Kev kos duab, astronomy, logic thiab lwm yam qub qub ntawm USSR tau hloov txoj cai ntawm Vajtswv

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov txheej txheem ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev kawm tau hloov pauv ntau dua ib zaug. Sij hawm dhau mus, qee yam khoom ploj ntawm tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv, tom qab ntawd rov tshwm sim. Cia peb kawm seb cov kev qhia twg tsis tau qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv hauv tsev.

Kev kos duab

Kev kos duab tau muab tso tseg hauv tsev kawm ntawv 5-6 xyoo dhau los. Tab sis lwm qhov chaw lawv qhia cov ncauj lus no raws li kev xaiv los yog siv ob peb teev ntawm kev siv tshuab hauv ib lub lis piam hauv tsev kawm theem siab.

Kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog qhov tsim nyog thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev kos duab tsis ploj mus txawm tias niaj hnub no, thaum qhov kev kawm no twb tau raug cais tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv dav dav. Qee tus neeg xav tias kev kos duab yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kiag li. Lwm tus, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, sib cav tias tsis muaj kev txawj ntse ntawm "sketching" hauv cov chav kawm laus, thiab ntau dua li hauv tsev kawm txuj ci, tsis muaj qhov twg.

“Kuv yog ib tug kws qhia ntawv qub. "Thaum" suab tu siab heev. Kuv nyiam kuv qhov kev kawm, tab sis peb lub xyoos dhau los kuv tau raug yuam kom qhia nws tsuas yog hauv daim ntawv kawm xaiv xwb, "tus kws qhia ntawv Natalya Zaitseva sau rau hauv social network ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv. - Puas yog nws muaj peev xwm muab cov ntaub ntawv tiav ntawm qhov nyuaj no thiab, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav hauv 17 teev? Thiab yuav ua li cas cov menyuam raug kev txom nyem uas tsis tuaj koom kuv chav kawm, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv qib 10 tau ntsib nrog stereometry thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsim lub cev geometric theem pib. Nws tsis paub meej vim li cas nws thiaj li raug muab tso tseg? Tab sis lub hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam, cov hauv paus ntawm kev lag luam kev sib txuas lus tau qhia … Pom tseeb, lub teb chaws tsis xav tau engineers tiag tiag. Tu siab".

Hauv kev tshaj lij kev sib koom tes, ntau tus kws qhia ntawv qhia kev tu siab txog qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm kev kos duab thiab cia siab tias qhov kev kawm yuav raug xa rov qab mus rau cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv.

Logics

Lwm yam kev kawm los ntawm Soviet yav dhau los uas tsis haum rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev kawm niaj hnub no yog logic.

Logic tau qhia nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv raws li ib tug yuam kev nyob rau hauv lub 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev daws teeb meem "Ntawm Kev Qhia Txog Logic thiab Psychology hauv Secondary School" ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 3, 1946, tau tshaj tawm tias nws tsis lees paub tias cov kev kawm no tsis tau kawm hauv tsev kawm theem nrab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, logic tau xav tau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab ua ntej. Tsuas yog tom qab cov xwm txheej ntawm Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj Tsov Rog Loj, qhov kev kawm no raug txwv los ntawm kev kawm tsis yog hauv tsev kawm ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj nyob hauv tsev kawm qib siab.

Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, sawv cev ntawm Stalin, kev qhuab qhia tau rov qab mus rau cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum "tus thawj coj" tuag, qhov kev kawm tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Nyob rau hauv Khrushchev, logic thaum kawg raug txwv, hais txog kev txhawj xeeb rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiaj li tsis txhob overload cov menyuam kawm ntawv.

Tam sim no, logic tsis yog qhov yuav tsum tau kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, yog li txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv txiav txim siab ntawm nws tus kheej seb puas yuav suav nrog hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm lossis tsis.

Yog xav paub ntxiv, nyeem tsab xov xwm: Vim li cas lawv thiaj li tso tseg tsis qhia kev xav hauv tsev kawm?

Astronomy

Txoj kev kawm txog kev txav ntawm lub cev xilethi-aus rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv raug muab tso tseg hauv xyoo 2008. Lub caij no, astronomy tau suav nrog hauv chav kawm ntawm kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab txij li lub sijhawm Peter I. Ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, ntau dua 40 phau ntawv sib txawv ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia no tau luam tawm hauv Russia. Nws maj mam tsis meej pem hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm pib xyoo 1993 - chav kawm astronomy tsis haum rau cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.

Niaj hnub no, astronomy tsis raug txwv nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nws tsuas yog tias cov tub ceev xwm los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav qhov chaw rau nws hauv cov qauv kev kawm niaj hnub no. Puas muaj dab tsi ntxiv hauv nws - natural science, physics lossis chemistry? Puas yog kev qhuab ntuas yuav nkag siab zoo dua li lwm yam kev kawm? Cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws qhia ntawv tseem tab tom sib cav.

Basic kev cob qhia tub rog

Kev cob qhia tub rog pib tsis tau qhia hauv daim ntawv pov thawj kawm tiav raws li kev kawm. Raws li txoj cai, nws tau ua nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm WWII cov neeg koom lossis cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov tub rog xa mus rau qhov chaw cia.

Cov tub ntxhais kawm qib 8-10 tau qhia xyaum xyaum ua, tua hluav taws thiab tactical, tham txog qhov xwm txheej thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tub rog hauv tsev. Lawv tau qhia yuav ua li cas disassemble thiab sib sau ua ib rab phom tshuab, siv lub grenade tes, roj npog ntsej muag, dosimeters, qhia cov hauv paus ntawm kev pab thawj zaug, thiab lwm yam.

Niaj hnub no, tsis muaj ib qho kev kawm txawm tias yog ib qho kev xaiv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tsev kawm ntawv (nrog rau kev zam ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb). Hauv kev sib piv rau qee lub xeev ntawm yav dhau los USSR, qhov kev cob qhia ua ntej ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv tsev kawm ntawv tseem ua.

Sau ntawv sau

Calligraphy yog ib qho kev kawm uas tau txais los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet kev kawm los ntawm Tsarist Russia. Nws tau suav nrog hauv lub sijhawm ua "kev sau ntawv". Qhov kev qhuab qhia no tau thov kom muaj kev mob siab rau thiab kev mloog zoo los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv tsev kawm theem qis. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau raug qhia tsis yog tsuas yog sau kom huv xwb, tab sis kuj tuav tus cwj mem kom raug kom cov tsiaj ntawv zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj.

Niaj hnub no, lub luag haujlwm ntawm calligraphy yog muab rau ntau phau ntawv luam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tsis muaj leej twg them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau cov tub ntxhais kawm theem pib tuav tus cwj mem.

Nyeem ntxiv hauv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntxiv hauv cov ntawv: Kev Sau Ntawv Sau thiab Lub Hlwb

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm calligraphy thiab keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv calligraphic

Vim li cas ho tsis muaj kev sau ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv?

Natural History (Natural Keeb Kwm)

Ntuj keeb kwm los yog natural science - science ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb - raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv 1877. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1901, ib tug tshwj xeeb commission ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab cov tsev kawm ntawv tau txais ib tug kev cai raws li cov natural sciences thiab geography yuav tsum tau kawm nyob rau hauv qib 1-3.

Nws tau npaj los kawm txog xwm txheej hauv "hostels": hav zoov, teb, vaj, meadow, chaw ua si, dej, thiab feem ntau ntawm kev mus ncig. Sij hawm dhau mus, txoj haujlwm ntawm chav kawm tau hloov pauv ntau yam - nws tau muab cais ua ib chav kawm "Natural Science", thiab ua ke nrog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lwm yam kev kawm. Tsis muaj natural science nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm niaj hnub hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nws tsuas yog tam sim no ua ib feem ntawm Ntiaj Teb Ib puag ncig cov ntaub ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv cov qib qis ntawm tsev kawm theem nrab.

Kev xav

Philosophy yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tab sis muaj cov kev tshawb fawb uas qhia tau hais tias tus me nyuam lub siab lub ntsws tseem tsis tau mus txog xws li ib theem ntawm kev loj hlob uas cov kev kawm no yog perceived nyob rau hauv cov theem tsim nyog. Qhov teeb meem kuj yog hais tias nyob rau hauv peb cov tsev kawm ntawv cov me nyuam yeej tsis tau qhia kev xav, uas yog ib qho tsim nyog rau kev nkag siab txog lub hauv paus ntawm lub tswv yim niaj hnub no - yuav luag ib txwm muaj keeb kwm, ntawv nyeem thiab kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo.

Vajtswv txoj kevcai

Txog rau xyoo 1917, muaj Txoj Cai ntawm cov tsev kawm parochial hauv Russia. Lawv tau hais tias leej twg yuav tsum ua raws li kev qhia thiab tshaj tawm tias "Orthodox qhia kev ntseeg."

Lub yim hli ntuj 1, 1909, nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv lub All-Lavxias teb sab Congress ntawm cov xib fwb ntawm txoj cai ntawm Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub secular tsev kawm ntawv, nws tau txiav txim siab los siv ib tug tshiab txoj kev qhia. Namely, sim coj kev qhuab qhia los ze zog rau txoj kev niaj hnub ntawm lub neej. Tsuas yog ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1917, Pawg Saib Xyuas Hauv Zos tau txais lub ntsiab lus "Ntawm Kev Qhia Vajtswv Txoj Cai hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv", uas tau sau tseg tias hauv txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv pej xeem thiab ntiag tug uas muaj cov tub ntxhais kawm Orthodox, Txoj Cai ntawm Vajtswv yuav tsum dhau los ua qhov yuam kev. zaj lus qhia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Txoj Cai ntawm Vajtswv tau suav hais tias tsis yog raws li kev kawm, tab sis thawj zaug raws li kev kawm. Cov tub ntxhais kawm tau kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm Phau Qub thiab Phau Tshiab, kev pabcuam los saum ntuj los ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox, thiab kev qhuab qhia.

Nrog rau lub zog los ntawm Bolsheviks, Txoj Cai ntawm Vajtswv tau ploj mus ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1991 yog kev cai dab qhuas kev kawm thiab kev qhia nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv hnub Sunday thiab Orthodox cov tsev kawm ntawv sau ntawv tau raug tsa nyob rau hauv Russia. Niaj hnub no, nws yooj yim version yog qhia raws li ib tug xaiv, tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev paub, nyob rau hauv lub 4th qib ntawm ib tug general kev kawm ntawv lub tsev kawm ntawv thaum xaiv cov kev qhuab qhia "Fundamentals ntawm Orthodox Culture."

Txij li thaum xyoo 2012, "Lub hauv paus ntawm Orthodox Culture" (OPK) tau ua tiav kev kawm tiav nrog los ntawm Ministry of Education thiab Science hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm Russia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, OPK suav nrog hauv chav kawm "Fundamentals of Religious Cultures and Secular Ethics", uas muaj rau lub voj voog: "Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture", "Fundamentals of Islamic Culture", "Fundamentals of Buddhist Culture", "Fundamentals. ntawm Jewish Culture", "Fundamentals of World Religious Cultures" thiab Fundamentals of Secular Ethics.

Kuv tsis tawm tsam kev rov qab los ntawm tus menyuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig rau cov tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis yog vim li cas, tib lub sijhawm, cov kev kawm tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv ua tsaug rau qhov uas USSR tau ua kom muaj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg, kev tshawb fawb, kab lis kev cai, thiab kev lag luam..

Saib ntawm tag nrho cov no (kev hloov kho ntawm peb txoj kev kawm), nws zoo nkaus li kuv tias qhov kauv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob poob qis thiab tsis nce raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.

Yog hais tias lub zej zog tsim nyob rau hauv txoj kev yog, thiab tsis nyob rau hauv lub opposite txoj kev, ces posts nrog xws li ib tug lub ntsiab lus yuav tsis nrov nyob rau hauv lub network thiab lawv cov neeg sau ntawv yuav tsis nrov.

Leej twg txaus siab rau thiab xav tau cov phau ntawv qub Soviet rau kev kawm tuaj yeem rub tawm ntawm no.