb Eurasia, tab sis nws zoo ib yam nrog ntug ntawm Pleistocene ice sheet.

Lub deflated hiav txwv ntawm Azov

Nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm tsuas yog 15 m, Hiav txwv Azov ntws thaum dej hiav txwv poob los ntawm ib puas meters thaum lub sij hawm glaciation, i.e. ntau tshaj 10 txhiab xyoo dhau los. Geological cov ntaub ntawv qhia tau hais tias thaum lub hiav txwv ntawm Azov yog drained, lub Don River txaj khiav raws nws qab los ntawm Rostov-on-Don, los ntawm lub Kerch Strait mus rau ib tug delta 60 km sab qab teb ntawm lub Kerch Strait. Tus dej ntws mus rau hauv Hiav Txwv Dub, uas yog lub pas dej dej ntshiab uas muaj dej theem 150 m hauv qab qhov tam sim no. Qhov kev tawg ntawm Bosphorus 7,150 xyoo dhau los ua rau dej nyab ntawm Don channel mus txog rau tam sim no delta.

Txawm tias Seybutis (1987) tau mloog rau lub fact tias nyob rau hauv ancient geography thiab nyob rau hauv medieval maps (mus txog rau lub xyoo pua 18th) nws yog kev cai hu rau Hiav txwv ntawm Azov "swamp" (Palus) los yog "swamps" (Paludes). Txawm li cas los xij, cov duab ntawm Hiav Txwv Azov ntawm cov duab qub qub yeej tsis tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm qhov pom ntawm paleogeographic.

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Ukraine ntawm Fabkis tub ceev xwm thiab tub rog engineer Guillaume Boplan yog nthuav. Contrary to other cartographers that depicted the Hiav txwv Azov raws li ib tug dav reservoir, Boplan daim ntawv qhia qhia ib tug nqaim, winding "Liman ntawm lub Meotian swamp" (Limen Meotis Palus; Fig. 9). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab lus no yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws ua tau raws li qhov tseeb ntawm prehistoric, txij li "estuary (los ntawm Greek limen - chaw nres nkoj, bay), ib tug bay nrog medering qis shores, tsim thaum lub hiav txwv dej nyab lub hav ntawm lowland dej … " (TSB).

Rice. 9. Daim duab ntawm Hiav Txwv Azov ua lub hav dej nyab ntawm Don River ntawm daim ntawv qhia Boplan (1657).

Lub cim xeeb ntawm Don ntws raws hauv qab ntawm Hiav Txwv Azov mus rau Kerch Strait tau khaws cia los ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos thiab tau sau tseg los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv. Yog li ntawd txawm tias Arrian hauv "Periplus ntawm Euxine Pontus" (131-137 AD) tau sau tias Tanais (Don) " ntws los ntawm lub pas dej Meotian (Hiav Txwv Azov. kwv yees li AA) thiab ntws mus rau hauv hiav txwv. lub Euxine Pontus "… Evagrius Scholasticus (VI xyoo pua AD) tau taw qhia rau lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev xav txawv txawv: "Cov neeg hauv zos hu ua Tanais lub strait uas mus ntawm Meotian swamp mus rau Euxine Pontus."

Glacial thaj av ntawm Arctic

Thaum lub sij hawm loj-scale glaciations ntawm Pleistocene, Arctic Dej hiav txwv rau txhiab xyoo tig mus rau hauv zoo av, zoo li daim ntawv dej khov ntawm West Antarctica. Txawm tias qhov tob hauv hiav txwv dej hiav txwv tau npog nrog ib mais ntev ntawm cov dej khov (cov dej hiav txwv hauv av tau khawb los ntawm cov dej khov nab kuab mus rau qhov tob ntawm 900 m). Raws li paleogeographic reconstructions ntawm M. G. Groswald, qhov chaw ntawm glacier kis nyob rau hauv Arctic phiab yog Scandinavia, Greenland thiab cov dej ntiav: Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Barents, Kara, East Siberian thiab Chukchi seas. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm melting, cov dej khov domes nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yuav kav ntev dua, muab zaub mov rau cov lus dab neeg ntawm cov Islands tuaj loj sib cais los ntawm straits. Piv txwv li, lub thickness ntawm lub ice dome nyob rau hauv lub Kara Hiav txwv yog kwv yees ntawm ntau tshaj 2 kilometers, nrog ib tug raug hiav txwv qhov tob ntawm tsuas yog 50-100 meters.

Ntawm qhov chaw ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm Hiav Txwv Kara niaj hnub, Beheim Globe (1492) qhia txog thaj av roob uas ncab ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob. Nyob rau sab qab teb, Beheim tau piav qhia txog lub pas dej loj hauv dej hiav txwv, uas tshaj thaj tsam ntawm Caspian thiab Dub Seas ua ke. Cov av uas tsis muaj nyob ntawm Beheim yog nyob rau tib lub latitudes thiab longitudes raws li lub Kara glacier, raws li lub paleogeographic reconstruction ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub xeem glaciation ntawm lub ntiaj teb no 20 txhiab xyoo dhau los, nqa tawm siv lub niaj hnub paleoclimatic qauv QUEEN. Lub Beheim Inland Hiav Txwv sib haum mus rau sab qab teb ntawm Kara Hiav Txwv, tsis muaj glaciation. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm paleoclimatic reconstructions, Beheim daim duab ntawm ib tug loj heev thaj av cheeb tsam kuj ua kom pom tseeb rau sab qaum teb ntawm Scandinavia, txawm me ntsis mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Spitsbergen. Nws yog nyob ntawd tias sab qaum teb ciam teb ntawm Scandinavian glacier dhau.

Rice. 10. Kev sib piv ntawm Beheim Globe ntawm 1492 nrog paleogeographic reconstructions ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub xeem glaciation: a) glaciers (dawb) raws li tus qauv QUEEN; b) ib daim duab kos duab ntawm Beheim lub ntiaj teb, luam tawm xyoo 1889.

Lub Polar Island ntawm Orons Finet daim ntawv qhia (1531) stretches raws ib tug longitude ntawm 190 degrees, uas, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub niaj hnub prime meridian, yog 157 degrees sab hnub tuaj longitude. Qhov kev taw qhia no tsuas yog sib txawv ntawm 20 degrees los ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm Lomonosov Ridge, tam sim no hauv qab dej, tab sis coj cov kab ntawm cov dej ntiav qub lossis txawm tias cov dej saum toj no ntawm nws tus kheej lub ncov (terraces, tiaj tus ncov, pebbles).

Arctic Caspian

Thaum lub sij hawm Ice Age, ib lub foob (Phoca caspica), ntses dawb, ntses salmon, thiab crustaceans me me tau nkag mus rau Hiav Txwv Caspian los ntawm hiav txwv Arctic. Biologists A. Derzhavin thiab L. Zenkevich txiav txim siab tias tawm ntawm 476 hom tsiaj nyob hauv Caspian, 3% yog Arctic keeb kwm. Kev tshawb nrhiav caj ces ntawm crustaceans ntawm Caspian thiab White Seas tau qhia lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo heev, uas tsis suav nrog "tsis yog marine" keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Caspian. Geneticists tuaj mus rau qhov xaus hais tias cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj nkag mus rau hauv lub Caspian los ntawm sab qaum teb thaum lub sij hawm lub Pliocene-Pleistocene (piv txwv li ua ntej tshaj 10 txhiab xyoo dhau los), txawm hais tias "paleogeography uas yuav tau tso cai rau cov invasion nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd tseem yog ib tug paub tsis meej."

Ua ntej Ptolemy, nyob rau hauv ancient geography, lub Caspian Hiav txwv yog suav hais tias yog lub gulf ntawm sab qaum teb dej hiav txwv. Lub Hiav Txwv Caspian, txuas nrog txoj kab nqaim nrog rau sab qaum teb dej hiav txwv, tuaj yeem pom ntawm daim duab qhia chaw-rov tsim kho ntawm Dicaearchus (300 BC), Eratosthenes (194 BC), Posidonius (150-130 BC), Strabo (18 AD), Pomponius Mela (c. 40 AD), Dionysius (124 AD). Tam sim no qhov no tau suav hais tias yog qhov kev xav tsis zoo, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev pom nqaim ntawm cov neeg thaj chaw qub. Tab sis cov ntaub ntawv geological piav qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm Caspian nrog Hiav Txwv Dawb los ntawm Volga thiab thiaj li hu ua. Lub Hiav Txwv Yoldian yog lub pas dej periglacial ntawm ntug ntawm daim ntawv dej khov Scandinavian melting, uas pov tseg cov dej ntau dhau mus rau hauv Hiav Txwv Dawb. Koj yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau daim ntawv qhia tsis tshua muaj ntawm al-Idrisi, hnub tim 1192. Nws qhia tau hais tias kev sib txuas ntawm Hiav Txwv Caspian nrog rau sab qaum teb dej hiav txwv los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov pas dej thiab cov dej ntws ntawm sab qaum teb Europe.

Cov piv txwv saum toj no txaus los kos cov lus xaus hauv qab no.

1. Cov relics ntawm prehistoric geography nyob rau hauv keeb kwm maps muaj ntau ntau thiab nthuav ntau tshaj li ib txwm ntseeg.

2. Lub hav zoov ntawm cov relics ua tim khawv rau qhov underestimation ntawm kev vam meej ntawm ancient geography. Tab sis qhov kev xav ntawm lub neej ntawm ib qho tsis paub, tsim kev coj noj coj ua txaus hauv Pleistocene tsis sib haum xeeb nrog lub tswv yim niaj hnub no thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsum tsis lees paub los ntawm kev kawm txuj ci.

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