Ermak: lub neej ntawm lub legendary Chieftain

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tus thawj coj Cossack legendary tau tawm tsam nrog Khan Kuchum ntawm lub sijhawm tsis ncaj ncees lawm, muab nws maj mam. Tom qab ntawd Russia tau ua tsov rog nrog Sweden, thiab nyob rau yav qab teb ciam teb qhov xwm txheej nyob deb ntawm kev thaj yeeb.

Ermak lub hauv paus chiv keeb

Nws yog qhov nthuav tias cov neeg sau keeb kwm tseem tsis tuaj yeem hais nrog qhov tseeb tias Yermak Timofeevich yog los ntawm. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau sib cav hais tias tus conqueror ntawm Siberia yug hauv ib lub zos ntawm Don, thaum lwm tus tawm tsam Perm rau lawv. Tseem muaj lwm tus - rau lub nroog nyob rau sab qaum teb Dvina.

Ntxiv mus, cov keeb kwm hauv zos ntawm Arkhangelsk cheeb tsam paub tseeb tias Ermak yog ib haiv neeg ntawm Vinogradovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv, Krasnoborsky, lossis Koltlassky. Thiab nyob rau hauv txaus siab ntawm txhua tus, lawv coj lawv tus kheej hnyav sib cav. Yog li, piv txwv li, hauv ob cheeb tsam kawg nws ntseeg tias Yermak Timofeevich tab tom npaj rau nws txoj kev sib tw nyob ntawd. Tom qab tag nrho, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub cheeb tsam, muaj ib tug Ermakov kwj, thiab Ermakova roob, thiab ib tug staircase, thiab txawm lub qhov dej, nyob rau hauv uas cov khoom muaj nqis yuav tsum tau poob dej.

Ermak Timofeevich. Source: Pinterest

Feem ntau, qhov chaw yug ntawm Cossack Chieftain tseem tsis tau pom. Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no ntau thiab ntau tus neeg keeb kwm tau xav tias qhov tseeb tshaj plaws yog ib lub nroog nyob rau sab qaum teb Dvina. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv luv luv Solvychegodsk keeb kwm no tau hais nyob rau hauv cov ntawv dawb: Nyob rau hauv lub Volga, lub Cossacks, Ermak ataman, hailed los ntawm Dvina los ntawm Borka … smashed lub sovereign lub txhab nyiaj, riam phom thiab phom, thiab nrog hais tias mus rau Chusovaya.”

Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw hais txog Siberian phiaj los nqis tes ntawm Ermak, nws tau teev nyob rau hauv cov ntawv dawb hais tias tus ataman ua raws li cov lus txib ncaj qha ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai. Tab sis cov lus no tsis raug, thiab nws tuaj yeem raug cais raws li qeb ntawm "myths thiab legends."

Qhov tseeb yog hais tias muaj ib tug tsar lub charter ntawm 1582 (nws cov ntawv yog hais nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv los ntawm historian Ruslan Skrynnikov), nyob rau hauv uas tsar thov rau lub Stroganovs thiab xav kom "nyob rau hauv kev mob ntawm kev txaj muag" kom rov qab ataman ntawm tag nrho cov nqi. thiab xa nws mus rau Perm Territory "Kev tiv thaiv".

Ivan the Terrible pom tsis muaj dab tsi zoo hauv Yermak Timofeevich qhov kev ua yeeb yam pib xyaum ua. Rau qhov laj thawj pom tseeb. Swedes, Nogais, revolting haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub Lower Volga cheeb tsam, thiab ces muaj kev sib tsoo nrog Kuchum. Tab sis Ermak Timofeevich tsis quav ntsej txog geopolitical nyiam. Ua ib tug txiv neej siab tawv, txiav txim siab thiab ntseeg nws tus kheej, nws xav tias lub sijhawm tau los mus xyuas Siberia. Thiab thaum lub Lavxias teb sab tsar tsuas yog sau cov ntawv ntawm nws tsab ntawv, tus thawj coj twb coj lub peev ntawm lub Khan. Ermak mus rau tawg thiab yog lawm.

Ermak txoj kev taug kev - ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Stroganovs?

Feem ntau, Ermak Timofeevich ua nws tus kheej, tsis ua raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tsar. Tab sis tsis ntev los no, ntau thiab ntau cov ntaub ntawv tau tshwm sim hais tias lub Cossack Chieftain tseem yog ib tug txiv neej, yog li hais lus, ib tug qhev thiab mus rau Siberia nrog lub "muab koob hmoov" ntawm lub Stroganovs.

Zoo li, nws yog lawv lub tswv yim. Los ntawm txoj kev, Ivan qhov txaus ntshai yog tib lub tswv yim, txij li Yermak tsis muaj sijhawm los lees paub qhov no lossis tsis lees paub nws. Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov tib Stroganovs tsuas yog ntxiv roj rau qhov hluav taws kub ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov keeb kwm nrog lawv cov kev sim ua pov thawj kev koom tes ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob rau hauv lub conquest ntawm Siberia. Qhov tseeb, txhua yam tsis yog yooj yim thiab meej.

Qhov tseeb yog tias Stroganovs tau paub zoo txog Kuchum cov tub rog. Yog li ntawd, xa tsib puas Cossacks, txawm nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm lub hwj chim Ermak, mus ua tsov rog nrog ob peb txhiab Mongols yog kev tua tus kheej dawb huv.

Qhov thib ob yog vim li cas yog "wandering" Tatar tub huabtais Alei. Nws pheej taug kev ntawm ntug ntawm riam, hem cov av ntawm Stroganovs. Tom qab tag nrho, Ermak ib zaug tshem tawm nws cov tub rog los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Chusovy lub zos, thiab Alei ces taug kev zoo li cua daj cua dub raws Soli Kamskaya.

Raws li Cossacks lawv tus kheej, lawv txiav txim siab mus rau Siberia tom qab yeej ntawm Chusovaya. Ermak Timofeevich pom tau hais tias cov hnub qub tau tuaj ua ke ntau dua li puas tau ua tiav thiab nws yuav tsum ua kom sai thiab txiav txim siab. Tom qab tag nrho, Kashlyk, lub peev ntawm Kuchum, tau qhib thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv. Thiab yog tias koj ncua sij hawm, ces Alei cov tub rog yuav tuaj yeem sib sau ua ke thiab tuaj cawm.

Yog li Stroganovs tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog nws. Kev kov yeej ntawm Siberia tau dhau los ua ib txoj hauv kev, txuas ntxiv ntawm txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb mus rau sab hnub tuaj, qhov chaw "tsiaj qus" xav tau kev txhim kho thiab tshem tawm ntawm Tatars los ntawm qhov ntawd.

Lub conquest ntawm Siberia. Leej twg tau koom nrog kev taug kev?

Cov haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov conquerors ntawm Siberia kuj muaj kev txaus siab. Raws li koj paub, tsib puas thiab plaub caug tus neeg tau mus ntsib lub Tatar Khan. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Ambassadorial Prikaz, lawv txhua tus tau cheb mus rau hauv ib lub pob, hu lawv "Volga Cossacks". Tab sis qhov no tsis muaj tseeb kiag li. Tseeb tiag, raws li cov dab neeg ntawm tib cov neeg koom hauv kev sib tw, muaj ntau tus neeg los ntawm ntau qhov chaw ntawm Russia ntawm lawv. Nws tsuas yog hais tias tom qab ntawd Cossacks tsis muaj sijhawm los cais lawv tus kheej thiab dhau los ua Yaitsky lossis Donskoy.

Nyob rau hauv tib tsab ntawv Ambassadorial, muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tias Ermak sau nyob rau hauv nws cov lus txib ntawm Terek, Don, Volga thiab Yaik Cossacks. Thiab raws li lawv qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm, lawv tau muab cov npe menyuam yaus uas tsim nyog. Piv txwv li, muaj tus thawj coj Meshcheryak los ntawm Meshcher.

"Lub conquest ntawm Siberia los ntawm Yermak Timofeevich". Source: Pinterest

Nws tseem yog qhov nthuav tias thaum lub sij hawm, Ermak, zoo li nws detachment, twb overgrown nrog ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm myths xwb thiab legends. Yog li, piv txwv li, qee zaum koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov lus qhia txog kev tawm tsam ntawm Cossacks. Hais tias muaj yuav luag tsib txhiab ntawm lawv, thiab lawv ntshai tsam ib thaj chaw loj ntawm Oka. Tom qab ntawd twb muaj ntau tshaj xya txhiab Cossacks, thiab lawv plundered nyob rau hauv lub Volga. Thiab tseem muaj cov lus dab neeg hais tias tus thawj tswj hwm tau npaj los txeeb Persia.

Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, Yermak nws tus kheej ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv. Feem ntau, nws yog dab tsi Stepan Razin tom qab ntawd los ua hauv lub siab nyiam.

Kev tuag ntawm Ermak

Nrog kev tuag ntawm Yermak Timofeevich, tsis yog txhua yam yog du thiab meej. Los ntawm qhov tseeb - nws tuag - tsuas yog qhov no tseem nyob. Txhua yam tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li cov ntawv tseeb thiab zaj dab neeg zoo nkauj. Qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag, tsis muaj leej twg paub. Thiab nws tsis zoo li nws yuav tsis paub.

Yog li, piv txwv li, cov lus dab neeg zoo nkauj hais txog cov saw xa ntawv. Zoo li, Ivan qhov txaus ntshai muab nws rau Ermak. Thiab vim yog nws, tus thawj coj tuag, tsuas yog poob dej vim qhov hnyav ntawm cov khaub ncaws loj. Tab sis qhov tseeb, tsis muaj ib daim ntawv uas yuav sau qhov tseeb ntawm qhov khoom plig. Tiamsis muaj ib tsab ntawv, uas hais tias vajntxwv muab kub thiab ntaub rau tus thawj coj. Thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws tau hais kom rov qab mus rau Moscow thaum lub voivode tshiab tuaj txog.

Tab sis Ermak tuag nyob rau hauv ib hmo sib ntaus sib tua. Feem ntau, nws yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj yuav raug mob, txij li thaum lub Tatars muaj ib tug kev lig kev cai ntawm tua nrog hneev ntawm commanders. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov lus dab neeg tseem muaj sia nyob, uas qhia hais tias lub Tatar hero Kutugai yeej Ermak nrog ib tug hmuv.

Tom qab muaj kev kub ntxhov hnyav, ataman Meshcheryak tau sau cov tub rog uas tseem muaj sia nyob thiab txiav txim siab rov qab mus rau lawv lub tebchaws. Tau ob xyoos lub Cossacks yog tus tswv ntawm Siberia, tab sis lawv yuav tsum tau rov qab mus rau Kuchum. Muaj tseeb tiag, tsuas yog ib xyoos tom qab ntawd cov ntawv xov xwm Lavxias tau tshwm sim dua.