William Vasilyevich Pokhlebkin. Txoj hmoo nyuaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab buckwheat

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

William Vasilyevich Pokhlebkin yog ib tug kws tshawb fawb, keeb kwm, kws ua zaub mov, yuav luag txhua 50 phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv sau los ntawm nws tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv qhov nyiam. Koj tuaj yeem muab pov tseg tag nrho cov phau ntawv ua noj, tsuas yog tso Pokhlebkin thiab tsis nyeem lwm yam. Nws tau nkag mus rau hauv qab ntawm txhua yam, thiab muaj peev xwm intelligibly thiab logically piav txog cov ntsiab lus hauv cov lus yooj yim.

Pokhlebkin yog tus sau phau ntawv ntawm Stalin "Lub Great Pseudonym"

Ntawm cov npe ntev ntawm cov khoom lag luam tsis tshua muaj xyoo dhau los, kab tias thawj qhov chaw "rau kev paub", thiab rau qhov tsim nyog kev hlub ntawm cov neeg xav tau nws, thiab, thaum kawg, rau lub hom phiaj ua noj ua haus thiab khoom noj khoom haus zoo, undoubtedly, yog buckwheat.

Los ntawm qhov tseeb keeb kwm ntawm qhov pom, buckwheat yog lub teb chaws Lavxias tiag tiag, peb lub teb chaws tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thib ob. "Cabbage kua zaub thiab porridge yog peb cov zaub mov." "Porridge yog peb niam." "Buckwheat porridge yog peb niam, thiab rye loaf yog peb tus kheej txiv." Tag nrho cov lus no tau paub txij thaum ub los. Thaum nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab epics, nkauj, lus dab neeg, zaj lus piv txwv, fairy tales, proverbs thiab sayings, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub annals lawv tus kheej, lo lus "porridge" yog pom, nws ib txwm txhais tau tias buckwheat porridge, thiab tsis yog lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, buckwheat tsis yog ib qho khoom noj xwb, tab sis yog ib hom cim ntawm lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab originality, rau nws combines cov zoo uas ib txwm nyiam cov neeg Lavxias teb sab thiab uas lawv suav hais tias yog lawv lub teb chaws: yooj yim hauv kev npaj (dej dej, boiled yam tsis cuam tshuam), clarity nyob rau hauv proportions (ib feem ntawm cereal rau ob feem ntawm dej), muaj (buckwheat yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm lub 10th mus rau lub 20th centuries) thiab cheapness (ib nrab ntawm cov nplej nplej). Raws li rau satiety thiab zoo heev saj ntawm buckwheat porridge, lawv feem ntau lees paub, tau dhau los ua paj lug.

Yog li cia peb paub txog buckwheat. Nws yog leej twg? Nws yug nyob qhov twg thiab thaum twg? Yog vim li cas nws dais lub npe, thiab lwm yam. lwm.

Lub teb chaws botanical ntawm buckwheat yog peb lub teb chaws, los yog es, South Siberia, Altai, Gornaya Shoria. Los ntawm no, los ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes ntawm Altai, buckwheat tau coj mus rau Urals los ntawm Ural-Altai pab pawg neeg thaum tsiv teb tsaws ntawm cov neeg. Yog li ntawd, European Cis-Urals, thaj av Volga-Kama, qhov twg buckwheat nyob ib ntus thiab pib kis mus thoob plaws tag nrho cov thawj xyoo txhiab ntawm peb era thiab yuav luag ob los yog peb centuries ntawm lub thib ob txhiab xyoo raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb lub zos kab lis kev cai, los ua lub teb chaws thib ob. ntawm buckwheat, dua ntawm peb thaj chaw. Thiab thaum kawg, tom qab pib ntawm lub xyoo pua thib ob, buckwheat pom nws lub tebchaws thib peb, tsiv mus rau thaj chaw ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Slavic thiab dhau los ua ib lub teb chaws tseem ceeb cereals thiab, yog li ntawd, lub teb chaws zaub mov ntawm cov neeg Lavxias (ob lub teb chaws dub cereals - rye. thiab buckwheat).

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau thaj tsam loj ntawm peb lub teb chaws, tag nrho cov keeb kwm ntawm buckwheat txoj kev loj hlob tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm ob thiab txawm ob thiab ib nrab xyoo txhiab, thiab muaj peb lub teb chaws - botanical, keeb kwm thiab lub teb chaws-kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

Tsuas yog tom qab buckwheat tau tob tob hauv peb lub tebchaws, txij li xyoo pua 15th, nws pib kis mus rau Western Europe, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv lwm lub ntiaj teb, qhov chaw zoo li cov nroj tsuag no thiab cov khoom no tuaj ntawm sab hnub tuaj, txawm tias cov neeg sib txawv txiav txim siab. no "sab hnub tuaj" nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Ltalis, buckwheat hu ua "Turkish grain", nyob rau hauv Fabkis thiab Belgium, Spain thiab Portugal - Saracenic los yog Arab, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nws yog suav hais tias yog "pagan", nyob rau hauv Russia - Greek, txij thaum pib nyob rau hauv Kiev thiab Vladimir Rus, buckwheat yog cultivated mas los ntawm Greek monasteries.monasteries, cov neeg ntau versed nyob rau hauv agronomy, uas txiav txim lub npe ntawm haiv neeg. Cov ntseeg tsis xav paub tias buckwheat tau cog rau ntau pua xyoo hauv Siberia, hauv Urals thiab hauv thaj av loj Volga-Kama; lub meej mom ntawm "discovering" thiab qhia cov kab lis kev cai no, hlub los ntawm Russians, lawv peremptorily ascribed rau lawv tus kheej.

Thaum, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Karl Linnaeus muab buckwheat lub Latin lub npe "phagopirum" - "beech-zoo li txiv ntoo", vim hais tias cov zoo li cov noob, buckwheat nplej zoo li cov txiv ntoo ntawm beech ntoo, ces nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Lub teb chaws hais lus German - Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Holland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark - buckwheat pib hu ua "beech nplej".

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb, txawm li cas los xij, tias buckwheat porridge tsis tau dhau los ua zaub mov hauv Western Europe. Ntxiv nrog rau Velykorossia kom raug, buckwheat tau cog tsuas yog hauv tebchaws Poland, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd nws tau koom nrog Russia thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Nws thiaj li tshwm sim hais tias tag nrho lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Poland, raws li zoo raws li lub Vilna, Grodno thiab Volyn xeev uas tsis tau nkag mus, tab sis nyob rau hauv nws adjoined, tau los ua ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab chaw ntawm buckwheat cultivation nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Thiab yog li ntawd nws yog qhov nkag siab heev tias nrog lawv txoj kev poob deb ntawm Russia tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, buckwheat ntau lawm hauv USSR thiab USSR cov koom nrog hauv ntiaj teb buckwheat exports poob qis. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tom qab ntawd, peb lub tebchaws tau muab 75% lossis ntau dua ntawm lub ntiaj teb buckwheat ntau lawm rov qab rau xyoo 20s. Hauv cov ntsiab lus tseeb, qhov xwm txheej nrog kev tsim khoom lag luam buckwheat nplej (cereals) tau zoo ib yam dhau los pua xyoo.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, me ntsis ntau tshaj 2 lab hectares, los yog 2% ntawm arable av, tau nyob los ntawm buckwheat nyob rau hauv Russia. Kev sau nyiaj tau los ntawm 73.2 lab poods, lossis raws li kev ntsuas tam sim no - 1.2 lab tons ntawm nplej, ntawm 4.2 lab poods tau raug xa tawm mus rau txawv teb chaws, thiab tsis yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nplej, tab sis feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm buckwheat hmoov, tab sis nyob rau hauv round- robin 70 lab poods mus rau kev noj hauv tsev. Thiab tom qab ntawd qhov no tau txaus rau 150 lab tus tib neeg. Qhov xwm txheej no, tom qab kev poob ntawm cov av poob hauv buckwheat hauv Poland, Lithuania thiab Belarus, tau rov qab los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1920. Hauv xyoo 1930-1932, thaj chaw hauv qab buckwheat tau nthuav dav mus rau 3.2 lab hectares thiab twb tau suav txog 2.81 thaj chaw sown. Cov qoob loo sau qoob loo muaj txog 1.7 lab tons hauv xyoo 1930-1931, thiab xyoo 1940 - 13 lab tons, uas yog, txawm tias cov qoob loo poob me ntsis, feem ntau, cov qoob loo tag nrho tau siab dua ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, thiab buckwheat tau muag tas li. Ntxiv mus, cov lag luam wholesale, yuav thiab muag cov nqi rau buckwheat nyob rau hauv lub 20-40s yog qhov qis tshaj ntawm lwm yam breads nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Yog li, nplej yog 103-108 kopecks. per pood, nyob ntawm thaj tsam, rye - 76-78 kopecks, thiab buckwheat - 64-76 kopecks, thiab nws yog qhov pheej yig tshaj plaws hauv Urals. Ib qho laj thawj rau tus nqi qis hauv tsev yog qhov poob hauv ntiaj teb tus nqi rau buckwheat. Nyob rau hauv lub 20-30s, lub USSR exported tsuas yog 6-8% ntawm tag nrho cov sau rau export, thiab txawm ces nws raug yuam kom sib tw nrog lub teb chaws USA, Canada, Fabkis thiab Poland, uas kuj muab buckwheat hmoov mus rau lub ntiaj teb no kev ua lag luam, thaum lub sij hawm. unground cereals nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no lub khw tsis tau hais.

Txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub 30s, thaum nplej hmoov nplej nce nyob rau hauv tus nqi nyob rau hauv lub USSR los ntawm 40%, thiab rye hmoov los ntawm 20%, unground buckwheat nce nqi los ntawm tsuas yog 3-5%, uas, nrog rau tag nrho nws cov nqi qis, yuav luag imperceptible. Thiab txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev thov rau nws hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev hauv qhov xwm txheej no tsis tau nce ntxiv, txawm tias qis dua. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, nws yog nyob rau hauv abundance. Tab sis peb cov tshuaj "haiv neeg" muaj ib txhais tes hauv kev txo qhov kev thov, uas tsis tas yuav nthuav tawm "cov ntaub ntawv" txog "cov ntsiab lus calorie tsawg", "nyuaj digestibility", "siab feem pua ntawm cellulose" hauv buckwheat. Yog li, biochemists tau luam tawm "kev tshawb pom" uas buckwheat muaj 20% cellulose thiab, yog li ntawd, yog "muaj teeb meem rau kev noj qab haus huv." Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm buckwheat nplej, husk kuj shamelessly suav nrog (uas yog, lub plhaub, flaps, los ntawm cov nplej tau husked). Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, nyob rau hauv lub 30s, txoj cai mus txog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm tsov rog, buckwheat tsis tau tsuas yog tsis suav hais tias yog ib tug tsis txaus, tab sis kuj tsawg-rated los ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm zaub mov, cov muag khoom thiab cov khoom noj khoom haus.

Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv ntau thaum ua tsov rog thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab nws. Ua ntej, tag nrho cov cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv buckwheat nyob rau hauv Belarus, Ukraine thiab lub RSFSR (Bryansk, Orel, Voronezh cheeb tsam, foothills ntawm lub North Caucasus) tau ploj tag, poob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm hostilities los yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob. Muaj tsuas yog cheeb tsam ntawm Cis-Urals, qhov twg cov qoob loo qis heev. Cov tub rog txawm li cas los xij tsis tu ncua tau txais buckwheat los ntawm lub xeev loj reserves tsim ua ntej.

Tom qab ua tsov ua rog, qhov xwm txheej tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj: qhov kev khaws cia tau noj, kev kho dua tshiab ntawm thaj chaw rau sowing buckwheat qeeb, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom rov ua kom cov qoob loo ntau dua. Thiab txawm li cas los xij, txhua yam tau ua tiav kom cov neeg Lavxias tsis raug tso tseg yam tsis muaj lawv cov porridge nyiam.

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv 1945 tsuas muaj 2.2 lab hectares nyob rau hauv buckwheat sowing, ces nyob rau hauv 1953 lawv tau nthuav mus rau 2.5 lab hectares, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1956 lawv tau rov unjustifiably txo mus rau 2.1 lab hectares, txij li thaum, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Chernihiv thiab Sumy cheeb tsam. es tsis txhob buckwheat, lawv pib cog qoob loo ntau cov pob kws rau ntsuab loj raws li cov qoob loo fodder rau tsiaj txhu. Txij li thaum xyoo 1960, qhov loj ntawm thaj chaw faib rau buckwheat, vim nws txo qis ntxiv, tau tso tseg tsis tau qhia hauv cov ntawv txheeb cais raws li cov khoom sib cais ntawm cov cereals.

Ib qho xwm txheej txaus ntshai heev yog qhov txo qis ntawm cov qoob loo qoob loo ob qho tib si los ntawm kev txo qis hauv thaj chaw sown thiab vim qhov poob ntawm cov qoob loo. Nyob rau hauv 1945 - 0.6 lab tons, nyob rau hauv 1950 - twb 1.35 lab tons, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1958 - 0.65 lab tons, thiab nyob rau hauv 1963 tsuas yog 0.5 lab tons - phem tshaj nyob rau hauv cov tub rog 1945! Qhov poob ntawm yields yog kev puas tsuaj. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv 1940 lub buckwheat yield nruab nrab ntawm 6, 4 centners ib hectare nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, ces nyob rau hauv 1945 cov yield poob rau 3, 4 centners, thiab nyob rau hauv 1958 mus rau 3, 9 centners thiab nyob rau hauv 1963 nws tsuas yog 2,7 centners. Qhov tshwm sim, muaj ib qho laj thawj los tsa cov lus nug ua ntej cov tub ceev xwm hais txog kev tshem tawm cov qoob loo buckwheat raws li "cov qoob loo uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig", es tsis txhob rau txim rau txhua tus neeg uas ua rau muaj kev txaj muag zoo li no.

Kuv yuav tsum hais tias buckwheat yeej ib txwm ua qoob loo qis. Thiab tag nrho nws cov producers nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov centuries khov kho paub thiab yog li ntawd muab tso rau nrog nws, tsis ua tej yam tshwj xeeb thov rau buckwheat. Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lwm cov cereals kom txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, piv txwv li, tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm oats, rye, spelled, barley thiab txawm ib nrab nplej (nyob rau yav qab teb Russia), buckwheat yields tsis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txawv los ntawm lawv cov khoom qis..

Tsuas yog tom qab lub xyoo pua 15th, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau kev hloov mus rau ib tug peb-taj teb qoob loo rotation thiab nrog clarified muaj peev xwm ntawm ho nce nplej yields, thiab yog li ntawd nrog rau "sib cais" ntawm cov qoob loo no ntau profitable, marketable los ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam qoob loo, puas. nws pib, thiab txawm tias maj mam, imperceptibly, me ntsis - buckwheat tawm los. Tab sis qhov no tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm 19th - pib ntawm 20th centuries, thiab nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog meej thiab pom tseeb tsuas yog tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb thib Ob.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg uas muaj lub luag haujlwm rau kev ua liaj ua teb nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd hauv peb lub tebchaws tsis xav txog keeb kwm ntawm cov qoob loo qoob loo lossis keeb kwm ntawm kev cog qoob loo buckwheat. Ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv tau txiav txim siab ua tiav ntawm txoj kev npaj rau cov qoob loo qoob loo, thiab feem ntau, raws li kev lag luam. Thiab buckwheat, uas tau suav nrog cov qoob loo qoob loo kom txog rau thaum xyoo 1963, tau txo qis cov neeg ua haujlwm ua liaj ua teb lawv cov feem pua ntawm cov khoom lag luam tag nrho hauv txoj haujlwm no, nyob rau hauv kab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais. Qhov no yog qhov Ministry of Agriculture tau txhawj xeeb tshaj plaws txog, thiab tsis muaj buckwheat hauv kev lag luam rau cov pej xeem. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm lub department, ib tug "kev txav" tshwm sim thiab tshwm sim rau kev tshem tawm cov qeb ntawm cov qoob loo ntawm buckwheat, thiab txawm zoo dua, nyob rau hauv dav dav rau kev tshem tawm ntawm buckwheat nws tus kheej yog ib yam ntawm cov "troublemaker. cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais zoo. " Ib qho xwm txheej tshwm sim uas, kom pom tseeb, tuaj yeem muab piv rau cov tsev kho mob tau tshaj tawm txog kev ua tiav ntawm lawv cov haujlwm kho mob los ntawm … qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub tsev kho mob kub, uas yog, los ntawm qhov nruab nrab degree tau los ntawm qhov sib ntxiv ntawm qhov kub ntawm txhua tus neeg mob. Hauv cov tshuaj, qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm txoj hauv kev no yog qhov pom tseeb, tab sis hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb, tsis muaj leej twg tau tawm tsam!

Tsis muaj leej twg ntawm "txoj cai txiav txim siab" xav xav txog qhov tseeb tias cov qoob loo ntawm buckwheat muaj qee qhov txwv, thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem ua kom cov qoob loo no nce mus rau qee qhov txwv yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov nplej. Nws tsuas yog ua tiav tsis nkag siab txog cov teeb meem ntawm buckwheat yield uas tuaj yeem piav qhia qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv 2nd tsab ntawm TSB hauv tsab xov xwm "buckwheat", npaj los ntawm All-Union Agricultural Academy, nws tau qhia tias "tus thawj coj. Ua liaj ua teb ntawm thaj av Sumy "ua tiav buckwheat tawm los ntawm 40-44 centners ib hectare. Cov duab zoo kawg thiab tiag tiag (qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm buckwheat yog 10-11 centners) tsis ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov kws kho ntawm TSB, vim tias tsis yog "cov kws tshawb fawb" agronomists-kawm ntawv, lossis cov "tseem ceeb" cov neeg kho ntawm TSB tsis paub damn. hais txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kab lis kev cai no.

Thiab qhov tshwj xeeb no tau ntau tshaj qhov txaus. Los yog, qhov tseeb dua, tag nrho cov buckwheat muaj tag nrho ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb, uas yog, nws txawv ntawm txhua yam ntawm lwm haiv neeg thiab los ntawm cov tswv yim agronomic li niaj zaus ntawm qhov zoo thiab qhov phem. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua los ua ib tug "nruab nrab-kub" agronomist los yog economist, npaj thiab ua buckwheat, ib yam uas tsis suav lwm tus, thiab ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsum tau tawm. "Pom", raws li koj paub, buckwheat.

Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv lub txhais tes ntawm tus tswv (agronomist los yog practitioner) uas subtly hnov qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm buckwheat thiab leej twg saib lub phenomena ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm los ntawm ib tug keeb kwm foundations, nws yuav tsis tau tsuas yog tsis tuag, tab sis yuav cia ua ib tug thauj tog rau nkoj ntawm txoj kev cawm seej. ua liaj ua teb thiab lub teb chaws.

Yog li dab tsi yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm buckwheat raws li kab lis kev cai?

Cia peb pib nrog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, nrog buckwheat nplej. Buckwheat nplej, nyob rau hauv lawv daim ntawv ntuj, muaj ib tug duab peb sab, tsaus xim av xim thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg los ntawm 5 mus rau 7 mm nyob rau hauv ntev thiab 3-4 mm nyob rau hauv thickness, yog hais tias peb suav nrog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo plhaub nyob rau hauv uas xwm tsim lawv.

Ib txhiab (1000) ntawm cov nplej no hnyav raws nraim 20 grams, thiab tsis yog ib milligram tsawg dua yog tias cov nplej zoo, puv puv, zoo, kom qhuav. Thiab qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev "kev nthuav dav", cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb, cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb thiab meej uas tso cai rau txhua tus neeg (!) los tswj txoj hauv kev yooj yim heev, tsis muaj cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab cov cuab yeej siv (khoom kim heev), qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej, nplej, thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm nws cov khoom.

Nov yog thawj qhov laj thawj tshwj xeeb vim li cas, rau qhov kev ncaj ncees thiab meej meej, txhua tus bureaucrats tsis nyiam cuam tshuam nrog crap - tsis yog cov thawj coj, lossis cov phiaj xwm nyiaj txiag, lossis agronomists. Kab lis kev cai no yuav tsis cia koj hais. Nws, zoo li "black box" hauv aviation, yuav qhia nws tus kheej li cas thiab leej twg kho nws.

Ntxiv mus. Buckwheat muaj ob hom tseem ceeb - ntau thiab Tatar. Tatar yog me me thiab thicker-skinned. Feem ntau yog muab faib ua tis thiab tsis muaj tis. Lub winged buckwheat muab cov khoom ntawm qhov hnyav dua, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev thaum twg cov nplej ntsuas tsis yog qhov hnyav, tab sis los ntawm qhov ntim: lub ntsuas ntsuas ib txwm muaj cov nplej tsawg dua ntawm cov tis buckwheat, thiab qhov tseeb vim nws "tis". Buckwheat, feem ntau nyob rau hauv Russia, yeej ib txwm koom nrog lub tis. Tag nrho cov no muaj thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tswv yim tseem ceeb: lub plhaub khov ntawm ntuj buckwheat nplej (noob), nws cov tis, - feem ntau, ua ib feem ntawm cov nplej hnyav: los ntawm 20 mus rau 25%. Thiab yog hais tias qhov no tsis yog coj mus rau hauv tus account los yog "coj mus rau hauv tus account" formalized, nrog rau qhov hnyav ntawm kev lag luam nplej, ces kev dag ntxias muaj peev xwm uas tsis suav nrog, los yog, conversely, "suav nrog" nyob rau hauv turnover mus txog rau ib feem peb ntawm cov loj ntawm tag nrho cov qoob loo. nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Thiab qhov no yog kaum tawm txhiab tons. Thiab ntau bureaucratized kev tswj ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, ntau tus ncaj ncees lub luag hauj lwm thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov thawj coj thiab trading apparatus koom nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm nrog buckwheat txo, ntau lub sij hawm qhib rau postscripts, tub sab nyiag, thiab cov creation ntawm inflated nuj nqis rau sau qoob. los yog poob. Thiab tag nrho cov "chav ua noj" no yog cov cuab yeej ntawm tsuas yog "tus kws tshaj lij". Thiab muaj txhua qhov laj thawj los ntseeg tias "cov ntsiab lus ntau lawm" yuav nyob twj ywm ntau ntawm cov neeg nyiam "cov kws tshaj lij".

Thiab tam sim no ob peb lo lus hais txog agronomic nta ntawm buckwheat. Buckwheat yog xyaum kiag li undemanding rau cov av. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb chaws ntawm lub ntiaj teb no (tshwj tsis yog peb li!) Nws yog cultivated tsuas yog nyob rau hauv "khoom" av: nyob rau hauv lub foothills, nyob rau hauv lub wastelands, xuab zeb loam, nyob rau hauv lub pov tseg peat bogs, thiab lwm yam.

Yog li ntawd, cov kev cai rau kev tawm los ntawm buckwheat yeej tsis tau raug tshwj xeeb. Nws ntseeg tau hais tias nyob rau hauv xws li cov av koj yuav tsis tau txais lwm yam thiab hais tias cov nyhuv yog economic thiab kev lag luam, thiab txawm ntau purely khoom noj thiab tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb, vim hais tias tsis muaj nqi tshwj xeeb, zog thiab sij hawm - koj tseem tau buckwheat.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, rau ntau pua xyoo, lawv xav tib yam, thiab yog li ntawd buckwheat nyob txhua qhov chaw: txhua leej txhua tus loj hlob nws me ntsis rau nws tus kheej.

Tab sis txij li thaum pib ntawm lub 30s, thiab nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no pib "distortions" txuam nrog ib tug tsis muaj kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm buckwheat. Kev ploj ntawm tag nrho cov Polish-Belarusian cheeb tsam ntawm buckwheat cultivation thiab tshem tawm ntawm ib tug cultivation ntawm buckwheat raws li economically unprofitable nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm tus nqi qis rau buckwheat coj mus rau lub creation ntawm loj buckwheat cultivation ua liaj ua teb. Lawv muab cov nplej uas muag tau txaus. Tab sis qhov yuam kev yog tias lawv txhua tus tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov av zoo heev, hauv Chernigov, Sumy, Bryansk, Oryol, Voronezh thiab lwm thaj tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab chernozem, qhov twg ntau cov qoob loo ua lag luam, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov nplej, yog ib txwm cog qoob loo.

Raws li peb tau pom saum toj no, buckwheat tsis tuaj yeem sib tw hauv kev sau qoob loo nrog cov nplej, thiab ntxiv rau, nws yog thaj chaw no uas tau dhau los ua thaj chaw ntawm kev ua tub rog tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, yog li lawv tau tawm ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb rau lub sijhawm ntev, thiab tom qab ua tsov ua rog, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob thaum nws yog tsim nyog los nce cereal yields tau pom tias yuav tsum tau ntau tsim nyog rau cultivation ntawm hom qoob mog, pob kws, thiab tsis buckwheat. Tias yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv lub 60s thiab 70s buckwheat tau raug squeezed tawm ntawm cov cheeb tsam no, thiab lub squeezing tawm yog spontaneous thiab post factum sanctioned los ntawm siab ua liaj ua teb tub ceev xwm.

Tag nrho qhov no yuav tsis tshwm sim yog tias tsuas yog thaj av pov tseg tau muab faib ua ntej rau buckwheat, yog tias txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws cov khoom, tshwj xeeb "buckwheat" ua liaj ua teb tsim nws tus kheej ntawm thaj tsam ntawm cov tsoos, uas yog, hom qoob mog, pob kws thiab lwm yam qoob loo ntau lawm.

Tom qab ntawd, ntawm ib sab, "qis" buckwheat yields ntawm 6-7 centners ib hectare yuav tsis poob siab rau leej twg, tab sis yuav suav hais tias yog "ib txwm", thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, cov qoob loo yuav tsis poob rau 3, lossis txawm tias 2 centners. ib hectare. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm buckwheat ntawm cov av pov tseg yog ob qho tib si ntuj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig yog tias "qab nthab" tsis poob qis dhau.

Thiab qhov ua tiav ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm 8-9 centners, uas tseem ua tau, yuav tsum tau suav tias yog qhov zoo heev. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, profitability yog tiav tsis yog los ntawm ib tug ncaj qha nce nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm marketable nplej, tab sis los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm indirect ntsuas tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm buckwheat.

Ua ntej, buckwheat tsis xav tau cov chiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tshuaj. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv lwj nws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm saj. Qhov no ua rau muaj peev xwm ntawm kev txuag nyiaj ncaj qha raws li cov chiv.

Qhov thib ob, buckwheat yog kab tias tsuas yog cog qoob loo uas tsis tsuas yog tsis ntshai ntawm cov nroj tsuag xwb, tab sis kuj ua tiav kev sib ntaus tawm tsam lawv: nws tshem tawm cov nroj tsuag, tshem tawm, tua lawv twb nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm sowing, thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob nws tawm hauv lub teb zoo kawg nkaus. ntxuav cov nroj tsuag., tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam tib neeg. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab. Kev lag luam thiab ntxiv rau ib puag ncig ntawm qhov peev xwm ntawm buckwheat yog qhov nyuaj rau kwv yees li liab qab rubles, tab sis nws yog qhov siab heev. Thiab qhov no yog ib tug loj economic ntxiv.

Thirdly, buckwheat yog paub tias yog ib qho zoo heev zib mu nroj. Lub symbiosis ntawm buckwheat teb thiab apiaries ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig kev lag luam: lawv tua ob tus noog nrog ib lub pob zeb - ntawm ib sab, cov khoom tsim tau ntawm apiaries, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom lag luam zib ntab nce siab, ntawm qhov tod tes, buckwheat yields nce sharply li. ib tug tshwm sim ntawm pollination. Ntxiv mus, qhov no tsuas yog kev txhim khu kev qha thiab tsis muaj mob, pheej yig thiab txawm tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ua kom cov qoob loo nce ntxiv. Thaum pollinated los ntawm muv, buckwheat tawm los ntawm 30-40%. Yog li, cov kev tsis txaus siab ntawm cov thawj coj ua lag luam hais txog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm buckwheat yog cov ntawv tseeb, dab neeg, dab neeg dab neeg rau simpletons, los yog, qhov muag tsis pom kev. Buckwheat nyob rau hauv symbiosis nrog ib tug apiary yog ib tug heev profitable, tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsim kev lag luam. Cov khoom no yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv siab thov thiab txhim khu kev qha muag.

Nws yuav zoo li, nws yog dab tsi txog qhov no? Vim li cas ho tsis siv tag nrho cov no, thiab ntxiv mus, sai li sai tau? Dab tsi, qhov tseeb, tau ua raws li qhov kev pab cuam yooj yim no rau kev txhawb siab ntawm buckwheat apiary nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tag nrho cov xyoo no, xyoo lawm? Tsis paub? Nyob rau hauv tsis kam mus delve rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab txav deb ntawm lub formal, bureaucratic mus kom ze rau cov qoob loo, raws li cov cim qhia ntawm sowing txoj kev npaj, yield,yuam kev geographic faib ntawm lawv? Los yog puas muaj lwm yam laj thawj?

Tsuas yog vim li cas tseem ceeb rau kev puas tsuaj, tsis ncaj ncees lawm, tus cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm buckwheat yuav tsum tau lees paub tsuas yog kev tub nkeeg thiab kev ua haujlwm. Buckwheat muaj ib qho yooj yim heev agronomic cuab yeej, nws tsuas yog "drawback", los yog theej, nws lub pob taws Achilles.

Qhov no yog nws qhov kev ntshai ntawm huab cua txias, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog "matinees" (lub sijhawm luv luv thaum sawv ntxov frosts tom qab sowing). Cov cuab yeej no tau pom ntev dhau los. Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Thiab lawv tau tawm tsam nrog nws ces yooj yim thiab ntseeg tau, radically. Kev cog qoob loo ntawm buckwheat tau nqa tawm tom qab tag nrho lwm cov qoob loo, nyob rau lub sijhawm zoo, huab cua sov tom qab sowing yog yuav luag 100% lav, uas yog, tom qab nruab nrab Lub Rau Hli. Rau qhov no, ib hnub tau teem caij - Lub Rau Hli 13, hnub ntawm Akulina-buckwheat, tom qab ntawd, nyob rau txhua hnub zoo thiab nyob rau lub lim tiam tom ntej (txog rau Lub Rau Hli 20), buckwheat tuaj yeem sown. Nws yog qhov yooj yim rau ob tus tswv tsev thiab ua liaj ua teb: lawv tuaj yeem pib ua haujlwm ntawm buckwheat thaum tag nrho lwm cov haujlwm tiav hauv thaj chaw sowing.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm lub 60s, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub 70s, thaum nyob rau hauv ib tug maj mam qhia rau sai sai thiab sai sowing, txog nws ua tiav, cov neeg uas "ntev" sowing mus txog rau thaum Lub rau hli ntuj 20, thaum nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw thawj mowing. twb tau pib, tau txais thrashers, naplobuchs thiab lwm yam pob. Cov neeg uas ua "thaum ntxov sowing" xyaum poob lawv cov qoob loo, txij li thaum buckwheat tuag los ntawm txias radically - tag nrho tag nrho, tsis muaj kev zam. Qhov no yog li cas buckwheat tau tov nyob rau hauv Russia. Tib txoj kev kom tsis txhob muaj kev tuag ntawm kab lis kev cai no los ntawm qhov txias yog txav mus rau sab qab teb. Qhov no yog qhov lawv tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1920 thiab 1940s. Tom qab ntawd buckwheat yog, tab sis thawj zaug, ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm tsim nyog rau cov nplej, thiab qhov thib ob, hauv thaj chaw uas lwm cov qoob loo muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tuaj yeem loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, nws yog ib tug neeg kho tshuab txoj kev tawm, ib tug kev tswj txoj kev tawm, tsis yog ib tug agronomic ib, tsis economically xav tawm thiab ncaj ncees. Buckwheat tuaj yeem thiab yuav tsum tau cog qoob loo ntau mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm nws qhov chaw faib khoom ib txwm, tab sis nws yog qhov tsim nyog los sow lig thiab ua tib zoo, cog cov noob mus txog 10 cm hauv qhov tob, piv txwv li. ua plowing tob. Peb xav tau qhov tseeb, tag nrho, kev xav ntawm kev cog qoob loo thiab tom qab ntawd, thaum lub sijhawm ua ntej paj, watering, nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum siv zog ua haujlwm, ntxiv rau, lub ntsiab lus, kev xav thiab kev ua haujlwm hnyav. Tsuas yog nws yuav muab qhov tshwm sim.

Nyob rau hauv ib qho loj, tshwj xeeb buckwheat-apiary ua liaj ua teb, buckwheat ntau lawm muaj txiaj ntsig thiab tuaj yeem nce sai heev, hauv ib xyoos lossis ob xyoos thoob plaws lub tebchaws. Tab sis koj yuav tsum ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug kev qhuab qhia thiab intensive kev nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nruj heev. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau rau buckwheat. Qhov tseeb yog tias buckwheat muaj lub caij nyoog luv luv, luv luv. Tom qab ob lub hlis, lossis qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 65-75 hnub tom qab sowing, nws yog "npaj". Tab sis, ua ntej, nws yuav tsum tau sown sai heev, nyob rau hauv ib hnub ntawm txhua qhov chaw, thiab hnub no tsuas yog txwv, qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub Rau Hli 14-16, tab sis tsis ntxov los yog tom qab. Qhov thib ob, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los saib xyuas cov yub thiab, nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov kev hem thawj me ntsis ntawm cov av qhuav, ua kom sai thiab nplua nuj, tsis tu ncua watering ua ntej flowering. Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm flowering, nws yog tsim nyog los rub lub khaus los ze zog mus rau lub teb, thiab cov hauj lwm no tsuas yog ua thaum hmo ntuj thiab nyob rau hauv huab cua zoo.

Thiab ob lub hlis tom qab, tib lub sij hawm sai sai pib, thiab buckwheat grain yog qhuav tom qab sau, thiab qhov no kuj yuav tsum tau kev txawj ntse, kev paub thiab, tseem ceeb tshaj, meej thiab raug nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv tsis ncaj ncees lawm poob nyob rau hauv qhov hnyav thiab saj ntawm grain ntawm no. theem kawg (los ntawm kev ziab tsis zoo).

Yog li, kab lis kev cai ntawm kev tsim khoom (kev cog qoob loo thiab kev ua haujlwm) ntawm buckwheat yuav tsum siab, thiab txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam no yuav tsum paub txog qhov no. Tab sis buckwheat yuav tsum tsis txhob ua los ntawm ib tug neeg, tsis yog me me, tab sis loj, complex ua liaj ua teb. Cov complexes yuav tsum tsis yog tsuas yog pab pawg ntawm beekeepers koom nyob rau hauv zib mu sau, tab sis kuj purely "lub Hoobkas" ntau lawm, koom nyob rau hauv yooj yim, tab sis dua tsim nyog thiab meej ua buckwheat straw thiab husks.

Raws li tau hais los saum no, husk, i.e.lub plhaub ntawm buckwheat noob, muab txog li 25% ntawm nws qhov hnyav. Poob tej pawg neeg ntawd yog qhov phem. Thiab lawv feem ntau tsis tsuas yog poob, tab sis kuj littered nrog cov pov tseg txhua yam uas ua tau: lub tshav puam, txoj kev, teb, thiab lwm yam. Lub caij no, cov husk ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov khoom ntim zoo los ntawm nws los ntawm nias nrog cov kua nplaum, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj txiaj ntsig rau cov khoom noj khoom haus uas polyethylene thiab lwm yam khoom siv coatings yog contraindicated.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho ua tau los ua cov husk rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws potash los ntawm tsuas yog hlawv nws, thiab tib txoj kev tau txais potash (potash soda) los ntawm tus so ntawm buckwheat straw, txawm hais tias cov potash no yog qhov qis dua los ntawm cov khoom noj. husk.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm buckwheat cultivation, tshwj xeeb diversified ua liaj ua teb yuav ua tau, xyaum ua kiag li pov tseg thiab ua buckwheat groats, buckwheat hmoov, zib mu, ciab, propolis, muaj koob muaj npe jelly (apilak), zaub mov thiab muaj potash.

Peb xav tau tag nrho cov khoom no, lawv tag nrho cov nqi-zoo thiab ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev thov. Thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias buckwheat thiab zib mu, ciab thiab potash yeej ib txwm yog lub teb chaws cov khoom ntawm Russia, ib yam li nws rye, dub khob cij thiab flax.