Pre-revolutionary lub sij hawm: pib ntawm zus tau tej cov combat submarines

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kaum Ib Hlis 28, 2018 tau ua cim 100th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm qhov qub tshaj plaws Kronstadt submarine tsim, uas yog kev cai lij choj ntawm Baltic Hiav Txwv submarine rog ntawm Imperial Navy ntawm Russia, thiab nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 19, 2006, peb lub teb chaws ua kev zoo siab rau 100th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws submarine rog..

Nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1901, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm tus thawj inspector ntawm shipbuilding ntawm Russia, Lieutenant-General E. N. Kuteinikov, kev tsim qauv ntawm domestic combat submarines pib nyob rau hauv St. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, kev tsim khoom ntawm cov tshuab hluav taws xob thiab cov roj teeb hluav taws xob twb tau ua tiav, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los xyuas kom meej lub zog ntawm lub submarine nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm submerged, combustion engines, nrog rau diesel xyaw, uas muaj high efficiency thiab tig tawm mus yuav haum tshaj plaws li nto engine. Raws li riam phom underwater rau submarines, torpedoes tau ua pov thawj tias yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, uas tso cai rau lawv tawm tsam cov nkoj ntog ob qho tib si ntawm thauj tog rau nkoj thiab txav mus rau hauv hiav txwv qhib.

Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 4, 1901, Maritime Ministry tau pom zoo "Submarine Construction Commission", uas yog tus thawj coj los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij kev tsim nkoj nkoj IG Bubnov. Cov thawj coj tau tsim ib qhov project rau thawj domestic combat-npaj submarine "Dolphin". Xyoo 1901, I. G. Bubnov tau raug xaiv tsa nws tus tsim ntawm Baltic Shipyard, saib xyuas nws cov kev sim thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub nkoj.

Lub yim hli ntuj 29, 1903, thawj submarine "Dolphin", yuav luag tag thiab sawv ntawm lub outfitting phab ntsa ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tau mus xyuas Emperor Nicholas II. Nws tau mloog cov lus ceeb toom ntawm IG Bubnov thiab xav "ua tiav hauv kev tsim kho ntxiv." Qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm cov nyiaj txiag ntawm qhov project submarine. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 27 (14), 1903, nws tau txais mus rau hauv lub txhab nyiaj (rau kev pabcuam), thiab thaum Lub Rau Hli 18, 1904, nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm Baltic Fleet. Qhov no yog qhov pib ntawm kev tsim cov submarine rog ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev tsim kho ntawm Dolphin submarine tau sim kom meej meej thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov no yog thawj tus tub ntawm peb cov tub rog submarine.

Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau thaum pib ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm submarines, cov lus nug tshwm sim ntawm kev cob qhia neeg ua hauj lwm: pab pawg thiab tshwj xeeb cov tub ceev xwm rau kev pab rau lawv: lawv tau recruited tsuas yog los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb. Kev cob qhia tau tshwm sim ntawm Dolphin submarine, uas tseem yog thawj lub nkoj kev cob qhia rau kev cob qhia submariners, thiab Tus Thawj Tub Rog 2nd Rank MN Beklemishev yog thawj tus thawj coj-tus cob qhia thiab tus kws qhia. Tsis yog tsis muaj kev poob. Yog li thaum Lub Rau Hli 29 (16), 1904, thaum lub sijhawm 18th kev cob qhia dhia dej ntawm Neva, Dolphin submarine tau poob. Lieutenant A. N. Cherkasov tau hais kom tus Dolphin ntawm qhov kev tawm no. Nyob rau hauv lub nkoj, ntxiv rau nws, muaj ob tug tub ceev xwm thiab 34 qib qis, ntawm uas tsuas yog plaub tus koom nrog pab neeg Dolphin, tus so mastered lub hauv paus ntawm scuba dhia dej "kom qhia lawv kom submerged nyob rau hauv lub nkoj." A. Cherkasov pom tseeb tsis tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lub overload ntawm lub nkoj (24 tus neeg hnyav txog 2 tons) thiab, raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov siab dua li niaj zaus dhia dhia ceev. Qhov xwm txheej txawv txav tau hnyav zuj zus los ntawm kev tsim qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub nkoj.

Qhov tseeb yog hais tias lub ntsiab tsim khuam yog hais tias thaum nws tau raus, tus nkag daug yuav tsum tau muab tshuav ajar nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los ntshav tawm qhov tshaj cua tawm ntawm lub ballast tso tsheb hlau luam rau hauv ib lub check hull ua ntej dhia. Ua ntej yuav mus rau hauv qab dej, lub hatch tau ceev ceev. Thaum 9.30 sawv ntxov "Dolphin" pib dhia dej thiab mus hauv qab dej nrog lub qhov qhib qhib. Tsuas yog 2 tus tub ceev xwm thiab 10 tus neeg tsav nkoj tau txais kev cawmdim. Lieutenant A. N. Cherkasov thiab 24 tus neeg tsav nkoj tsis tau tswj kom tau tawm thiab tuag. Peb hnub tom qab, lub submarine tau tsa. Cov submariners tau faus rau ntawm lub toj ntxas Smolensk. Cov npe ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom raug sau rau ntawm qhov ntxa. Lieutenant A. N. Cherkasov yog faus nyob ze ntawm lub qhov ntxa. Nyob rau hauv nws gravestone muaj ib tug inscription: "Ntawm no yog lub cev ntawm Lieutenant Anatoly Nilovich Cherkasov, uas tau tuag rau lub destroyer Dolphin nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 16, 1904, nrog rau cov lus txib ntawm 24 tus neeg. Qib qis ". Cov no yog thawj zaug poob ntawm thawj kev sib ntaus sib tua submarine ntawm Lavxias teb sab fleet.

Russo-Japanese Tsov rog 1904-1905 tau los ua thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb uas submarines tau koom nrog - cov nkoj ntawm ib hom tshiab, uas los ntawm lub sijhawm no tsuas yog pib los ua lawv qhov chaw hauv navies ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov thawj coj hauv hiav txwv.

Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1904, cov nkoj sib ntaus sib tua Yashima thiab Hatsuse tau tawg los ntawm cov mines ze Port Arthur, thaum cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau txiav txim siab tias lawv tau tawm tsam los ntawm submarines, thiab tag nrho cov tub rog tau tua ntev thiab hnyav rau hauv dej. Tus thawj coj ntawm 1st Pacific Squadron, Rear Admiral V. K. Vitgeft, tau hais kom muab xov tooj cua thaum cov neeg Nyij Pooj sib ntaus sib tua tau tawg uas tus neeg saib xyuas ua tsaug rau submarines rau kev ua tiav. Tau kawg, cov neeg Nyij Pooj cuam tshuam cov lus no thiab "coj nws."

Xyoo 1904, submarines pib xa mus rau Vladivostok los ntawm kev tsheb ciav hlau. Thaum kawg ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1904, twb muaj yim submarines nyob ntawd. Lub Ib Hlis 14 (1), 1905, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj Vladivostok, tag nrho cov nkoj no tau nkag mus rau Kev Sib Cais Sib Cais Sib Tw, uas, dhau los, yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub taub hau ntawm Vladivostok cruiser detachment Rear Admiral K. Ya. Jessen. Kev tswj ncaj qha ntawm kev ua ntawm Kev Sib Tw Sib Tw tau tso siab rau tus thawj coj ntawm submarine "Kasatka" Lieutenant A. V. Plotto, thiab Lieutenant II Riznich, uas tau txib Pike submarine, tau raug xaiv los ua nws tus thawj coj. A. Plotto yog thawj tus thawj coj ntawm thawj qhov kev tawm tsam submarine detachment (A. V. Plotto yug rau lub Peb Hlis 12, 1869, tom qab Vice Admiral, tus thawj coj tub rog, theorist thiab practitioner of diving. Tuag rau xyoo 1948 thaum muaj hnub nyoog 79, faus hauv Piraeus. (Greece)). Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1905, muaj 13 submarine units hauv Vladivostok.

Los ntawm thaum pib ntawm Russo-Japanese Tsov rog, tsis muaj lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tseem tsis tau tsim lub ntsiab lus views ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm submarines nyob rau hauv lawv fleets. Yog li ntawd, Lavxias teb sab Naval Department yuav tsum tau tsim cov kev npaj rau kev siv ntawm nws submarines nyob rau hauv ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv, tsis muaj kev paub. Tsis muaj leej twg paub tiag tiag li cas submarines muaj peev xwm thiab lawv yuav tsum ua haujlwm li cas. Tus thawj coj ntawm "Soma" Lieutenant Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir Vladimirovich Trubetskoy tau sau tias "… lub nkoj, qhov tseeb, tsis muaj leej twg yog tus saib xyuas, thiab cov thawj coj uas xav ua ib yam dab tsi tsis tau txais kev pib …". Thiab ntxiv: “… Txhua yam yuav tsum tau ua tiav thawj zaug, txawm tias yuav los nrog cov lus txib kom tswj lub nkoj. Yeej lawv tau tsim los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm "Skat" Lieutenant Mikhail Tieder thiab tus thawj coj ntawm "Pike" Lieutenant Riznich "(ntau ntawm "cov lus txib" tau muaj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm: "Sawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Mus nce", " Sawv ntsug nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Mus dhia dej ", "Blow out ballast", "Saib ib ncig ntawm lub compartments" thiab lwm yam). Lawv cov haujlwm sib ntaus sib tua tau txo qis rau kev ua haujlwm saib xyuas, ua kev soj ntsuam ze thiab tiv thaiv ntug dej hiav txwv hauv cheeb tsam Vladivostok.

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub ua Lavxias teb sab submarines, thaum ua haujlwm saib xyuas thiab ua kev soj ntsuam, tswj xyuas cov nkoj Japanese. Thawj thawj zaug nyob rau hauv kev xyaum ntawm hostilities, Lavxias teb sab submarine tub ceev xwm, tus thawj coj ntawm lub Soma, Lieutenant Prince V. V. Trubetskoy, pom los ntawm lub periscope tsis yog ib tug kev cob qhia lub hom phiaj ntaub thaiv npog, tab sis yeeb ncuab ships. Nws txiav txim siab tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab. Lub Som plunged thiab pib maneuvering nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav coj ib tug yooj yim txoj hauj lwm rau ib tug salvo, tab sis cov Japanese ships pom nws, qhib hluav taws thiab rammed nws. Lub Som ntog mus rau 12 meters thiab ua ib qho evasive maneuver thiaj li yuav tau txais ib tug xis txoj hauj lwm rau lub torpedo salvo. Tab sis huab cua dheev nqis los saum hiav txwv cia cov yeeb ncuab nkoj nkaum. Txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab qhov kev tawm tsam no tsis ua tiav, nws tau ua lub luag haujlwm zoo.

Cov ntaub ntawv no yog ib qho kev sim ntawm thawj submarine nres nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab submarine fleet thiab tau ua los ntawm Lieutenant Prince V. V. Trubetskoy. Thawj thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb, cov neeg sib tw tshiab tau ntsib - cov nkoj ntog thiab lub nkoj nquam nkoj, pib rau hnub nyob deb qhov kev tawm tsam, tsis tiav rau tam sim no. Thaum xub thawj, submarines tau koom rau hauv chav kawm tua neeg. Los ntawm 1906, Russia muaj 20 ntawm cov submarine destroyers. Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau lub Peb Hlis 11, 1906, hauv Naval Department, Vice Admiral AA Birilev, Minister of the Navy, tau kos npe rau tsab ntawv 52, uas nyeem: "Lub Sovereign Emperor nyob rau 6th hnub ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj ntawm lub xyoo no deigned rau command: 1) suav nrog cov nram qab no pawg nyob rau hauv kev faib ntawm naval nkoj tsim nyob rau hauv 30th hnub ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1891: a) …….. b) submarines. 2) nyob rau hauv qeb thib ob (daim ntawv teev npe) destroyers "Dolphin", "Kasatka", "Field Marshal Count Sheremetyev", "Skat", "Burbot", "Perch", "Mackerel", "Catfish", "Sterlet", " Salmon", "Beluga", "Pike", "Gudgeon", "Sturgeon", "Goby", "Roach", "Halibut", "Whitefish", "Mullet", "Trout" … (Kuv xav hais ntxiv tias tsis muaj tsab cai lij choj ntawm Emperor Nicholas ??. Ntawm qhov teeb meem no, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Cov Ntaub Ntawv Txhawb Kev Pabcuam ntawm Lavxias Lub Xeev Archive ntawm Navy, Honored Worker of Culture ntawm Lavxias Federation VN Gudkin-Vasiliev Txawm li cas los xij, ntau qhov kev sau ntawv, suav nrog cov xov xwm muaj koob npe nrov, xa mus rau qhov tsis paub "mythical" tsab cai ntawm tsar, uas tsis muaj leej twg tau pom dua). Txij thaum ntawd los, keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab submarine rog pib raws li ib yam ntawm cov rog ntawm Navy. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas pib ntawm kev tsim lub submarine rog ntawm peb lub teb chaws yog legalized, thiab hnub ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj 6 (19) tau tshaj tawm tias yog hnub ntawm lub submariner los ntawm Order ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub Navy No. 253. 15.07.1996 dr hab. Hauv kev xaus lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev siv submarines hauv kev ua tsov rog Russo-Japanese, nws tau sau tseg tias ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj rau kev siv tsis zoo yog: "… Cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov neeg coob tsis tau kawm txaus thiab lawv yuav tsum tau ua. cob qhia lawv tus kheej … ", 27.03 1906 (Lub Plaub Hlis 9, tshiab style) nyob rau hauv Libava (Liepaja), thawj Lavxias teb sab kev cob qhia dhia squadron tau officially tsim. Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov kev tshem tawm yog kev cob qhia ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj hauv nkoj, kev lees txais cov nkoj nkoj los ntawm kev lag luam, lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab kev ua haujlwm.

Lub creation ntawm scuba diving kev cob qhia detachment yog formalized los ntawm kev txiav txim No. 88 hnub tim 17 lub Plaub Hlis (29), 1906, kos npe los ntawm tus Minister of the Navy, Vice-Admiral AA Birilev. Tsab ntawv no nyeem: "Sovereign Emperor, nyob rau 27th hnub ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj 1906, lub siab tshaj plaws deigned pom zoo 1) lub tswv yim uas ua raws li nyob rau hauv lub State Council rau tsim ib tug cob qhia dhia detachment thiab 2) cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug cob qhia dhia detachment …" … Lub detachment yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Emperor Alexander III (Liepaja), Rear Admiral Eduard Nikolaevich Schensnovich tau raug tsa thawj tus thawj coj ntawm lub detachment (nws txib kom detachment nyob rau hauv 1906-1907). Raws li nws tsab ntawv ceeb toom, ib tug commission raug tsim, lub tswv yim ntawm uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv nws cov ntsiab lus: “… Tsis yog ib feem ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb xav tau los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm paub zoo li lub nkoj nkoj; ntawm no txhua tus neeg yuav tsum paub tias nws yuav tsum ua li cas nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej sib txawv, kev ua yuam kev tsis raug tso cai, thiab yog li ntawd txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm submarines yuav tsum dhau qhov kev kawm tsim nyog tshaj plaws hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab xeem dhau qhov kev xeem zoo raws li kev tsim tawm … " (RGA Navy. D.27995, ll. 182-183). Cov detachment muaj xws li: kev cob qhia neeg ua hauj lwm, ib tug tub ceev xwm chav kawm ntawv thiab ib lub tsev kawm ntawv rau qib qis. Cov detachment suav nrog tag nrho cov submarines muaj nyob ntawm Baltic Fleet: lub nkoj cob qhia Khabarovsk, submarines Peskar, Beluga, Sig, Sterlyad, Lamprey, Okun, thiab Mackrel. Ntawm cov nkoj nquam nkoj no, 7 tus tub ceev xwm thiab 20 tus neeg tsav nkoj tau pib ua kev cob qhia.

Lub submarine division suav nrog: 1st division - submarines "Bars", "Vepr" thiab "Gepard"; 2nd Division - submarines "Tiger", "Lioness" thiab "Panther"; 3rd Division - submarines "Shark", "Cayman", "Crocodile", "Alligator" thiab "Dragon"; 4th faib - submarines "Mackerel", "Okun" thiab "Lamprey"; 5th faib - submarines Beluga, Gudgeon, Sterlet; Lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb - cov nkoj me me No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, ua los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm cov tub rog; txhawb nqa nkoj - thauj "Tebchaws Europe", "Khabarovsk", No. Thawj lub nkoj hauv Lavxias tau ua tiav kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev ua tsov rog hauv hiav txwv yog Gepard submarine. Thaum sawv ntxov ntawm 23 (10) Lub Yim Hli 1915, tawm ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv sab hnub poob ntawm Ezel Island, Gepard pom tus yeeb ncuab peb lub raj xa dej ntawm chav kawm Bremen thiab nrog nws tsib tus neeg tua neeg. Mus txog qhov deb ntawm 6-8 cables, tus thawj coj, Lieutenant Ya I. Podgorny, tau tua ib lub volley ntawm tsib lub torpedoes thiab vam tias yuav pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam, tab sis tig lub periscope rov qab, nws pom ib tug yeeb ncuab destroyer mus ncaj nraim rau. lub nkoj. Lawv yuav tsum tau ceev nrooj mus rau hauv dej mus rau qhov tob txog 15 meters, thiab tom qab ib ntus cov nkoj nkoj tau hnov qhov tawg muaj zog.

Dab tsi tshwm sim rau tus yeeb ncuab cruiser tsis paub, tab sis los ntawm Tserel lighthouse lawv kuj hnov ib qho tawg hauv qhov tsaus ntuj. Qhov no yog thawj txoj kev salvo ntawm torpedo nres kom ua tiav kev thov.

Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 27, 1915, submarine "Akula" nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Captain 2nd Rank N. A. Gudim tau pib nws txoj kev ua tub rog 17th. Nws chav kawm nteg rau Memel, qhov chaw nws yuav tsum teeb mines. Lub nkoj tsis rov qab los ntawm kev ua tub rog. Feem ntau nws yuav tuag ntawm kuv tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag yeej tsis tau tsim. "Shark" tau dhau los ua thawj submarine hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab uas raug tua nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm hostilities. Peb lub cim xeeb yuav khaws cia lub "Akula" ua ib qho ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab diesel-hluav taws xob submarines, uas yog cim pib ntawm active hostilities ntawm domestic submariners thiab lawv cov phiaj xwm mus ntev..

Nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 15, 1916, lub submarine "Hma" (coj los ntawm Senior Lieutenant IV Messer) tau tawm ntawm kev ua tub rog mus rau thaj tsam Norrkoping Bay (nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Sweden). Ivan Vladimirovich, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam no, nteg 3 German thauj thiab ib tug steamer nrog ib tug tag nrho tonnage txog 14600 tons. submarine "Beluga" thiab nyob rau hauv 1915-1918 submarine "hma." pilotage ntawm Dawb Hiav txwv, ces nws emigrated thawj zaug rau Finland., ces mus rau Serbia thiab ces mus rau teb chaws USA. tuag rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 16, 1952 nyob rau hauv Cleveland (Ohio)).

Nyob rau hauv 1916, England tau pauv 11 ntau AG-chav submarines rau Russia, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv America rau Askiv. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1916, Rear Admiral Dmitry Verderevsky tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj thib ob ntawm submarine division, hloov Rear Admiral N. L. Podgursky hauv tsab ntawv no.

Phab ntsa tau ua tiav tas li rau ob txhiab xyoo - txog 1644. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, vim muaj ntau yam sab hauv thiab sab nraud, cov phab ntsa tau hloov mus ua "txheej", zoo ib yam li cov kab laug sab laug los ntawm cov kab kab hauv tsob ntoo (qhov no tuaj yeem pom meej hauv daim duab).

Thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho tag nrho, tsuas yog cov khoom hloov pauv, raws li txoj cai: av nplaum qub, pebbles thiab lub ntiaj teb compacted tau hloov los ntawm limestone thiab denser pob zeb. Tab sis tus qauv tsim nws tus kheej, raws li txoj cai, tsis tau hloov pauv, txawm hais tias nws qhov tsis sib txawv: qhov siab 5-7 meters, dav txog 6.5 meters, yees txhua ob puas meters (qhov deb ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm xub lossis arquebus). Lawv sim kos cov phab ntsa nws tus kheej raws cov ridges ntawm roob.

Thiab feem ntau lawv nquag siv cov toj roob hauv pes hauv zos rau lub hom phiaj fortification. Qhov ntev ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob ntug ntawm phab ntsa yog nominally txog 9000 kilometers, tab sis yog tias koj suav tag nrho cov ceg thiab txheej, nws tawm mus rau 21,196 kilometers. Ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb no nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv ua haujlwm los ntawm 200 txhiab mus rau ob lab tus tib neeg (uas yog, ib feem tsib ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws).

Tam sim no feem ntau ntawm cov phab ntsa raug tso tseg, ib feem ntawm nws yog siv los ua qhov chaw ncig xyuas. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov phab ntsa raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov xwm txheej huab cua: cov dej ntws ntws mus rau nws, cov cua sov kom qhuav ua rau tawg … Interestingly, archaeologists tseem nrhiav tau tam sim no tsis paub fortification sites. Qhov no feem ntau cuam tshuam rau sab qaum teb "veins" ntawm ciam teb nrog Mongolia.

Adrian tus ncej thiab Antonina ncej

Nyob rau hauv thawj ib puas xyoo AD, lub Roman faj tim teb chaws nquag kov yeej lub British Isles. Txawm hais tias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, lub hwj chim ntawm Rome, kis los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cov pab pawg neeg hauv zos, nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm cov kob yog unconditional, cov pab pawg neeg nyob rau sab qaum teb (feem ntau cov Picts thiab brigants) tsis kam xa mus rau txawv teb chaws., ua raids thiab npaj tub rog skirmishes. Txhawm rau kom ruaj ntseg thaj chaw tswj hwm thiab tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm cov neeg tua neeg tawm tsam, hauv 120 AD Emperor Hadrian tau txiav txim rau kev tsim kho kab ntawm fortifications, uas tom qab tau txais nws lub npe. Thaum xyoo 128, txoj haujlwm tiav lawm.

Tus ncej hla sab qaum teb ntawm British Isle los ntawm Irish Hiav Txwv mus rau sab qaum teb thiab yog phab ntsa 117 mais ntev. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, lub rampart yog ua los ntawm ntoo thiab lub ntiaj teb, nws yog 6 m dav thiab 3.5 meters siab, thiab nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj nws yog ua los ntawm pob zeb, qhov dav yog 3 m, thiab qhov nruab nrab qhov siab yog 5 meters. Moats tau khawb rau ntawm ob sab ntawm phab ntsa, thiab ib txoj kev ua tub rog rau kev hloov cov tub rog khiav raws rampart nyob rau sab qab teb.

Nyob rau hauv lub rampart, 16 forts tau tsim, uas ib txhij ua hauj lwm raws li checkpoints thiab barracks, nruab nrab ntawm lawv txhua txhua 1300 meters muaj me towers, txhua ib nrab ib kilometer muaj teeb liab qauv thiab cabins.

Lub rampart tau tsim los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm peb legions raws li cov kob, nrog rau txhua ntu me me tsim ib pab tub rog me me. Pom tau tias, xws li kev hloov pauv tsis tau tso cai rau ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog kom hloov mus ua haujlwm tam sim ntawd. Tom qab ntawd cov tib legions tau ua lub luag haujlwm saib xyuas ntawm no.

Raws li Roman faj tim teb chaws tau nthuav dav, twb nyob rau hauv Emperor Antoninus Pius, nyob rau hauv 142-154, ib tug zoo xws li kab ntawm fortifications tau tsim 160 km sab qaum teb ntawm lub Andrianov phab ntsa. Lub pob zeb tshiab Antoninov ncej zoo ib yam li "tus kwv loj": dav - 5 meters, qhov siab - 3-4 meters, ditches, txoj kev, turrets, tswb. Tab sis muaj ntau ntau forts - 26. Qhov ntev ntawm lub rampart yog ob zaug tsawg - 63 kilometers, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv no ib feem ntawm Scotland cov kob yog ntau nqaim.

Txawm li cas los xij, Rome tsis tuaj yeem tswj hwm thaj tsam ntawm ob lub ramparts, thiab hauv 160-164 cov neeg Loos tau tawm ntawm phab ntsa, rov qab los rau Hadrian lub fortifications. Nyob rau hauv 208, cov tub rog ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman dua tswj tuav lub fortifications, tab sis tsuas yog rau ob peb xyoos, tom qab uas lub yav qab teb ib tug - lub Hadrian lub ncej - dua los ua lub ntsiab kab. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th, lub zog ntawm Rome ntawm cov kob tau poob qis, cov legions pib degrade, cov phab ntsa tsis raug tswj xyuas kom zoo, thiab kev tawm tsam ntau ntawm cov pab pawg los ntawm sab qaum teb ua rau kev puas tsuaj. Los ntawm 385, cov neeg Loos tau tso tseg tsis ua hauj lwm Hadrian's Wall.

Lub ruins ntawm lub fortifications tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no thiab yog ib qho zoo heev monument ntawm Antiquity nyob rau hauv Great Britain.

Serif kab

Kev ntxeem tau ntawm nomads nyob rau sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Europe xav tau kev ntxiv dag zog rau yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm Rusyn cov thawj coj. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIII, cov pej xeem ntawm Russia siv ntau txoj kev ntawm lub tsev tiv thaiv cov tub rog nees, thiab nyob rau hauv lub XIV xyoo pua, cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm yuav ua li cas kom raug tsim "notch kab" twb coj zoo. Zaseka tsis yog qhov dav dav nrog cov teeb meem hauv hav zoov (thiab feem ntau ntawm cov chaw hauv nqe lus nug yog ntoo), nws yog cov qauv tiv thaiv uas tsis yooj yim rau kev kov yeej. Ntawm qhov chaw, cov ntoo poob, taw tes taw thiab lwm cov qauv yooj yim ua los ntawm cov khoom siv hauv zos, tsis tuaj yeem rau tus neeg caij nees, tau daig hauv av crosswise thiab coj mus rau yeeb ncuab.

Nyob rau hauv no pos huab cua yog earthen ntxiab, "qej", uas incapacitated cov tub rog ko taw, yog hais tias lawv sim mus kom ze thiab dismantle lub fortifications. Thiab los ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm lub clearing muaj ib tug ncej fortified nrog ceg txheem ntseeg, raws li txoj cai, nrog saib posts thiab forts. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kab no yog ncua kev ua ntej ntawm cov tub rog tub rog thiab muab sijhawm rau cov tub rog tub huabtais sib sau ua ke. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIV, tub huabtais ntawm Vladimir Ivan Kalita tsa ib tug uninterrupted kab ntawm cov cim los ntawm lub Oka River mus rau lub Don River thiab ntxiv mus rau lub Volga. Lwm cov vaj ntxwv kuj tau tsim cov kab zoo li no hauv lawv thaj av. Thiab tus neeg saib xyuas Zasechnaya tau ua haujlwm rau lawv, thiab tsis yog nyob rau ntawm txoj kab xwb: nees patrols tau tawm mus nrhiav deb mus rau sab qab teb.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov thawj coj ntawm Russia tau koom ua ib lub xeev Lavxias, uas muaj peev xwm tsim cov qauv loj. Cov yeeb ncuab kuj hloov: tam sim no lawv yuav tsum tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm Crimean-Nogai raids. Los ntawm 1520 txog 1566, Great Zasechnaya Kab tau tsim, uas ncab los ntawm Bryansk hav zoov mus rau Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, feem ntau raws ntug dej ntawm Oka.

Cov no tsis yog qhov qub "kev taw qhia cua daj cua dub", tab sis ib txoj kab ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nees, kev dag ntxias, riam phom phom. Dhau ntawm kab no tau tso cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog sawv ntawm txog 15,000 tus neeg, thiab sab nraud ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab tus neeg sawv cev network ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, tus yeeb ncuab tswj kom kov yeej cov kab no ntau zaus.

Raws li lub xeev muaj zog thiab ciam teb nthuav dav mus rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj, ntau pua xyoo tom ntej no, cov fortifications tshiab tau tsim: Belgorod kab, Simbirskaya zaseka, Zakamskaya kab, Izyumskaya kab, woodland Ukrainian kab, Samara-Orenburgskaya kab (qhov no twb yog 1736., tom qab Peter tuag !). Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov neeg tua neeg tau raug tshem tawm lossis tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau lwm yam laj thawj, thiab cov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam tau ua tiav zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Yog li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm cov notches tuaj mus rau naught.

Berlin phab ntsa

Tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II, thaj chaw ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees tau muab faib nruab nrab ntawm USSR thiab cov phooj ywg mus rau thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob.

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 23, 1949, lub xeev ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws koom pheej ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm West Germany, uas koom nrog NATO bloc.

Lub Kaum Hli 7, 1949, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm East Yelemes (ntawm thaj chaw ntawm thaj chaw qub Soviet ua haujlwm), German Democratic Republic tau tsim, uas tau tuav tswj hwm kev nom kev tswv los ntawm USSR. Nws sai sai tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov thawj lub teb chaws ntawm lub socialist camp.

Berlin tseem muaj teeb meem: ib yam li lub teb chaws Yelemees, nws tau muab faib ua thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob ntawm txoj haujlwm. Tab sis tom qab tsim GDR, East Berlin tau los ua nws lub peev, tab sis West, nominally yog thaj chaw ntawm FRG, tau dhau los ua ib pawg. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm NATO thiab OVD tau sov thaum Tsov Rog Txias, thiab West Berlin yog pob txha hauv caj pas ntawm txoj kev mus rau GDR kev tswj hwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tub rog ntawm cov qub phoojywg tseem nyob hauv thaj av no.

Txhua sab tau muab cov lus pom zoo tsis txaus ntseeg hauv lawv qhov kev pom zoo, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem tso rau qhov xwm txheej tam sim no. De facto, ciam teb ntawm GDR thiab West Berlin yog pob tshab, muaj txog li ib nrab lab tus tib neeg hla nws unhindered ib hnub. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 1961, ntau dua 2 lab tus tib neeg tau khiav tawm ntawm West Berlin mus rau FRG, uas ua rau ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm GDR, thiab kev tsiv teb tsaws tau nce ntxiv.

Tsoomfwv tau txiav txim siab tias txij li nws tsis tuaj yeem tswj hwm West Berlin, nws tsuas yog cais nws. Hmo ntuj ntawm 12 (Saturday) txog 13 (Hnub Sunday) Lub Yim Hli 1961, cov tub rog ntawm GDR ncig thaj chaw ntawm West Berlin, tsis pub cov neeg nyob hauv nroog sab nraud lossis sab hauv. Ordinary German communists sawv hauv ib lub cordon nyob. Ob peb hnub, txhua txoj kev nyob ntawm ciam teb, tram thiab metro kab raug kaw, cov xov tooj raug txiav tawm, cable thiab cov kav dej sau tau muab tso nrog gratings. Ntau lub tsev nyob ib sab ntawm ciam teb raug ntiab tawm thiab rhuav tshem, hauv ntau lub qhov rais tau ci ntsa iab.

Kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txav mus los tau raug txwv tag nrho: qee tus tsis tuaj yeem rov qab los tsev, qee qhov tsis tau mus ua haujlwm. Qhov teeb meem Berlin thaum Lub Kaum Hli 27, 1961, yuav yog ib lub sijhawm thaum Tsov Rog Txias tuaj yeem kub. Thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli, kev tsim kho ntawm phab ntsa tau ua tiav ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm. Thiab thaum xub thawj nws yog lub laj kab pob zeb lossis cib, tab sis los ntawm 1975 lub phab ntsa yog ib qho nyuaj ntawm fortifications rau ntau lub hom phiaj.

Cia peb sau lawv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim: ib lub laj kab laj kab, laj kab mesh nrog barbed hlau thiab hluav taws xob tswb, anti-tank hedgehogs thiab anti-tyre spikes, ib txoj kev rau patrols, anti-tank ditch, ib tug tswj sawb. Thiab tseem lub cim ntawm phab ntsa yog lub laj kab peb-meter nrog cov yeeb nkab dav rau saum (kom koj tsis tuaj yeem viav koj txhais ceg). Tag nrho cov no tau txais kev pab los ntawm kev ruaj ntseg yees, nrhiav teeb pom kev zoo, cov khoom siv teeb liab thiab npaj cov ntsiab lus tua.

Qhov tseeb, phab ntsa tig West Berlin mus rau hauv kev tshwj tseg. Tab sis cov teeb meem thiab cov ntxiab tau ua nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev thiab nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia hais tias nws yog cov inhabitants ntawm East Berlin uas tsis tuaj yeem hla phab ntsa thiab nkag mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub nroog. Thiab nws yog nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia uas cov pej xeem khiav tawm ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm lub Internal Affairs Department mus rau lub fenced-nyob rau hauv enclave. Ob peb lub chaw kuaj xyuas ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau kev ua haujlwm, thiab cov neeg saib xyuas raug tso cai tua kom tua.

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv tag nrho keeb kwm ntawm lub neej ntawm phab ntsa, 5,075 tus neeg tau khiav tawm ntawm GDR, suav nrog 574 tus neeg tawm suab. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov loj tshaj ntawm lub fortifications ntawm phab ntsa yog, ntau sophisticated yog txoj kev khiav: ib tug dai glider, lub zais pa, ob chav hauv qab ntawm lub tsheb, ib tug dhia dhia dej, thiab nyob rau hauv lub tunnels.

Lwm 249,000 East Germans tau tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob "raws li txoj cai". Los ntawm 140 txog 1250 tus neeg tuag thaum sim hla ciam teb. Los ntawm 1989, perestroika nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias nyob rau hauv lub USSR, thiab ntau GDR cov neeg nyob ze qhib ciam teb nrog nws, cia East Germans tawm hauv lub teb chaws en masse. Lub neej ntawm phab ntsa tau dhau los ua qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 9, 1989, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tsoomfwv GDR tau tshaj tawm cov cai tshiab rau kev nkag mus thiab tawm hauv lub tebchaws.

Ntau pua txhiab tus neeg German sab hnub tuaj, yam tsis tau tos txog hnub teem tseg, tau maj nrawm mus rau ciam teb thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Kaum Ib Hlis 9. Raws li kev nco qab ntawm cov neeg tim khawv, cov neeg saib xyuas ciam teb uas npau taws tau hais rau "phab ntsa tsis muaj ntxiv lawm, lawv hais hauv TV," tom qab ntawd cov neeg coob coob ntawm cov neeg nyob sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob tau ntsib. Ib qho ntawm cov phab ntsa tau raug tshem tawm, qhov chaw cov neeg coob coob tau tsoo nws nrog cov sledgehammers thiab nqa cov khoom tawg, zoo li cov pob zeb ntawm Bastille poob.

Phab ntsa tawg tsis muaj qhov xwm txheej tsawg dua li qhov uas cim txhua hnub ntawm nws sawv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Berlin, ib nrab-kilometer stretched - raws li ib tug monument rau lub senselessness ntawm xws usurpation ntsuas. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 21, 2010, qhov kev nthuav qhia thawj feem ntawm qhov loj memorial complex mob siab rau Berlin Wall tau tshwm sim hauv Berlin.

Trump Phab ntsa

Thawj lub laj kab ntawm Asmeskas-Mexico ciam teb tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tab sis cov no yog cov laj kab zoo tib yam, thiab lawv feem ntau raug rhuav tshem los ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm Mexico.

Kev tsim kho ntawm ib txoj kab uas muaj peev xwm tiag tiag tau tshwm sim los ntawm 1993 txog 2009. Lub fortification no npog 1,078 km ntawm 3145 km ntawm tus ciam teb. Ntxiv nrog rau lub laj kab mesh lossis hlau nrog cov hlau barbed, kev ua haujlwm ntawm phab ntsa suav nrog nws pib thiab nyoob hoom qav taub patrols, motion sensors, video koob yees duab thiab lub teeb pom kev zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub sawb tom qab ntawm phab ntsa yog tshem tawm cov nroj tsuag.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov siab ntawm phab ntsa, tus naj npawb ntawm cov laj kab ntawm ib qho kev ncua deb, kev soj ntsuam cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho txawv nyob ntawm qhov seem ntawm ciam teb. Piv txwv li, nyob rau qee qhov chaw ciam teb hla lub nroog, thiab phab ntsa ntawm no tsuas yog ib lub laj kab nrog cov ntsiab lus taw qhia thiab nkhaus rau saum. Qhov feem ntau "multi-layered" thiab feem ntau patrolled seem ntawm ciam teb-phab ntsa yog cov uas los ntawm kev khiav ntawm emigrants yog loj tshaj nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Hauv cov cheeb tsam no, nws tau nqis los ntawm 75% hauv 30 xyoo dhau los, tab sis cov neeg thuam hais tias qhov no tsuas yog yuam cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw kom siv tsis yooj yim dua txoj kev hla av (uas feem ntau ua rau lawv tuag vim qhov hnyav ib puag ncig) lossis chaw rau cov kev pabcuam ntawm smugglers.

Ntawm ntu tam sim no ntawm phab ntsa, feem pua ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsis raug cai raug ntes mus txog 95%. Tab sis ntawm cov seem ntawm ciam teb uas qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nyiag tshuaj los yog kev hla ntawm cov tub rog tub rog tsawg, yuav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txhua, uas ua rau muaj kev thuam txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov kab ke. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub laj kab tuaj yeem ua rau lub laj kab laj kab rau cov tsiaj nyeg, lub laj kab ua los ntawm cov kab vertically tso, ib lub laj kab ua los ntawm cov kav hlau steel ntawm ib qho ntev nrog cov pob zeb ua pob zeb, thiab txawm tias ib qho thaiv ntawm cov cav tov flattened nyob rau hauv cov xovxwm. Nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw, tsheb thiab helicopter patrols yog suav hais tias yog thawj txoj kev tiv thaiv.

Kev tsim kho ntawm phab ntsa sib cais raws tag nrho ciam teb nrog Mexico tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm Donald Trump qhov kev xaiv tsa hauv xyoo 2016, tab sis kev koom tes ntawm nws cov thawj coj raug txwv kom txav cov ntu uas twb muaj lawm ntawm phab ntsa mus rau lwm cov lus qhia ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws, uas xyaum ua. tsis tau nce tag nrho ntev. Cov kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Trump los ntawm kev thawb lub phiaj xwm phab ntsa thiab nyiaj txiag los ntawm Senate.

Qhov teeb meem tshaj tawm xov xwm tshaj tawm ntawm kev tsim lub phab ntsa tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Asmeskas haiv neeg thiab sab nraud lub tebchaws, dhau los ua lwm qhov kev sib cav ntawm Republican thiab Democratic cov neeg txhawb nqa. Thawj Tswj Hwm Joe Biden tau cog lus tias yuav rhuav tshem phab ntsa tag nrho, tab sis cov lus no tseem yog cov lus rau tam sim no.

Thiab kom deb li deb, rau qhov zoo siab ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, txoj hmoo ntawm phab ntsa tseem nyob hauv limbo.