Yuav ua li cas cov Russians nyob rau hauv Russia?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov neeg Lavxias nyob rau hauv nws peb hom - Great Lavxias teb sab, Belarusian thiab Me Me - niaj hnub no yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws Aryan haiv neeg, thib ob tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov zauv rau cov lus Askiv hais lus methanation.

Tus naj npawb ntawm Great Russians ib leeg yog 145 lab. Raws li feem ntau anthropological yam ntxwv, Russians nyob rau hauv lub central txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Lavxias teb sab pej xeem yog anthropological heev homogeneous. Qhov nruab nrab anthropological indicators yog coincide nrog qhov nruab nrab Western European qhov tseem ceeb, los yog deviate los ntawm lawv, tshuav, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm Western pab pawg.

Cov kev tshawb fawb noob caj noob ces tseem lees paub tias Belarusians thiab Ukrainians tiag tiag tsim ib haiv neeg hauv zej zog nrog Russians. Ntawm lwm haiv neeg, qhov ze tshaj plaws rau Lavxias teb sab genotype yog Poles thiab, oddly txaus, cov Germans. Nws yog ntawm cov neeg no tias Y chromosome nrog cov cim caj ces R1a-M458 feem ntau. Lub caij no, cov neeg German thaum ub lawv tus kheej tsis yog Aryans txhua - lawv yog cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm haplogroup I1, uas tam sim no hnav los ntawm Swedes, Finns, Estonians, Norwegians, Danes thiab Icelanders, thiab txawm tias feem ntau ntawm cov neeg no, tshwj tsis yog rau Finns thiab Estnians, Cov lus belongs rau tsev neeg Indo-European, lawv tsis yog caj ces Aryans.

Qhov kawg, txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog qhov txawv txav: ib zaug, yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes niaj hnub no tau nyob los ntawm Slavs, thiab cov neeg German ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, kov yeej lawv thaj chaw, tua txiv neej thiab coj poj niam ua poj niam, qee zaum tawm mus. cov laus cov poj niam tshiab ciaj sia. Txij li thaum kev tawm tsam rau lub sijhawm ntev mus nrog ntau yam kev vam meej, cov txheej txheem tawm tsam tau tshwm sim, thaum Slavs ntes cov poj niam German. Nws tseem yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias peb, cov Germans thiab cov Balts muaj ib tug poj koob yawm txwv - ib tug tej yam txiv neej uas nyob txog kaum txhiab xyoo dhau los. Tag nrho cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig cov Russians - Mordovians, Tatars thiab lwm yam xws li haplogroups tsis muaj, thiab cov haplogroups prevailing ntawm lawv yog tsis muaj ib tug Russians. Qhov no refutes lub assertions ntawm Ukrainian samostiischikov hais tias lub Great Russians yog ib yam khoom ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm Slavs nrog Turkic thiab Finno-Ugric haiv neeg.

Kev sib cais ntawm Veikorusskaya lub teb chaws los ntawm tag nrho cov-Lavxias teb sab lub teb chaws uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv Kievan Rus yog txuam tsis tau tsuas yog nrog lub Tatar-Mongol ntxeem tau, tab sis kuj nrog conquest ntawm sab hnub poob Lavxias teb sab av los ntawm Lithuania thiab Poland. Thiab txawm hais tias tsis yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj lossis sab hnub poob, cov pej xeem Lavxias tsis sib xyaw nrog cov neeg kov yeej, raws li tau pom los ntawm cov noob caj noob ces, peb feem ntawm cov neeg Lavxias tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev sib cais rau ntau pua xyoo, uas ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev hais lus thiab kev coj noj coj ua.

Lub teb chaws Lavxias yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib sau ntawm cov lus, nrog rau cov zej zog ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Kev sib koom ua ke no tsis suav nrog kev sib txawv hauv cheeb tsam. Ib txhia ntawm lawv pib rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm ancient, mus rau thaum ntxov feudal, thiab tej zaum txawm mus rau lub pre-feudal lub sij hawm. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm yav qab teb thiab sab qaum teb cheeb tsam tau sau tseg los ntawm archaeologists txawm nyob rau hauv ancient East Slavic pab pawg neeg.

Qhov sib txawv kuj tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke los ntawm Eastern Slavs ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws uas tsis yog Slavic cov pej xeem ntawm Eastern Europe hauv X-XIII centuries. thiab nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm resettlement ntawm Russians thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lwm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv ib tug tom qab lub sij hawm (XVI-XVII centuries thiab tom qab ntawd). Peculiar keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai pawg tau tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm ib cheeb tsam mus rau lwm qhov, tsim cov tub rog-kev pabcuam pejxeem ntawm ciam teb ntawm lub xeev (Cossacks, odnodvorts, thiab lwm yam), thiab lwm yam.

Great Russians ntawm lub xeev central, 1862

Los ntawm ethnographic thiab dialectological yam ntxwv, cov pej xeem Lavxias teb sab ntawm sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb cheeb tsam txawv tshaj plaws. Muaj ib qho kev hloov pauv dav ntawm lawv. Rov qab rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. qhov sib txawv ntawm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai pawg ntawm Russians tau meej heev. Tam sim no, cov kev sib txawv no tau ua tiav, tab sis muaj ntau yam tseem nyob tam sim no (hauv lus, lus dab neeg, kev lis kev cai, vaj tse, thiab lwm yam).

Cov yam ntxwv North Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai thiab lub neej thiab sab qaum teb "okay" dialect tuaj yeem taug qab ntawm thaj chaw kwv yees li ntawm lub phiab ntawm tus dej. Volkhov nyob rau sab hnub poob mus rau tus dej. Mezen thiab sab qaum teb ntawm Kama thiab Vyatka nyob rau sab hnub tuaj (piv txwv li, Novgorod cheeb tsam, Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist koom pheej, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, ib feem ntawm Kalinin, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Kostroma, Gorky thiab lwm cheeb tsam).

South Lavxias teb sab nta nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai, niaj hnub lub neej ntawm cov pejxeem thiab lub yav qab teb "akay" dialect yeej nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub phiab ntawm tus dej. Desna nyob rau sab hnub poob mus rau thaj tsam Penza. nyob rau sab hnub tuaj thiab kwv yees li ntawm Oka nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab mus rau Khoper phiab thiab nruab nrab Don nyob rau sab qab teb (feem ntau ntawm Ryazan, Penza, Kaluga cheeb tsam, Tula, Tambov, Lipetsk, Oryol, Kursk, thiab lwm yam).

Ethnographic sib txawv ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb yog nyob rau hauv hom kev nyob deb nroog thiab cov tsev. Nyob rau sab qaum teb, cov zos me thiab cov zos toj ntxas yeej yeej. Sab qab teb yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau lub zos loj. Northern peasant vaj tse txawv los ntawm lawv cov monumental architecture, tsim muaj ntau chav tsev siab nrog rau ob-zaj dab neeg nyob rau hauv lub tshav puam; South Lavxias teb sab lub zos yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov qis (tsis muaj qab daus) lub tsev pheeb suab lossis lub tsev pheeb suab uas muaj qhov tshwj xeeb layout thiab qhib lub tshav puam (thiab feem ntau tsis muaj lub tshav puam). Yav dhau los, qhov sib txawv kuj tau taug qab hauv kev siv tshuab ua liaj ua teb, nws cov ntsiab lus, nrog rau cov poj niam cov khaub ncaws (sab qaum teb - sundress, sab qab teb - poneva), hauv paj ntaub thiab ornamentation. Tam sim no, ntau yam khoom siv kab lis kev cai tau ploj mus, lwm tus (xws li cov tsoos tsho, paj ntaub), yog tias muaj, ces nyob rau ob peb qhov chaw.

Central Lavxias teb sab pab pawg nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, feem ntau ntawm lub Volga-Oka interfluve, qhov twg los ntawm lub XIV caug xyoo. Kev koom ua ke ntawm Lavxias teb sab thawj coj nyob ib ncig ntawm Moscow tau pib thiab tsim lub ntsiab nucleus ntawm Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg coj qhov chaw. Raws li kev tswj hwm niaj hnub no, cov no yog Moscow, Vladimir, sab qaum teb ntawm Ryazan, Kaluga, thaj chaw ntawm Kalinin, Yaroslavl, Gorky, Kostroma, Ivanovo thiab qee thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab.

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm Central Lavxias teb sab lus transitional dialect (raws li txoj kab ntawm Pskov, Kalinin, Moscow, Ryazan, Penza, Saratov), rhais chaw los ntawm dialectologists, yog me ntsis nqaim tshaj qhov chaw uas txawv raws li ethnographic ntaub ntawv. Central Lavxias teb sab pab pawg yog, raws li nws yog, ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb Lavxias teb sab pej xeem. Nws cov khoom siv thiab sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai sib xyaw ua ke sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb. Ntawm qhov tod tes, ntau tus yam ntxwv hauv zos (hauv khaub ncaws, tsev, kev lis kev cai) tau nthuav dav nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb.

Raws li dialectological thiab ethnographic cov ntaub ntawv, Lavxias teb sab pej xeem ntawm lub Middle Volga cheeb tsam yog ze ze rau lub Central Lavxias teb sab pej xeem ntawm lub central cheeb tsam; nws kuj muaj qee qhov sib txawv thiab tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog ib pab pawg ntawm Central Russia cov pej xeem. Kev tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem ntawm Middle Volga cheeb tsam tau tshwm sim ntau tom qab (nyob rau hauv lub 16th-17th centuries) thiab nyob rau hauv txawv tej yam kev mob tshaj nyob rau hauv lub center; Cov neeg Lavxias nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam nrog cov pej xeem ntawm thaj av Volga, muaj ntau haiv neeg nyob hauv lawv cov haiv neeg, uas cuam tshuam rau cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Volgar.

Ib hom kev hloov pauv pab pawg suav nrog cov pej xeem ntawm thaj chaw qub tebchaws Russia nyob rau hauv lub phiab ntawm tus dej. Velikaya, sab qaum teb ntawm Dnieper thiab Western Dvina (Pskov, Smolensk, qhov chaw ntawm Kalinin thiab lwm thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab). Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm hom lus thiab ethnographic yam ntxwv, nws yog, raws li nws yog, ib pab pawg neeg hloov pauv ntawm sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab, nruab nrab thiab yav qab teb Lavxias teb sab pej xeem, nrog rau cov Russians thiab Belarusians. Kev sib raug zoo nrog Belarusians tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm cov cheeb tsam sab hnub poob (Smolensk cheeb tsam).

B ib hom kev hloov pauv pab pawg suav nrog cov pej xeem ntawm thaj chaw Lavxias thaum ub nyob rau hauv lub phiab ntawm tus dej. Velikaya, sab qaum teb ntawm Dnieper thiab Western Dvina (Pskov, Smolensk, qhov chaw ntawm Kalinin thiab lwm thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab). Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm hom lus thiab ethnographic yam ntxwv, nws yog, raws li nws yog, ib pab pawg neeg hloov pauv ntawm sab qaum teb thiab nruab nrab, nruab nrab thiab yav qab teb Lavxias teb sab pej xeem, nrog rau cov Russians thiab Belarusians. Kev sib raug zoo nrog Belarusians tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm cov cheeb tsam sab hnub poob (Smolensk cheeb tsam).

Cov pejxeem ntawm sab qaum teb- thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj kuj yog qhov txawv, feem ntau tsim los ntawm 16th-17th centuries. Cov pejxeem ntawm sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj - lub Urals (Kirov, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub adjoining cheeb tsam), raws li cov lus "okayusche" thiab ntau North Lavxias teb sab nta nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai, adjoins rau sab qaum teb pab pawg neeg ntawm Russians, tab sis kuj muaj nta. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Central Lavxias teb sab pej xeem, uas tau piav qhia los ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus qhia nyob rau hauv uas lub cheeb tsam tau nyob - los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab los ntawm lub hauv paus cheeb tsam thiab lub Volga cheeb tsam.

Cov pejxeem ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj (los ntawm Khopra phiab mus rau Kuban thiab Terek bass - feem ntau yog thaj av Don Cossack, sab hnub tuaj ntawm Novorossiya, Kuban, Terek cheeb tsam, thiab lwm yam) yog thaj chaw thiab keeb kwm txuas nrog cov pej xeem ntawm yav qab teb Lavxias. thaj chaw, tab sis txawv qhov txawv ntawm nws cov lus. Feem ntau, cov khoom siv thiab sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai ntawm cov pej xeem muaj tsis sib xws vim muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm thaj av no.

Ntxiv nrog rau cov pab pawg neeg loj no thiab cov pab pawg, muaj cov pab pawg me me, tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pej xeem Lavxias uas muaj cov npe tshwj xeeb lossis cov npe ntawm tus kheej.

Lub Far North - ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Dawb Hiav Txwv - yog nyob ntawm Pomors. Pomors yog ib thaj chaw ntau dua li cov lus ethnographic thiab txhais tau tias: 1) cov pejxeem ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Dawb los ntawm tus dej. Onega rau Kem thiab 2) cov neeg nyob ntawm ntug hiav txwv sab qaum teb. Pomors, uas yog cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Novgorod thaum ub, zoo ib yam hauv lawv cov khoom siv thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig mus rau lwm tus neeg Lavxias ntawm sab qaum teb thiab feem ntau txawv ntawm lawv lub neej kev lag luam; lawv tau ntev tau paub tias yog cov neeg tsav nkoj siab tawv, cov neeg tua tsiaj hiav txwv thiab cov neeg nuv ntses uas paub txog.

Great Russians ntawm lub xeev Voronezh, 1862

Hauv cov cheeb tsam yav qab teb ntawm Russia, cov pab pawg me me ntawm cov neeg tuaj tshiab lig los ntawm cov cheeb tsam nruab nrab thiab sab hnub poob tau sib cuam tshuam nrog cov pej xeem zoo sib xws hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm haiv neeg. Qee tus ntawm lawv yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov tub rog yav dhau los ntawm pawg qis (archers, gunners, Cossacks, thiab lwm yam), nyob rau hauv txoj kab ntawm kev tiv thaiv fortifications nyob rau hauv lub 16th - 17th centuries. rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub xeev ciam teb los ntawm raids ntawm nomads (tom qab no feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem no los ua ib feem ntawm ib tsev neeg, "peasants ntawm plaub txoj cai").

Ntawm cov neeg nyob tom qab yog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas tau tawm mus rau "steppe" tom qab nws "pacification", nrog rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb rov los ntawm cov tswv av los ntawm lwm thaj chaw. Yav dhau los tsis ntev los no, tag nrho cov pab pawg no tau sib txawv ntawm ib leeg ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm haiv neeg, tshwj xeeb yog khaub ncaws. Cov poj niam los ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm hauv zos hnav poneva thiab horned kichka, ib daim tiab - ib daim tiab striped los yog sundress thiab kokoshnik, thiab lwm yam.

Nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm yav qab teb Lavxias teb sab thaj chaw (nyob rau hauv lub phiab ntawm lub Desna thiab lub Seim), muaj ib tug pej xeem hu ua Polekhs; Nyob rau hauv nws cov kab lis kev cai, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub ntsiab yav qab teb Lavxias teb sab nta, muaj ib tug tseem ceeb commonality nrog lub Belarusians, thiab ib feem nrog cov Lithuanians. Cov Polekhs, thaj, yog nyob ib sab ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm goryuns nyob sab nraum RSFSR - nyob rau hauv lub Ukrainian SSR (raws li lub qub thawj coj faib nyob rau hauv lub qub Putivl koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Kursk xeev).

Hauv cheeb tsam Kursk. nyob ib pab pawg neeg hu ua Sayan, uas yog txawv los ntawm ib co peculiarities nyob rau hauv lus thiab txoj kev ntawm lub neej.

Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm yav qab teb Lavxias teb sab thaj chaw nyob rau hauv lub phiab ntawm nruab nrab Oka, nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov pejxeem (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv paj ntaub, ornamentation, khaub ncaws, hom tsev, thiab lwm yam), kev sib txuas nrog cov neeg ntawm lub Volga cheeb tsam yog heev traced..

Nyob rau hauv Zaokskaya ib feem (sab qaum teb Ryazan thiab Tambov cheeb tsam), Lavxias teb sab pej xeem paub nyob rau hauv lub npe Meschera. Nws muaj qee yam ethnographic yam ntxwv hauv khaub ncaws, lub tsev thiab lub suab lus nrov. Lavxias teb sab meschera, thaj, tau tsim los ntawm assimilation ntawm lub zos Finnish los ntawm cov neeg Slavic. Hauv cheeb tsam Penza thiab Saratov muaj me me "islets" ntawm Meshchera, tsim muaj los ntawm kev txav ntawm ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem los ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm cheeb tsam Ryazan. mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj (nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th - mus rau thaj tsam ntawm Penza cheeb tsam thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th - mus rau lub xeev Saratov).

Cossacks nyob ntawm Don, Volga, Terek, Urals thiab Kuban. Lub Cossacks yog ethnographically tsis homogeneous. Don, Ural, Kuban, Orenburg, Terek Cossacks txawv ntawm ib leeg, txawm hais tias dhau sij hawm lawv tau tsim ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm lub neej niaj hnub.

Yav dhau los, txawm hais tias muaj zog hauv chav kawm stratification, Cossacks nyob rau hauv lawv txoj hauj lwm sharply txawv los ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb (kev khwv nyiaj txiag, muaj cai cuam tshuam nrog kev ua tub rog, kev tswj hwm pej xeem tshwj xeeb). Feem ntau, Don Cossacks tsim qhov ntxov tshaj plaws (hauv XVI-XVII centuries) los ntawm ntau hom lus Lavxias thiab txawv teb chaws, feem ntau yog cov khoom sab hnub tuaj.

Lub Don Cossacks los ntawm ancient sij hawm tau subdivided rau hauv caij thiab qis Cossacks, uas yog, cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub Upper thiab qis nce mus txog ntawm lub Don. Txog rau tam sim no, Verkhovtsy thiab Nizovtsy sib txawv ntawm lub cev, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsev, cov dab neeg, thiab lwm yam. Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm North Caucasian Cossacks (Greben thiab Terek, tsim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th) nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev ntawm lub neej thiab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev ze rau cov neeg nyob sib ze Caucasian highlanders (Chechens, thiab lwm yam.) uas yog ib feem ntawm lawv.

Cov pab pawg ntawm Kuban Cossacks tau tsim nyob rau hauv lig 18th - thaum ntxov 19th centuries. los ntawm Ukrainian thiab Lavxias teb sab neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Ukrainian nta hauv lawv cov lus thiab lub neej muaj zog heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Kuban Cossacks. Cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Cossacks kuj nyob ntawm Volga, raws tus dej. Yaik (Ural), qhov twg Ural Cossacks nyob; lawv lub hauv paus tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. los ntawm cov haiv neeg Don, tab sis maj mam lwm haiv neeg cov ntsiab lus tau suav nrog hauv nws.

Sab nraud ntawm Russia, cov neeg Lavxias nyob hauv Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, lub tebchaws Baltic, Transcaucasia thiab Central Asia, ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg txawj ntse hauv nroog, cov chaw lag luam, thiab cov tsev tshiab. Muaj ib tug neeg Lavxias teb sab nyob rau ntawd thiab nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam nyob deb nroog.

Nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus, niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab kev ua liaj ua teb peasantry muaj cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Terek thiab Kuban Cossacks, ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas tau tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab raug ntiab tawm hauv lub xyoo pua 19th. sectarians (Dukhobors, Molokans, thiab lwm yam), uas tuaj feem ntau los ntawm yav qab teb xeev ntawm Russia; Cov yav tas nyob mas nyob rau hauv lub Transcaucasus. Cov pej xeem Lavxias ntawm Central Asia thiab Kazakhstan tau tsim los ntawm cov qub Cossacks thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, uas feem ntau tuaj ntawm thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm Russia.

Cov lus hauv qab no qhia tias muaj pes tsawg tus neeg Lavxias nyob hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm Russia.

Thiab thaum kawg, muaj pes tsawg tus Russians nyob rau hauv lub qub Soviet koom pheej?