Atrocious Baltic kev ua phem txhaum cai nyob rau hauv North-West ntawm Russia 1941-1944

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, lub TASS xovxwm chaw tuav ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov thawj kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub St. Petersburg lub koom haum ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences Boris Kovalev "Lub Baltic hneev taw nyob rau hauv lub North-West ntawm Russia 1941-1944: Kev ua txhaum ntawm kev ua tub rog thiab kev ua tub rog ", mob siab rau kev ua tub rog ntshai ntawm Nazi cov neeg koom tes ntawm Estonia, Latvia thiab Lithuania hauv thaj chaw nyob ntawm RSFSR.

Hais txog kev ua phem Baltic accomplices ntawm Hitlernyob rau hauv Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov cheeb tsam, lub analytical portal RuBaltic. Ru tau hais los ntawm scientific editor ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Association rau Baltic Studies (RAPI), xibfwb ntawm St. Petersburg State University (SPbSU) Nikolai MEZHEVICH.

Mr. Mezhevich, ua ke nrog tus kws sau keeb kwm Vladimir Simindey, koj tau nthuav tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm Boris Kovalev txog kev ua txhaum ntawm cov neeg koom tes los ntawm Latvians, Lithuanians thiab Estonians nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Russia thaum lub sij hawm Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog

Vim li cas koj thiaj txiav txim siab nthuav tawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom tam sim no?

- Muaj ob peb lo lus teb. Ua ntej, jubilee xyoo - 75 xyoo ntawm yeej.

Thib ob, muaj tej yam uas yooj yim tsis poob lawv qhov tseeb. Lwm xyoo caum, ob xyoo caum, peb lub xyoo caum yuav dhau mus - qhov tseem ceeb yuav nyob twj ywm.

Tus kheej, kom ua ncaj ncees, kev ntsuam xyuas nom tswv ntawm Tatar-Mongol ntxeem tau tsis tseem ceeb rau kuv tam sim no: nws tsis yog, nws tsis yog, kuv tus kws qhia ntawv Lev Nikolayevich Gumilyov yog qhov raug lossis tsis yog, kev sib raug zoo tsim muaj li cas; nws tseem ntev dhau los lawm. Ntxiv mus, kuv yeej tsis txaus siab rau qhov lawv xav txog qhov no hauv Mongolia lossis hauv tib Estonia.

Tab sis cov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob lossis Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kuv. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm kuv kev nco qab, qhov no yog qhov kuv qhia kuv cov menyuam kawm ntawv, qhov kuv sau txog. Thiab kev ntsuam xyuas cov xwm txheej no, raws li, yog ib feem ntawm kuv txoj haujlwm.

Tam sim no, rov qab los rau cov xwm txheej no: Kuv zoo li ib tug txiv neej Soviet, uas kawm tiav los ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab ib lub koom haum nyob rau hauv lub USSR, kawm tau zoo heev - ua tsaug rau cov xib fwb - txog dab tsi cov Germans tau ua, hais txog kev ua phem ntawm cov Germans nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Soviet Union.

Thiab tom qab ib lub sijhawm, kuv pib kawm tias Khatyn, piv txwv li, tsis raug hlawv los ntawm Germans, thiab Ukrainian txim

Txawm tias tom qab ntawd, nws tau pom tseeb tias nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Leningrad cheeb tsam (hnub no nws yog Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov cheeb tsam) kev ua phem tau ua phem tsis yog los ntawm Germans, tab sis kujEstonians, Latvians thiab txawm Lithuanians.

Nws yog to taub hais tias yog vim li cas qhov no yog, peb yuav hais, delicately zais los ntawm peb, nyob ntsiag to - lub Soviet Union zoo li nyob mus ib txhis, peb tau tsim ib tug tshiab keeb kwm zej zog "cov neeg Soviet", tsim socialism ua ke, ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw ua ke, thiab yog li ntawd. Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tag nrho ua li cas xaus li kev npaj txhij txog.

Lo lus nug yog vim li cas?

Tej zaum kuj vim nyob rau ib lub sij hawm peb tsis tau ua qhov yog thiab kawm tau tej yam tsis ncaj ncees lawm zaj lus qhia los ntawm peb lub neej yav dhau los.

Ib zaug cov tub ntxhais kawm hais rau kuv: "Nikolai Maratovich, nws yog ib qho txawv txawv … Dovlatov sau (yog, qhov no yog nws phau ntawv "Kev Sib Haum Xeeb") uas, thaum ua haujlwm hauv Estonia, nws raug xa mus rau kev xam phaj, thiab nws yuam kev xam phaj tus thawj coj ntawm kev ua yeeb yam., leej twg tau los ua tus thawj coj SS. " Kuv cov tub kawm hais tias, “Ua li cas? Yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Dovlatov SS Oberleutenant ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug thawj coj ua yeeb yam?

Kuv yuav tsum tau piav qhia rau lawv: koj paub, kuv ua tau. Nws zaum, tej zaum, "kaum" thiab tawm mus, yog tias tsis pom kev ua txhaum cai tiag tiag tsis pom qab nws.

Niaj hnub no nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tau hais, muab lub hom phiaj kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev koom tes ntawm lub Baltic paramilitary thiab tub rog tsim nyob rau hauv kev ua txhaum cai nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Leningrad cheeb tsam, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lwm lub cheeb tsam thiab nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Soviet Ukraine. Soviet Belarus.

Thaum peb raug liam tias ua rau Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, ntawm nws qhov kev phem, peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias leej twg, qhov tseeb, yog liam peb. "Leej twg yog cov txiav txim?" Thiab nrog cov kws txiav txim plaub ntug tej yam tshwm sim los ua phem heev.

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania qhia peb: "Yog lawm, peb cov neeg me me, yog li, me ntsis koom nrog hauv tub ceev xwm tsim." Thiab hauv Estonia thiab Latvia lawv ntxiv: “Txawm tias hauv SS. Tab sis koj paub, lawv tau txais qhov ntawd ntawm kev hu …"

Thiab thaum peb pib nkag siab thiab ua haujlwm, suav nrog Estonian thiab Latvian cov ntaub ntawv, nws hloov tawm: koj yog dab tsi, koj yog dab tsi, hu xov tooj, neeg yeem mus.

Ces peb hais tias: "Auj, lawv mus tua Stalin."

Thov txim, tab sis lawv hlawv cov zos hauv cheeb tsam Pskov nrog Stalin? Lawv faus cov menyuam ciaj sia - yog dab tsi, lawv faus Stalin?

Niaj hnub no peb yuav tsum hais lus ncaj ncees txog kev ua txhaum cai los ntawm Balts nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia

Tab sis nws paub tias Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees tsis tau npaj los tsim cov teb chaws sov sov hauv Baltic States thiab tsis zais nws. Dab tsi, tom qab tag nrho, ua rau cov Balts rau kev koom tes nrog cov Germans?

- Koj paub, lo lus nug tsuas yog zoo heev. Tseeb tiag, cov nom tswv loj hauv Estonia, Latvia, thiab txawm nyob hauv Lithuania tau nkag siab zoo tias yog lawv muaj hmoo heev, lawv yuav muaj kev ywj pheej. Yog koj muaj hmoo heev. Tab sis lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug me ntsis tsis txaus.

Vim peb nco txog tej yam uas tshwm sim hauv Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1. Lub hwj chim loj Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ib zaug - thiab ploj mus. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw tuaj qhov txaus ntshai, haib German pab tub rog ntawm lub thib ob Reich, thiab ces ib zaug - thiab ploj mus. Thiab thaum ob tug titans, Berlin thiab Petrograd, noj ib leeg, ywj siab Estonia, Latvia thiab Lithuania tshwm sim.

Thiab, ib txwm, cov no yuav yog cov nom tswv nrog lawv lub luj tshib hauv ntshav xav: "Vim li cas peb tsis rov ua qhov no dua? Hitler yuav tsav Stalin tawm, Stalin yuav tsav Hitler tawm, peb yuav tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej thiab yuav ua neej nyob kaj siab lug mus ib txhis."

Nws yog qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj dab tsi ua tau zoo, tab sis cov lus dab neeg no hais txog kev tshawb nrhiav thib peb tau tshaj tawm rau cov qib thiab cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tub ceev xwm ntawm 20th Estonian SS faib, 15th thiab 19th Latvian SS faib. Cov txiv neej zoo tib yam, feem ntau, tau tswj hwm lub tswv yim no.

Thiab lawv tau ua siab dawb ntseeg tias, tuag rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Soviet Union thiab tom qab ntawd (uas yog qhov nthuav tshaj plaws, txawm tias mus txog Czechoslovakia), lawv tau tiv thaiv lawv cov Estonia. Cov txiv neej Estonian SS kawg raug ntes tau nyob rau hauv Czechoslovakia.

Qhov tseeb, lawv tsuas tiv thaiv Hitler xwb.

Lawv yog nws cov tub qhe ncaj ncees. Thiab tsis muaj cov khoom siv roj ntsha ntawm lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog tshem tawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib koom tes ncaj qha nrog Nazi lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Puas muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov neeg Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians uas txhawb nqa Nazis thaum ua tsov rog?

- Muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no. Tsis tas li ntawd, tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib raug zoo, los ntawm cov npe, cov thawj coj nom tswv, uas txhawb Hitler thiab nws cov kev tswj hwm pej xeem thiab tub rog, tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov neeg raug txim uas tau hlawv cov zos hauv cheeb tsam Leningrad, tua cov neeg Yudais, gypsies, pov thawj, tsuas yog cov neeg communist thiab. Russians…

Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no muaj nyob ntawd, thiab peb tsis suav nrog qhov muaj peev xwm hais tias ib tug neeg tseem muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no thiab nyob tsis yog hauv Canada, Australia, tab sis kuj hauv Estonia thiab Latvia.

Hauv Baltics, lawv hais txog qhov no tias lawv muaj laj thawj tsis nyiam Soviet tsoom fwv thiab tawm tsam nws. Kev tsim txom loj, deportations

- Tau kawg, lawv tsis nyiam lub hwj chim ntawm Soviet, thiab tsis muaj leej twg ntawm peb niaj hnub no coj lub hwj chim no. Txawm hais tias kuv tus kheej tsis tuaj yeem lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm kev tsim txom loj hauv Baltics, txij li thaum Soviet kev tawm tsam raug tsom rau qhov xwm txheej. Yog lawm, lawv tau ntes cov tub ceev xwm, yog, lawv tau ntiab tawm cov neeg sawv cev, raws li lawv tau hais, ntawm pawg tswj hwm.

Tab sis cov no tsis yog kev tsim txom loj heev.

Nws tsis zoo li tus cwj pwm ntawm tib neeg Estonians thiab Latvians hauv thaj av Leningrad. Lawv coj li cas? Lawv tsuas ncig lub zos thiab hlawv tag nrho cov pejxeem hauv txhua lub tsev.

Muaj cov npe ntawm cov raug ntiab tawm, thiab los ntawm lawv nws yog qhov tseeb tias muaj pes tsawg tus neeg ua phem raug tshem tawm, pes tsawg tus neeg ua phem raug tshem tawm los ntawm qeb thiab los ntawm lub nroog twg, pes tsawg tus pov thawj, pes tsawg tus nom tswv, pes tsawg tus tub ceev xwm ntawm Estonian thiab Latvian cov tub rog., thiab lwm yam thiab lwm yam.

Qhov no tsis yog hais txog kev tawm tsam ntawm Soviet, tab sis nws qhia tias muaj tsawg kawg yog qee qhov laj thawj hauv cov kev tawm tsam ntawd, thiab kev tawm tsam Estonian thiab Latvian, kev ua ub no ntawm Estonian thiab Latvian tub ceev xwm tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Leningrad cheeb tsam yog tag nrho kev puas tsuaj. cov pejxeem.

Thiab qhov no yog phau ntawv xibfwb Kovalev nrog kuv cov lus qhia thiab kho los ntawm Vladimir Shamakhov, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm North-West Institute of Management, RANEPA.

SS legions tsis tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lithuania, tab sis koj tau sau tseg tias cov Lithuanians kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev rau txim. Nws tuaj txog li cas?

- Txoj kev xav ntawm haiv neeg ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees tsis suav nrog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tsim ntawm SS units los ntawm Lithuanians. Lawv tsis tau muab txoj cai zoo li no.

Tab sis, tau ntsib nrog kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua ntawm Tub Rog Liab, hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm kev txiav txim siab sib koom ntawm ntau lub tuam tsev, suav nrog Gestapo, nws tau txiav txim siab koom nrog Lithuanians hauv cov tub ceev xwm hu ua tub ceev xwm uas ua haujlwm pabcuam (tseem ceeb hauv hauv qab).

Tab sis Lithuanian rooj plaub tsis tau txais ib qho zoo los ntawm qhov no, vim qhov no kuj yog, qhov tseeb, kev rau txim rau tub ceev xwm fad, ntxiv rau kev koom tes hauv kev nyiag khoom ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis.

Vim li cas cov Lithuanians, uas yog ib pab neeg rau cov neeg Latvians, pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm haiv neeg lossis haiv neeg nyob rau theem qis dua piv nrog tib neeg Latvians thiab Estonians?

- Qhov no yog ib lo lus nug yooj yim. Qhov tseeb yog tias pawg Letto-Lithuanian tiag tiag Latvians ntxiv rau Lithuanians. Tab sis thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Latvia tau xyaum tag nrho hauv thaj tsam ntawm German, German-Swedish, Eastsee cawv. Cov Germans nyob ntawd los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm XII-XV centuries thiab mus txog rau 1914 yog lub ntsiab nom tswv quab yuam, thiab qhov no, los ntawm thiab loj, haum rau Lavxias teb sab emperors.

Lub chivalry ntawm Riga tau sau ntawv mus rau Emperor Nicholas II hauv German kom txog rau thaum 1914, txij li thaum peb tus huab tais muaj zog nyob rau hauv dab tsi, tab sis hauv hom lus.

Thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1914, thaum tsov rog pib, yog nws prompted los ntawm St. Petersburg: cia peb nres tag nrho cov tib yam nyob rau hauv German correspondence, gentlemen, vim hais tias, zoo, peb me ntsis ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees, qhov no annoys. Zoo, txog thaum xyoo 1914, cov ntawv sau tau ua hauv German.

Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas tus xibfwb Kovalev phau ntawv muaj ib daim duab ntawm lub phaj gilded uas ib tug tub rog Lithuanian los ntawm tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm rub tawm ntawm lub dome ntawm St. Sophia Cathedral.

Puas muaj ib qho xwm txheej kaw thaum Latvians thiab Estonians tawm tsam ib leeg, nyob rau sab nraud ntawm sab xub ntiag? Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog paub tias nyob rau hauv Liab

cov tub rog yog units suav nrog Estonians

- Tau kawg, cov xwm txheej zoo li no tau raug kaw. Qhov tseeb yog tias Estonians thiab Latvians nyob rau hauv tub rog thiab SS formations tawm tsam nyob rau hauv lub North-West, thiab lub Latvian Soviet faib thiab cov Estonian phom corps tawm tsam ntawm no.

Yog lawm, muaj cov xwm txheej tiag tiag thaum lawv tuaj ntsib tim ntsej tim muag thaum muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov xeev Baltic. Tab sis qhov no yog ib zaj dab neeg rau peb cov npoj yaig, tub rog keeb kwm, uas tsis ncaj qha cuam tshuam nrog kev tawm tsam thiab tub ceev xwm kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tsim ua tub rog.

Koj tau sau tseg tias qee tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg rau txim tseem tuaj yeem nyob qhov twg los txog niaj hnub no. Muaj pes tsawg tus tswj kom khiav dim?

- Rau ntau. Ua ntej, tsoomfwv Soviet tau saib xyuas cov tub ceev xwm uas tau koom nrog cov kev ua phem no hnyav heev, thiab ntau, cia peb hais tias muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua rau cov neeg zoo tib yam.

Hais txog hais lus, yog ib tug neeg ntaus nws tus kheej hauv siab thiab hais tias nws yog ib tug neeg Estonian yooj yooj yim cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab tsis tua neeg, tab sis tsuas yog sawv nrog ib rab phom ntev ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau, ces, feem ntau, tom qab cov txheej txheem pov thawj (yog tias xyoo 1945- 1946 tsis tau pom tias nws yog neeg tua neeg ntshav) nws raug tso tawm.

Nws tau txais kev ua haujlwm ntawm pej xeem, tau txais tom qab lub log ntawm lub tsheb xis, thiab lwm yam.

Yuav ua li cas ib tug feem ntau yuav ntsuas lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub Baltic henchmen ntawm Nazism thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog xyoo? Puas yog lawv cov yeeb yam cuam tshuam rau kev ua tsov rog?

- Xav txog dab tsi rog tau koom nrog hauv kev ua tsov rog no ntawm ob tog, hauv kuv lub tswv yim, kev koom tes ntawm tub ceev xwm thiab txawm tias SS cov tub rog tsim ntawm Estonia thiab Latvia yog tsawg, tab sis nws nyob ntawd.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau quantify nws - qhov no tsis yog lej, nws yog ib co complex dimension, lwm yam kos duab.

Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov nyuaj rau kwv yees qhov ntim, thiab qhov tseeb tsis tuaj yeem sib cav.

Thiab ua li cas cov kev ua ntawm cov neeg rau txim ntsuas cov tub ceev xwm tam sim no ntawm cov koom pheej Baltic thiab lawv puas raug soj ntsuam los ntawm cov tog neeg sawv cev rau cov kev cai nruj heev hauv cov tebchaws no?

- Qhov tseeb yog tias tag nrho cov nom tswv tau muab kev ntsuam xyuas rau cov legionnaires, thiab tag nrho cov nom tswv tog pom zoo tias lawv yog cov phab ej, lawv yog cov thawj coj thiab cov cim ntawm lub teb chaws, cov no yog cov neeg zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Estonian, Latvian thiab Lithuanian haiv neeg.

Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los tham nrog txhua tus neeg Latvian, Estonian thiab Lithuanian cov nom tswv.

Xav txog, piv txwv li, yuav ua li cas yog tias nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees niaj hnub no tsawg kawg yog ib co tog ncaj qha suav hais tias cov SS units yog cov heroes ntawm lub teb chaws? Lub tuam tsev rau kev tiv thaiv tsab cai lij choj tam sim ntawd tuaj rau lawv.