Nikolai Timofeev-Resovsky: noob caj noob ces, Nazis thiab Lenin lub hlwb

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovsky yug nyob rau hauv Moscow rau lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 7 (Lub Cuaj Hli 19, NS) 1900 nyob rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm ib tug railway engineer. Nyob rau hauv 1917 nws kawm tiav los ntawm Flerov gymnasium, qhov twg zoology tau qhia los ntawm tus naas ej zoologist S. I. Ognev, thiab nkag mus rau natural sciences department ntawm Physics thiab Mathematics Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Moscow University nrog ib tug degree nyob rau hauv Zoology.

Kev npaj naj npawb 1

Zaj dab neeg ntawm Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovsky txoj kev mus ncig ua lag luam German tau pib nrog kev tuag ntawm Vladimir Lenin thaum Lub Ib Hlis 21, 1924. Lawm, lub hlwb ntawm tus neeg tseem ceeb no yuav tsis nyob twj ywm yam tsis muaj kev kawm, thiab rau cov txheej txheem no, lub Kaum Ob Hlis 31, Bolsheviks caw German Oskar Vogt. Nws yog ib tug paub zoo kws tshawb fawb txog cov morphology ntawm tib neeg lub paj hlwb. Tsis tas li ntawd, Vogt tau zoo kawg nkaus zoo ib yam li cov khoom ntawm kev kawm - Vladimir Lenin. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau pom zoo sai sai, kom ua tib zoo khaws lub hlwb ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub kiv puag ncig thiab thov kom them tag nrho cov nqi mus ncig. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Vogt, Moscow ceg ntawm Berlin lub koom haum ntawm lub hlwb tshwm sim, uas tau tom qab hloov mus rau hauv lub xeev lub koom haum ntawm Lenin lub hlwb nyob rau hauv lub scientific Committee ntawm lub Central Executive Committee ntawm lub USSR. Ib lub koom haum tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb tau koom nrog hauv kev kawm ntawm lub hlwb ntawm ib tus neeg, sim ua qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kom nkag siab txog dab tsi morphological yam ntxwv ua rau nws tus ntse. Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv cov hnub ntawd, ntau tus neeg nkag siab txog qhov pib tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm txoj haujlwm no, thiab cov haujlwm ntawm lub koom haum tau, dhau sijhawm, nruj nruj. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab kawm txog microtomic seem ntawm Lenin cov teeb meem grey ("Kev Npaj No. 1") nrog rau thiab thoob plaws, lub koom haum tau hloov npe lub koom haum ntawm lub hlwb ntawm USSR Academy of Medical Sciences nrog rau kev nthuav dav ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb..

Oscar Vogt. Tau qhov twg los: wikipedia.org

Vogt, uas qhib siab rau Soviet Russia, nrhiav pom nyob rau hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas pyramidal hlwb tau pom me ntsis tsawg zaus nyob rau hauv Lenin lub hlwb, tab sis lawv loj npaum li cas ntawm kev npaj ntawm lub hlwb zoo tib yam. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv tau pom nyob hauv Lenin lub hlwb, thiab lawv tuaj yeem txhais tau zoo hauv kev pom zoo ntawm tus thawj coj lub siab tawv. Txawm li cas los xij, Vogt sai sai poob kev txaus siab los tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm Vladimir Lenin lub cranium thiab tau ntim khoom hauv tsev. Rov qab rau hauv Moscow, tus kws tshawb fawb tau ntes los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev teeb tsa kev tshawb fawb caj ces ntawm Berlin Brain Institute ntawm Kaiser Wilhelm Society. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1920s, tus cwj pwm ntawm German geneticists tsis txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb ntau yam, thiab lub siab phem tus cwj pwm ntawm Vogt nrog openly sab laug-tis nom tswv views yuav tsis ntxias leej twg. Tom qab sab laj nrog tus thawj coj Soviet biologist Nikolai Koltsov, Vogt tau caw cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab txawj ntse Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovsky rau Berlin nrog nws. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tus kws tshawb fawb tsis pom zoo tam sim ntawd rau qhov kev mus ncig ntev. Tom qab ntawd, nws hais txog cov laj thawj rau kev tso cai raws li hauv qab no:

"… Cov neeg Lavxias feem ntau mus txawv tebchaws mus kawm ib yam dab tsi, tab sis kuv tau raug caw kom tsis txhob kawm, tab sis ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qhia cov Germans. Qhov no yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, thiab Koltsov thiab Semashko (Cov Neeg Pabcuam Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv ntawm RSFSR) yaum kuv."

Los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, Nikolai Timofeev-Resovsky tau nto moo raws li ib tug ntawm cov kws txawj nyob rau hauv mutagenesis.

Lub hlwb thiab microtome. Tau qhov twg los: hystery.mediasole.ru

Ib tug kws tshawb fawb nrog ib pab pawg kws tshuaj geneticist Sergei Chetverikov tau kawm txog cov nyhuv ntawm cov xov tooj cua ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Drosophila, thiab kuj tau soj ntsuam kev hloov pauv hauv cov tsiaj qus. Ntxiv nrog rau kev ua haujlwm zoo, cov neeg kawm tiav tau sau tseg hauv tus cwj pwm ntawm Timofeev-Resovsky tsis tshua muaj neeg nom tswv thiab tus cwj pwm tsis sib haum xeeb. Nws kawm tau zoo nyob rau hauv science thiab hais tau ob yam lus - Fabkis thiab German. Tsev neeg ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm ntawm Peter lub Great thiab belongs rau cov nom tswv, uas tom qab ntawd tau koom los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm Lavxias teb sab txiv plig. Timofeev-Resovsky tus poj niam, Elena Aleksandrovna Fidler, tau nyob deb ntawm Immanuel Kant nws tus kheej, thiab cov txheeb ze ze tshaj plaws tau tsim lub npe nrov Fiedler gymnasium thiab Ferein chaw muag tshuaj. Tus poj niam kuj yog ib tug kws kho tsiaj thiab, ntau npaum li nws ua tau, pab nws tus txiv hauv kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Biology nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Nikolai Koltsov.

Timofeev-Resovsky tseem nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees

Xyoo 1925, ib daim ntawv caw los ntawm Kaiser Wilhelm Society rau Kev Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb tuaj rau Timofeev-Ressovsky, thiab nws mus txawv tebchaws nrog nws tus poj niam thiab tus tub. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tus kws tshawb fawb yeej yeej. Txawm hais tias lub xeev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau xyoo 1920s thiab thaum ntxov 1930s, kev mus ncig ua lag luam thiab kev tshawb fawb tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Dab tsi tsis tuaj yeem hais txog Soviet Union: tsuas yog ob peb tus kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem them taus sib txuas lus nrog cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb. Nikolai Vladimirovich, ntawm tus nqi ntawm Kaiser Society, tswj kom tau mus rau lub seminars ntawm Niels Bohr, uas rau lawv lub sij hawm yog ib tug tiag tiag mainstream ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kev tshawb fawb. Muaj pov thawj tias tus kws tshawb fawb Lavxias tau raug caw tuaj koom rau Tebchaws Meskas ntawm Carnegie Institute hauv xyoo 1936. Tom qab ntawd muaj ib lub sij hawm ntawm intensive davhlau ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb kawm los ntawm lub teb chaws, thiab peb compatriot zoo nrhiav tau nws tus kheej txawv teb chaws. Tab sis nws tau nyob ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam tsev tshuaj caj ces ntawm lub hlwb lub hlwb hauv Berlin's Buch koog tsev kawm ntawv. Cov Nazis tsis kov nws, vim lawv tsis pom cov neeg Yudais cov hauv paus hniav hauv Timofeev-Resovsky, thiab nws txoj cai hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb tau siab heev thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Thiab txog tam sim no cov neeg German tsis muaj kev txaus siab rau qee yam kev hloov pauv uas tshwm sim los ntawm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Ib xyoo dhau los, nyob rau hauv 1935, Nikolai Vladimirovich, ua ke nrog Karl Zimmer thiab Max Delbrück, luam tawm, tej zaum, nws nto moo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm "Ntawm qhov kev hloov ntawm noob thiab qhov xwm ntawm cov noob." Hauv nws, tshwj xeeb, cov kws tshawb fawb pom qhov kwv yees qhov loj ntawm cov noob. Txoj haujlwm no tuaj yeem tsim nyog tau txais txiaj ntsig Nobel, thiab tseem tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb pom tshiab, ntau dua resonant.

Nyob rau hauv 1937, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub pururges nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws, tus kws tshawb fawb txiav txim siab tsis rov qab mus rau lub USSR. Nws yog deprived ntawm nws pej xeem rau qhov no. Interestingly, Timofeev-Resovsky tau ceeb toom ob zaug txog kev txaus ntshai ntawm kev rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws los ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv Nikolai Koltsov, uas tau dhau los ua neeg raug tsim txom. Koj tuaj yeem tham ntau yam txog cov laj thawj ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb mus rau qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws ntawm "cov neeg tawm tsam", tab sis, qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov kev txiav txim siab no uas cawm nws txoj sia. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, tawm ntawm peb seem Timofeev-Resovsky cov kwv tij, ob tug raug tua, thiab lawv tsis sawv ntawm lub ceremony nrog ntau yam tseem ceeb, piv txwv li, Nikolai Vavilov.

Lub Nazi tsoom fwv, txawm tias muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Soviet Union, tsis tau ua ib qho kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb tawm tsam tus thawj coj ntawm cov noob caj noob ces ntawm lub hlwb lub koom haum. Qhov no feem ntau yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Nikolai Vladimirovich txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog German kev lag luam tshawb fawb - ntau tus tsuas yog npog nws, tsis pom kev hem thawj rau tsoomfwv. Timofeev-Ressovsky tsis tsuas yog paub ntau yam botanists thiab zologists, nws yog phooj ywg nrog cov kws tshawb fawb thiab engineers koom nrog hauv Nazi atomic project. Tsis txhob txo qis qhov tseeb tias tus kws tshawb fawb tau saib xyuas txoj haujlwm ntawm hluav taws xob mutagenesis ntawm lub koom haum, thiab txij li thaum kawg ntawm 30s, Nazis 'kev txaus siab rau qhov teeb meem atomic tau loj hlob. Timofeev-Ressovsky (los yog, raws li Daniil Granin hu ua nws nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv, Bison) txawm hais tias muaj ib tug ceev neutron generator mus txuas ntxiv thwmsim ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo yoov.

rov los tsev

Nyob rau hauv 1943, lub Gestapo pov nws mus rau Mauthausen rau kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm Bison tus tub, Dmitry, uas tab tom npaj ib tug sim rau lub neej ntawm Vlasov thiab Rosenberg nws tus kheej. Muaj ib tug version uas Nikolai Vladimirovich tau muab, nyob rau hauv pauv rau nws tus tub txoj kev ywj pheej, mus koom nyob rau hauv ib tug kev pab cuam ntawm yuam sterilization ntawm gypsies - lub Germans txaus siab rau cov achievements ntawm noob caj noob ces department ntawm lub hlwb lub hlwb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm radiomutagenesis. Tus kws tshawb fawb tsis kam, thiab Dmitry tau tawm hauv lub chaw pw hav zoov, thiab thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1, 1945, nws raug tua rau kev koom nrog pab pawg hauv av.

Timofeev-Resovsky, uas nyuam qhuav dim txoj kev tu siab, tsis tsuas yog tos txog kev tuaj txog ntawm cov tub rog Soviet hauv Bukh, tab sis kuj yaum peb tus kws tshawb fawb koom nrog hauv German atomic project kom nyob thiab tsis raug khiav tawm mus rau Asmeskas. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub trinity no, physicist K. Zimmer, radiochemist G. Yug thiab radiobiologist A. Kach, yuav coj ncaj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm atomic riam phom rau lub Soviet Union.

Thiab Nikolai Vladimirovich, poob nthav rau nws thiab tiag tiag ntuj rau txhua leej txhua tus, raug ntes nyob rau hauv 1945 thiab mus rau Moscow. Raws li qhov tshwm sim - 10 xyoo nyob rau hauv lub camps, 5 xyoo swb nyob rau hauv txoj cai thiab ua tiav kev txeeb ntawm cov khoom. Qhov kev txiav txim siab tsis suav nrog ntau qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb, qhov xwm txheej ntawm nws tus tub thiab kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov neeg raug kaw hauv kev ua tsov ua rog thiab Ostarbeiters thaum tsov rog. Tom qab raug tso tawm nrog ib pawg ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv 1951, Timofeev-Ressovsky yuav ua hauj lwm rau lub teb chaws txoj kev tiv thaiv complex raws li lub taub hau ntawm radiobiology department ntawm lub Sverdlovsk tshawb fawb lub koom haum. Nyob rau hauv 1964, nws twb disbanded, thiab Nikolai Vladimirovich tsiv mus rau Obninsk, qhov chaw uas nws coj lub Department of General Radiobiology thiab hluav taws xob noob caj noob ces ntawm lub koom haum ntawm kho mob Radiology. Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, tus kws tshawb fawb yeej tsis raug tshem tawm ntawm kev qias neeg ntawm "ib tug xibfwb uas ua haujlwm hauv Hitler lub lair." Timofeev-Resovsky tuag rau lub Peb Hlis 28, 1981, nyob rau hauv 1986 nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tau ua ib qho kev sim ntawm nws txoj kev kho mob, uas tau ua tiav tsuas yog rau lub Rau Hli 29, 1992.

Muaj ntau qhov tseeb txog lub neej ntawm tus poj Bison. Cov kws tshawb fawb koom nrog Max Delbrück yeej qhov khoom plig Nobel hauv Physiology lossis Tshuaj hauv xyoo 1969. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tias Swedes ib zaug xa ib daim ntawv thov mus rau lub USSR hais txog txoj hmoo ntawm Timofeev-Resovsky, tab sis tsis tau txais cov lus teb. Qhov kev thov no puas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau Pawg Neeg Nobel? Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, hauv xyoo 1986, phau ntawv "Berlin Wild" tau luam tawm hauv Tebchaws Yelemees los ntawm Ellie Welt, tus poj niam ntawm Peter Welt, uas tau txais kev cawmdim los ntawm Nikolai Vladimirovich. Timofeev-Resovsky yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov koom haum tshawb fawb, thiab UNESCO suav nrog nws lub npe hauv cov npe ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.