Yuav ua li cas dinosaurs hloov

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thawj genus ntawm dinosaurs, Megalosaurus bucklandii, tau muab npe rau xyoo 1824. Tam sim no paleontologists piav txog ntau hom tshiab txhua lub hlis, qhov tshiab tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - Tlatolophus galorum - tau piav qhia thaum lub Tsib Hlis 2021. Rau ob centuries ntawm kev tshawb fawb, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis tau tsuas yog nrhiav tau cov tshiab hom dinosaurs, tab sis kuj qhia meej cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov uas twb paub lawm: tshiab nrhiav tau tshwm sim, txoj kev ntawm lawv tsom xam tau zoo dua, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, paleontologists muaj cov tswv yim tshiab thiab kev txhais lus. Yog li ntawd, peb cov tswv yim hais txog yuav ua li cas cov tsiaj no tau hloov pauv - qee zaum dhau qhov kev lees paub.

Muaj plaub lub sij hawm tseem ceeb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm dinosaurs:

1. Tso lub hauv paus (1820-1890). Los ntawm ntau tus dinosaurs tsuas yog cov pob txha ntawm tus kheej paub, lawv tau piav qhia zoo ib yam li lizards lossis zaj;
2. Classic lub sij hawm (1890-1970). Dinosaurs yog portrayed li clumsy heavyweights: kangaroo-zoo li tsiaj nyeg nrog tails dragging raws av, semi-dej herbivores nrog exorbitantly bloated lub cev.
3. Renaissance (1970-2010). Nws yog to taub tias dinosaurs yog mobile, active tsiaj thiab nyob ze rau cov noog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm metabolism dua rau cov tsiaj reptiles. Yog li ntawd, hauv cov duab, cov tails thaum kawg tawm hauv av, cov leeg nce. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, feathers muaj nyob rau hauv ntau me me (thiab tsis yog li ntawd) dinosaurs.
4. Cov ntaub so ntswg hloov pauv (txij li xyoo 2010). Cov txheej txheem tshiab ntawm kev kawm cov ntaub so ntswg tau tshwm sim, thiab kev ua haujlwm tau pib ntawm kev tsim kho cov xim ntawm plaub thiab lwm yam kev sib koom ua ke.

Xav txog yuav ua li cas cov tswv yim hais txog ntau lub npe nrov dinosaurs hloov los ntawm cov eras.

Iguanodon

Xyoo 1825, tus kws kho mob Askiv Askiv Gideon Mantell tau piav qhia txog iguanodon (Iguanodon bernissartensis) nrog ntau cov hniav zoo ib yam li cov iguana - yog li lub npe. Cuaj xyoo tom qab ntawd, cov seem seem tau pom nyob ze Maidstone, nrog rau lub plab thiab cov ceg ntawm ceg. Raws li lawv lub hauv paus, Mantell tau ua qhov kev tsim kho hauv qab no:

Nyob rau hauv 1854, ib tug exhibition ntawm sculptures ntawm ancient tsiaj, nrog rau lub iguanodon, tau qhib nyob rau hauv London lub Crystal Palace. Vim muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv, Mantell tsis tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev nthuav qhia, thiab lwm tus kws kho mob Askiv, Richard Owen, ua tus kws pab tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv nws kev coj noj coj ua, iguanodon tau hnyav dua thiab pib zoo li hippopotamus:

Nyob rau hauv 1878, ib tug loj faus ntawm yuav luag tag skeletons ntawm iguanodons tau pom nyob rau hauv Belgium, thiab plaub xyoos tom qab lub cev pob txha raug nthuav tawm rau pej xeem, mounted nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm Belgian paleontologist Louis Dollot. Nws tau pom tseeb tias Owen txoj kev tsim kho tshiab yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Lub iguanodon sawv ntawm nws ob txhais ceg, piv txwv li txoj hauj lwm zoo li kangaroo, thiab "horn" tau dhau los ua ib tug pos ntawm tus ntiv taw loj ntawm nws cov forepaws.

Cov duab no tau siv sijhawm ib puas xyoo, mus txog rau xyoo 1980s. Piv txwv li, ntawm no yog ib daim duab classic ntawm iguanodon:

Kev hloov pauv hauv kev tshawb fawb dinosaur hu ua "Dinosaur Renaissance" kuj cuam tshuam rau iguanodon. Cov txheeb ze ze ntawm iguanodon tau pom - tenontosaurus, saurolophus, uranosaurus. Nyob rau xyoo 1980, British paleontologist David Norman xav muab lawv piv rau iguanodon … thiab pom tias tsis muaj cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm iguanodon txij li Dollo, uas yog, txij li xyoo 19th lig. Thaum kawg, Norman tau ua nws tus kheej.

Nws tau piav qhia ntxaws txog lub cev pob txha ntawm tus dinosaur thiab pom tias ua ntej lub ntsej muag ntawm iguanodon tau rov qab tsis raug. Cov qauv ntawm lub ncauj tsev menyuam thiab sacral qaum, tus Tsov tus tw thiab forepaws tag nrho qhia tias iguanodon tuav tus Tsov tus tw thiab lub cev horizontally, los ntawm lub sij hawm mus rau lub sij hawm so ntawm lub forelimbs.

Lub tswv yim no ntawm iguanodon tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub no lub iguanodon yog sawv cev raws li nram no:

Spinosaurus

Cov seem ntawm spinosaurus (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus) yog thawj zaug pom nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa xyoo 1912, thiab tau piav qhia los ntawm German paleontologist Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach hauv 1915. Tom qab ntawd cov seem ntawm lub puab tsaig qis, ob peb lub pob txha thiab lwm cov pob txha tau pom. Stromer sau hais tias nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws yog kom meej meej ib tug "tseem ceeb heev" tsiaj, txawm hais tias tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tshwj xeeb ntawm lub reconstruction - nws yog depicted raws li ib tug tyrannosaurus nrog ib tug crest ntawm nws nraub qaum.

Nyob rau hauv 1944, thaum lub sij hawm lub foob pob ntawm Munich, cov pob txha pob txha raug puas tsuaj, txawm hais tias cov lus piav qhia thiab sketches ntawm German paleontologist ciaj sia. Lub tswv yim Stromer kav mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab-1980s, thaum lub baryonyx (Baryonyx walkeri), ib tug carnivorous dinosaur ze ze rau spinosaurus, tau piav nyob rau hauv Great Britain.

Nws cov seem tau khaws cia zoo dua - ntau npaum li cov ntses nplai txawm pom nyob hauv thaj tsam plab, yog li ntawd lub baryonyx tau los ua thawj qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntses noj dinosaur. Xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm baryonyx thiab spinosaurus - elongated "crocodile" puab tsaig, tapered cov hniav tsis muaj notches, loj claws - Spinosaurus kuj pib xam tau tias yog ntses noj. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, los ntawm ib tug "tyrannosaur nrog ib tug crest ntawm nws nraub qaum," nws tig mus rau hauv ib tug "baryonyx nrog ib tug crest." Nov yog qhov peb pom nws hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Jurassic Park 3".

Cov hauj lwm ntawm Nizar Ibrahim, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 2014, yog ib tug tiag tiag kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm spinosaurus. Nyob rau hauv nws, ib tug tshiab lub cev tsis tiav ntawm ib tug hluas spinosaurus tau piav, nrog rau cov seem ntawm ceg. Nws tau muab tawm tias lub nraub qaum ntawm cov dinosaur tau luv luv dua li yav dhau los xav.

Qhov no yog li cas ib tug version tau tshwm sim hais tias Spinosaurus tsis yog noj ntses xwb, tab sis feem ntau coj ib tug semi-dej txoj kev ua neej thiab nquag ua luam dej. Qhov no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov pob txha pob txha uas hnyav (kom yooj yim dua rau kev dhia dej, cov pob txha pob txha hauv cov pob txha caj dab raug txo), lub cev elongated, hnov qhov qhov siab ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub puab tsaig, zoo li hauv crocodiles, thiab ua kom luv luv hind ceg nrog flattened claws.

Paleontologists tsis muaj tus Tsov tus tw spinosaurus, yog li nws tau rov tsim dua nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev dav dav, los ntawm kev sib piv nrog rau lwm cov dinosaurs carnivorous. Tab sis Ibrahim pab pawg tau txuas ntxiv kev khawb, pom tus Tsov tus tw, thiab hauv 2020 tau nthuav tawm nws cov lus piav qhia, uas tau lees paub qhov "dej fowl" kev xav.

Nws muab tawm tias cov txheej txheem ntsug (spinous) ntawm tus Tsov tus tw vertebrae ntawm spinosaurus tau siab heev, yog li tus Tsov tus tw siab thiab tiaj tus, zoo li ib tug newt los yog ntses. Ntau qhov av-raws li cov tsiaj nyeg dinosaurs muaj cov tails ntawm qhov kawg uas tawv thiab tsis muaj zog, zoo li sticks - qhov no tau pab lawv tswj kev sib npaug thaum khiav. Hauv Spinosaurus, txawm li cas los xij, nws hloov tau yooj yim heev, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv nws li oar.

Tab sis qhov no tsis yog qhov kawg. Xyoo no, paleontologists David Hawn thiab Thomas Holtz tau tshaj tawm ib tsab xov xwm uas lawv nug seb tus tsiaj txhu loj npaum li tus spinosaurus puas tuaj yeem caum ntses hauv qab dej. Lawv hais tias cov spinosaurus zoo li ib tug loj heev heron los yog stork: nws mus rau hauv dej ntiav, dipping nws muzzle rau hauv dej thiab lob ib tug hlaws ntses. Txog tam sim no, tsis muaj leej twg tau tawm tsam rau lawv, yog li niaj hnub no spinosaurus zoo li no:

Therizinosaurus

Therizinosaurus cheloniformis tau hloov pauv, tej zaum muaj zog dua li txhua tus dinosaurs peb paub. Nyob rau hauv 1948, nws seem tau pom - loj loj phalanges phalanges thiab fragments ntawm tav, thiab nyob rau hauv 1954 lawv tau piav qhia los ntawm paleontologist Yevgeny Maleev (1). Therizinosaurus tuav cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov loj ntawm claws ntawm tag nrho cov paub tsiaj - txawm tias ib tug tsis tiav ungual phalanx yog 52 centimeters ntev, thiab qhov tseeb nws kuj tau them nrog ib tug horny sheath thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej. Vim hais tias ntawm nws cov claws loj thiab muaj zog tav, Maleev tau hais tias therizinosaurus yog ib tug tsiaj zoo li vaub kib, thiab txiav tawm algae nrog nws cov claws. Nov yog qhov kev tsim kho dua tshiab los ntawm ib tsab xov xwm xyoo 1954:

Nyob rau hauv 1970, lwm Soviet paleontologist, Anatoly Rozhdestvensky, qhia tau hais tias therizinosaurus tsis yog ib tug txheeb ze ntawm vaub kib, tab sis belongs rau theropods, uas yog, carnivorous dinosaurs (2). Tab sis qhov tseeb taxonomic affiliation ntawm Therizinosaurus tseem tsis meej txog 1993, thaum Alxasaurus elesitaiensis tau piav qhia. Tom qab nws, nws tau pom tseeb tias yav dhau los pom segnosaurus, erlicosaurus thiab therizinosaurus muaj feem xyuam rau ib leeg thiab koom nrog tib tsev neeg. Tsev neeg tau muaj npe tom qab pom pom ntxov tshaj plaws - therizinosaurus.

Peb tseem muaj tsuas yog cov pob txha metacarpal thiab phalanges tsis zoo ntawm lub forelimbs ntawm Therizinosaurus, nrog rau ntau cov pob txha hind - talus, calcaneus, cov pob txha metatarsal, ob peb phalanges ntawm cov ntiv tes. Txawm tias qhov tawg ntawm cov tav uas tau pom thaum xub thawj tsis suav tias yog nyob rau ntawm therizinosaurus thiab tsis raug coj mus rau hauv tus account hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb tshiab tshaj plaws.

Cov tsos ntawm therizinosaurus tau rov qab los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov txheeb ze ze tshaj plaws - Mongolian alshazavr thiab American notronichus. Hloov chaw Maleev "tus vaub kib", tam sim no nws yog ib tug tsiaj loj loj uas muaj tus Tsov tus tw luv luv, caj dab ntev thiab gigantic claws. Txij li thaum lwm tus ntawm nws cov txheeb ze, Beipiaosaurus, muaj plumage, Therizinosaurus feem ntau piav qhia nrog plaub, txawm hais tias lawv qhov ntim txawv nyob ntawm tus kws kos duab lub tswv yim. Cov qauv tseeb ntawm nws cov npog tsuas tuaj yeem qhia meej los ntawm kev tshawb pom tshiab.

Nws yog qhov ua tau tias thaum pom cov pob txha seem, Therizinosaurus yuav ua rau cov kws kho mob xav tsis thoob.

Tyrannosaurus

Tyrannosaurus rex yog kab tias tus dinosaur nto moo tshaj plaws, tus tsiaj loj tshaj plaws ntawm txhua lub sijhawm. Cov neeg sib tw ze tshaj plaws - Spinosaurus thiab Giganotosaurus - yog, raws li qee qhov kev kwv yees, ntev dua Tyrannosaurus, tab sis hnyav dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau kawm dinosaurs, nws yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau lub kaum os cov qauv, los ntawm cov hluas rau cov neeg laus, los ntawm cov pob txha tawg mus rau yuav luag tag nrho cov pob txha.

Tyrannosaurus tau piav qhia los ntawm American paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborne hauv 1905.

Raws li cov tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tus dinosaur tau piav qhia tias yog tus tsiaj qeeb nrog tus Tsov tus tw rub hauv av. Nov yog qhov nws tshwm sim hauv cov duab los ntawm tus kws kos duab Charles Knight (ceeb toom rau Tyrannosaurus hauv keeb kwm yav dhau):

Nyob rau hauv Western cov ntaub ntawv, daim duab no tseem suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm feem nto moo depictions ntawm Tyrannosaurus rex. Nws tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm King Kong xyoo 1933, Disney's Fantasy thiab Ib lab Xyoo BC.

Qhov tseeb, rau tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no, Tyrannosaurus Rex yog raws nraim li ntawd mus txog thaum Jurassic Park tawm los. Tsis hloov pauv ntawm qhov tsos, Rex tshiab tau dhau los ua tus cwj pwm txawv. Tam sim no nws yog ib tug ceev ceev, nqaij leeg. Nws tus Tsov tus tw tsis kov hauv av, thiab lub tyrannosaurus tau khiav ntawm qhov ceev ntawm lub jeep.

Niaj hnub no, nws ntseeg tau tias nws tsis tuaj yeem khiav ceev heev - kom khiav ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 40 kilometers ib teev thiab siab dua, cov leeg ntawm ob txhais ceg ntawm tyrannosaurus yuav tsum tuav txog 86 feem pua ntawm lub cev qhov hnyav. Tam sim no nws ceev yog kwv yees li ntawm 18 kilometers ib teev. Tab sis kev tshawb fawb tshiab qhia tau hais tias Tyrannosaurus yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo.

Hauv xyoo 2004, tus txheeb ze laus ntawm Tyrannosaurus rex, Dilong paradoxus, tau piav qhia, thiab xyoo 2012, Yutyrannus huali. Ob leeg muaj npe nrov rau kev npog nrog tuab, luv luv filamentous plaub, zoo ib yam li cov emu. Cov lus nug tam sim ntawd sawv: ua li cas txog tyrannosaurus nws tus kheej? Puas muaj peev xwm hais tias nws kuj tau txais cov plumage los ntawm nws cov poj koob yawm txwv? Yog li ntawd, hauv 2012-2017, ntau cov duab ntawm Tyrannosaurus tau tshwm sim hauv tus ntsuj plig hauv qab no:

Nyob rau hauv 2017, ib tsab xov xwm tau luam tawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv integument ntawm Tyrannosaurus rex thiab nws cov txheeb ze. Ob peb daim tawv nqaij tau pom - tsuas yog ob peb square centimeters ntawm lub plab mog, caj dab thiab tus Tsov tus tw - tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi zoo ib yam li plaub tau pom.

Stegosaurus

Stegosaurus (Stegosaurus stenops) tau piav qhia thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1877. Thaum xub thawj, cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov phiaj xwm ntawm nws nraub qaum nteg kab rov tav, zoo li cov kab mob shingles. Li no lub npe: "Stegosaurus" txhais tau tias "sab hauv tsev lizard".

Tsis ntev nws tau pom tseeb tias cov phiaj yog ntsug ntawm sab nraub qaum. Tib lo lus nug yog yuav ua li cas. Muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv:

• cov phiaj mus rau hauv ib kab
• cov phiaj mus ua ob kab sib luag
• cov phiaj mus ua ob kab thiab tau me ntsis offset los ntawm ib leeg

Tus neeg nrhiav pom ntawm stegosaurus nws tus kheej, Otniel Charles Marsh, piav qhia cov phiaj xwm mus rau ib kab:

Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev npaj zoo li no, tsuas yog yuav tsis muaj chaw txaus rau cov phiaj. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav tias nyob rau hauv lub neej lawv tau ntxiv nrog ib tug horny sheath.

Xyoo 1914, Charles Gilmore tau luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm uas nws tau sib cav tias stegosaurus 'plates tau offset los ntawm ib leeg. Txij thaum ntawd los, qhov kev npaj no feem ntau tau txais.

Lub renaissance dinosaur kuj cuam tshuam rau stegosaurus: nws tau ua kom nquag plias, tus Tsov tus tw tawm hauv av. Thawj thiab thib ob "Jurassic Parks" yog qhov qub, tab sis cov stegosaurus hauv zaj duab xis thib ob yog niaj hnub heev.

Kuj ceeb tias, hauv 2015 zaj duab xis Jurassic World, peb rov pom ib tug stegosaurus nrog tus Tsov tus tw qis, yuav luag luag hauv av.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo 2015, ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm yuav luag tag lub cev pob txha ntawm stegosaurus tau luam tawm, uas yog lub npe hu ua Sophie. Tsis zoo li lwm cov stegosaurus pom, uas yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, Sophie ciaj sia 85 feem pua, uas yog ntau heev rau dinosaur. Qhov kev tshawb pom tau ua kom pom tseeb qee yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus tsiaj. Piv txwv li, lub cev luv luv thiab lub caj dab ntev dua li yav tas los xav.

Brontosaurus

Lub caj dab ntev ntawm brontosaurus (Brontosaurus excelsus) yog nto moo raws li daim phiaj ntawm stegosaurus thiab me me forelegs ntawm Tyrannosaurus. Nws tau pom los ntawm Othniel Charles Marsh hauv xyoo 1879.

Tib lub Marsh xyoo 1877 tau piav qhia txog lwm yam zoo li dinosaur - Apatosaurus. Qhov tseeb, ob lub dinosaurs zoo ib yam li xyoo 1903 lwm tus kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas, Elmer Riggs, tau sau ib tsab xov xwm hais tias brontosaurus thiab apatosaurus yog cov lus, uas yog, qhov tseeb, lawv yog tib hom. Thiab raws li txoj cai tseem ceeb, lub npe siv tau yuav tsum yog Apatosaurus excelsus.

Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lub npe Brontosaurus yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv nrov. Nyob rau hauv 1905, lub cev pob txha ntawm ib tug apatosaurus tau ntsia nyob rau hauv lub American Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Natural History, tab sis lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej Henry Fairfield Osborne, txiav txim siab los sau "brontosaurus" rau ntawm cov quav hniav - thiab lub npe mus rau pej xeem. Yog li ntawd, lub npe "apatosaurus" tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, tab sis brontosaurus muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nrov science (thiab tsis yog xwb) txhua lub sijhawm tam sim no. Piv txwv li, nws yog nrog lawv cov heroes ntawm "Plutonia" lub ntsej muag.

Cov keeb kwm ntawm lub npe brontosaurus tau txuas ntxiv rau xyoo 2015, thaum ib tsab xov xwm tau luam tawm nrog kev hloov kho ntawm tsev neeg diplodocid (uas yog apatosaurus). Cov kws sau ntawv tau tshuaj xyuas 81 hom dinosaurs, 49 ntawm lawv yog diplodocides. Thiab lawv tuaj txog qhov xaus tias Apatosaurus excelsus yog qhov txawv ntawm lwm cov apatosaurs kom paub qhov txawv ntawm nws tsis yog ib hom cais, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias genus, Brontosaurus excelsus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob hom brontosaurs tau txheeb xyuas: Brontosaurus parvus thiab Brontosaurus yahnahpin. Yog li 110 xyoo tom qab, lub npe "brontosaurus" rov qab mus rau kev tshawb fawb.

Ntxiv nrog rau lub npe, cov tswv yim txog kev ua neej ntawm tus tsiaj no kuj tau hloov. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau ntseeg tias Brontosaurus thiab lwm yam sauropods nyob hauv dej zoo li hippos. Lawv xav tias hnyav dhau mus taug kev hauv av. Xyoo 1951, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tawm los qhia tias brontosaurus tag nrho submerged hauv dej yuav ua tsis taus pa vim dej siab dhau. Thiab ntau cov kev tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 1970 (piv txwv li, Becker's 1971 tsab xov xwm) tau lees paub tias brontosaurus, diplodocus thiab lawv cov txheeb ze yog cov tsiaj txhu tag nrho. Cov hneev taw kuj qhia tau tias tus Tsov tus tw ntawm brontosaurus tsis taug kev hauv av.

Thiab 2004 tsab xov xwm thaum kawg dispelled cov dab neeg hais txog cov dej brontosaurus. Kev simulation hauv computer tau pom tias cov hnab huab cua loj hauv lub cev yuav ua rau cov brontosaurs ntab mus rau saum npoo zoo li cov tsheb thauj mus los. Lawv lub cev tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntsug nrog plaub taw hauv qab ntawm lub pas dej, nrog lawv lub cev tag nrho hauv dej.

Deinonychus

Cov seem ntawm Deinonychus antirrhopus tau pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb los ntawm Yale University hauv xyoo 1964. Ntau tshaj 1,000 cov pob txha tawg tau pom los ntawm tsawg kawg peb tus neeg. Xyoo 1969, lawv tau piav qhia los ntawm paleontologist John Ostrom. Cov pob txha kom meej meej koom rau ib tug active dexterous predator, thiab nws yog tom qab lub discovery ntawm deinonychus uas cov kws tshawb fawb maj mam pib hloov lub tswv yim ntawm dinosaurs. Lawv maj mam ceased yuav suav hais tias sluggish, clumsy tsiaj, thiab pib qhia raws li active, agile, nrog ib tug ceev metabolism.

Niaj hnub no qhov kev hloov pauv no hu ua "dinosaur renaissance". Nyob rau hauv 1974, Ostrom tau sau ib tug monograph nyob rau hauv uas nws piav qhia nyob rau hauv ntau yam zoo sib xws ntawm Deinonychus nrog cov noog thiab "tshem tawm" txoj kev xav, uas tau muab pov tseg los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, cov noog tau nqis los ntawm dinosaurs.

Hauv qab no yog ib txoj haujlwm los ntawm Robert Becker, uas yog ib qho piv txwv rau xyoo 1969 tsab xov xwm. Lub pob txha taub hau ntawm Deinonychus tseem tsis tau pom nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, yog li qhov sib npaug ntawm lub taub hau yog qhov nruab nrab, "allosaurus". Txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov paws pem hauv ntej kuj tsis raug: qhov tseeb, ob txhais tes yuav tsum tau saib ib leeg, zoo li lizard tau npuaj tes. Deinonychus tsis zoo li ib tug noog nyob ntawm no, tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb tias yog ib tug tsiaj nquag.

Ostrom thiab Becker cov tswv yim tau txhawb nqa los ntawm lwm tus kws tshawb fawb, Gregory Paul. Nyob rau hauv nws 1988 nrov science phau ntawv Carnivorous Dinosaurs ntawm lub ntiaj teb, nws tsim lub tswv yim hais tias dinosaurs yog active thiab ceev tsiaj. Paul yog "unifier", uas yog, thaum faib cov dinosaurs, nws nyiam muab ntau hom rau hauv tib genus.

Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, deinonychus zoo ib yam li lwm cov tsiaj nyeg dinosaur, Velociraptor, uas lawv yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv tib lub genus Velociraptor. Yog li ntawd, hauv nws phau ntawv, tsis yog Deinonychus antirrhopus, Velociraptor antirrhopus tshwm. Raws li lub npe no, nws nkag mus rau hauv phau ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawd ua yeeb yaj kiab "Jurassic Park".

Txawm li cas los xij, tus tsiaj cinematic tau dhau los ua qhov loj dua nws cov qauv tiag: Deinonychus tiag tiag yog ntev li 3.4 meters, thiab Velociraptor yog 1.5 meters txhua. Niaj hnub no, ntawm cov pom dromaeosaurids (cov pab pawg neeg uas ob lub Velociraptor thiab Deinonychus koom), lub yutaraptor yog qhov ze tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv loj rau cinematic "raptors".

Tab sis qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm velociraptors los ntawm "Park …" thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog "Jurassic World" los ntawm cov dinosaurs tiag tiag yog tias lawv tsis muaj plaub. Thawj cov ntaub plaub tau pom rov qab rau xyoo 1990. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov plaub ntawm ib hom lossis lwm qhov tau pom nyob rau ntau lub dinosaurs, suav nrog Velociraptor. Hloov chaw, tsis yog cov plaub lawv tus kheej tau pom ntawm nws, tab sis tshwj xeeb tubercles ntawm ulna, uas sib haum mus rau qhov chaw ntawm kev txuas ntawm plaub.

Tsis yog cov plaub thiab tubercles uas hais txog lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv Deinonychus nws tus kheej, tab sis muab nws zoo ib yam li Velociraptor, nws yog qhov tsim nyog xav tias nws tau feathered. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub no nws ntseeg hais tias Deinonychus ntsia ib yam dab tsi zoo li no:

Psittacosaurus

Psittacosaurus mongoliensis tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1923 hauv Mongolia. Txij thaum ntawd los, ntau dua 75 tus qauv tau pom, suav nrog txog 20 lub cev pob txha ua tiav nrog pob txha taub hau. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tib neeg ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog tau pom, los ntawm cov menyuam dev mus rau cov neeg laus. Yog li ntawd, Psittacosaurus tau kawm zoo heev. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tuav cov ntaub ntawv rau ntau hom sib txawv: txog li 12 hom muaj qhov txawv ntawm genus Psittacosaurus. Los ntawm kev sib piv, feem ntau ntawm cov dinosaur genera muaj xws li ib hom.

Vim muaj kev paub zoo, qhov tsos ntawm psittacosaur tsis tau hloov ntau dhau.

Sib piv:

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas tau kawm dinosaur tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev xav tsis thoob. Hauv 2016, ib tsab xov xwm tau luam tawm piav qhia txog tus qauv ntawm psittacosaurus los ntawm Senckenberg Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Frankfurt am Main. Txog tam sim no, nws tseem tsis tau raug xa mus rau ib hom tsiaj, txawm hais tias nws tau teev nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej phaj li Psittacosaurus mongoliensis.

Cov pob txha pob txha tau tshwj xeeb zoo khaws cia, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem kawm txog cov nqaij mos ntawm tus tsiaj. Nws muab tawm tias pob taws ntawm psittacosaur tau txuas nrog tus Tsov tus tw los ntawm cov tawv nqaij - patagium. Nyob rau ntawm tus Tsov tus tw, ib kab ntawm hollow bristles tau pom, thiab lawv tsis ncav cuag tag nrho ntev ntawm tus Tsov tus tw. Qhov no tam sim ntawd tsa ntau cov lus nug. Puas yog cov bristles ntawm tus Tsov tus tw yog "primitive" yam ntxwv uas Psittacosaurus tau txais los ntawm nws cov poj koob yawm txwv? Thiab yog tias muaj, tej zaum txhua tus ceratopsians, suav nrog cov protoceratops thiab cov Triceratops nto moo, muaj cov bristles zoo sib xws? Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws muaj peev xwm hais tias tsuas yog cov genus Psittacosaurus muaj setae, lossis tsuas yog hom kab no ntawm psittacosaurus xwb.

Thaum kawg, cov qauv no khaws cov seem ntawm cov cellular organelles - melanosomes, uas muaj cov xim. Cov pigments lawv tus kheej tsis tau khaws cia, tab sis cov duab ntawm melanosomes, raws li nws muab tawm, yog txuam nrog cov xim ntawm cov pigments. Yog li ntawd, kev rov tsim kho ntawm psittacosaurus qhia hauv qab no yog ze rau qhov tseeb li sai tau yam tsis muaj lub sijhawm tshuab.