Tsar Cannon nyob rau hauv Kremlin yog ib lub foob pob, thiab nws tua ib zaug

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tsar Cannon tau ntev dhau los ua ib lub cim ntawm Russia. Yuav luag tsis muaj neeg ncig tebchaws txawv tebchaws tawm hauv Moscow tsis pom qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm peb cov thev naus laus zis. Nws nkag mus rau ntau qhov kev piav qhia uas Tsar Cannon yeej tsis raug rho tawm haujlwm, Tsar Tswb yeej tsis nrov, thiab qee qhov tsis ua haujlwm txuj ci Yudo xws li N-3 lunar foob pob hluav taws tshwm.

Cia peb pib nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim. Tsar Cannon raug ntiab tawm los ntawm tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab tus tswv Andrei Chokhov (kom txog rau thaum 1917 nws tau teev nyob rau hauv Chekhov) los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. Ib lub phom loj loj uas hnyav 2,400 phaus (39,312 kg) raug pov rau hauv 1586 ntawm Moscow Cannon Yard. Qhov ntev ntawm Tsar Cannon yog 5345 hli, sab nraud txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub thoob yog 1210 hli, thiab txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub bulge ntawm lub muzzle yog 1350 hli.

Tam sim no, Tsar Cannon yog nyob rau hauv lub cam khwb cia hlau zoo nkauj phom carriage, thiab nyob ze yog cov hniav cam khwb cia hlau cannonballs, uas tau cam khwb cia nyob rau hauv 1834 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg ntawm lub Byrd hlau foundry. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias lub cev tsis tuaj yeem tua los ntawm lub tsheb cam khwb cia hlau no, thiab tsis siv cov phom phom phom - Tsar Cannon yuav tsoo rau hauv smithereens! Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sim ntawm Tsar Cannon lossis nws siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tsis tau muaj sia nyob, uas ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntev txog nws lub hom phiaj. Feem ntau cov kws sau keeb kwm thiab cov tub rog tub rog nyob rau xyoo 19th thiab ntxov 20th tau ntseeg tias Tsar Cannon yog rab phom phom, uas yog, riam phom tsim los tua, uas nyob rau hauv 16th-17th centuries muaj cov pob zeb me me. Cov neeg tsawg ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb feem ntau tsis suav nrog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev siv phom hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, ntseeg tias nws tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev ntshai neeg txawv teb chaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov Ambassadors ntawm Crimean Tatars. Cia peb nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv 1571 Khan Devlet Girey hlawv Moscow.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th thiab thaum ntxov 20th, Tsar Cannon tau raug xa mus rau hauv tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv raug raws li rab phom phom. Thiab tsuas yog Bolsheviks nyob rau hauv 1930s txiav txim siab los tsa nws qib rau kev tshaj tawm thiab pib hu nws lub cannon.

Qhov zais cia ntawm Tsar Cannon tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1980, thaum lub tsheb loj crane tshem tawm ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom thiab muab tso rau ntawm lub tsheb loj loj. Tom qab ntawd tus haib KrAZ coj Tsar Cannon mus rau Serpukhov, qhov twg lub cannon raug kho nyob rau hauv lub cog ntawm tub rog units No. 42708. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau tus kws tshaj lij los ntawm Artillery Academy muaj npe tom qab Dzerzhinsky tshuaj xyuas thiab ntsuas nws. Rau qee qhov laj thawj, tsab ntawv ceeb toom tsis tau luam tawm, tab sis los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob nws tau pom tseeb tias Tsar Cannon … tsis yog rab phom loj!

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm riam phom yog nws cov channel. Ntawm qhov deb ntawm 3190 hli, nws zoo li lub khob hliav qab, qhov pib txoj kab uas hla yog 900 hli, thiab txoj kab uas hla kawg yog 825 hli. Tom qab ntawd los ntawm lub chamber them nrog rov qab taper - nrog thawj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 447 mm thiab qhov kawg (ntawm breech) ntawm 467 mm. Lub chamber yog 1730 hli ntev thiab hauv qab yog tiaj tus.

Yog li qhov no yog lub foob pob classic

Bombards thawj zaug tshwm sim thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. Lub npe "bombarda" los ntawm Latin lo lus bombus (thunderous suab) thiab arder (kom hlawv). Thawj lub foob pob tau ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab muaj cov ntsia hlau chamber. Yog li, piv txwv li, hauv 1382 hauv nroog Ghent (Belgium) tau tsim lub foob pob "Mad Margaret", muaj npe li ntawd hauv nco txog Countess of Flanders Margaret the Cruel. Lub caliber ntawm lub bombard yog 559 hli, lub chim ntev yog 7.75 caliber (klb), thiab channel ntev yog 5 klb. Qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom yog 11 tons, Mad Margarita raug rho tawm haujlwm 320 kg ntawm pob zeb phom. Lub foob pob muaj ob txheej: lub puab ib, muaj ib tug longitudinal welded strips, thiab lub txheej ib - ntawm 41 hlau hoops, welded ua ke thiab nrog rau lub puab txheej. Cov ntsia hlau cais chamber muaj ib txheej ntawm cov welded discs thiab yog nruab nrog cov slots qhov twg lub lever tau muab tso rau hauv thiab tawm.

Nws siv sijhawm ib hnub los thauj thiab tsom cov foob pob loj. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm lub nroog ntawm Pisa nyob rau hauv 1370, txhua txhua lub sij hawm cov besiegers tab tom npaj mus tua ib tug tua, lub besieged thim rov qab mus rau lub opposite kawg ntawm lub nroog. Cov besiegers, siv qhov zoo ntawm qhov no, rushed mus tua.

Lub foob pob hluav taws tsis ntau tshaj 10% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub nucleus. Tsis muaj trunnions thiab carriages. Cov phom tau muab tso rau ntawm lub lawj ntoo thiab cav cabins, thiab cov pawg tau tsav los ntawm tom qab los yog cov phab ntsa cib tau tsim los rau qhov tseem ceeb. Thaum xub thawj, lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov siab tsis hloov. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, lawv pib siv cov txheej txheem lifting thiab cam khwb cia tooj liab bombards. Cia peb ua tib zoo mloog - Tsar Cannon tsis muaj trunnions, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov riam phom tau muab lub kaum sab xis. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj ib qho zoo kawg nkaus rear seem ntawm lub breech, uas nws, zoo li lwm yam bombards, so ntawm lub pob zeb phab ntsa los yog ncej.

Tiv thaiv Dardanelles

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th … lub Turkish sultan muaj lub zog loj tshaj siege artillery. Yog li, thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm Constantinople nyob rau hauv 1453, lub Hungarian caster Urban nrum ib tug 24-nti (610 mm) tooj liab foob pob rau cov Turks, uas tua pob zeb cannonballs uas hnyav txog 20 phaus (328 kg). Nws coj 60 tus nyuj thiab 100 tus neeg thauj nws mus rau txoj haujlwm. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov rollback, cov Turks tau tsim lub pob zeb phab ntsa tom qab rab phom. Tus nqi hluav taws kub ntawm lub foob pob no yog 4 rounds ib hnub. Los ntawm txoj kev, tus nqi hluav taws kub ntawm loj-caliber Western European bombers yog hais txog tib yam kev txiav txim. Tsuas yog ua ntej kev ntes ntawm Constantinople, 24-nti foob pob tawg tau tawg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tus tsim qauv Urban nws tus kheej raug tua. Cov Turks txaus siab rau qhov siab-caliber bombards. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1480, thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov kob ntawm Rhodes, lawv siv bombards ntawm 24-35-nti caliber (610-890 mm). Lub casting ntawm xws li loj bombards coj, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ancient, 18 hnub.

Nws yog xav paub tias cov foob pob hluav taws ntawm 15-16 centuries nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv tau nyob rau hauv kev pab mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub Peb Hlis 1, 1807, thaum lub British tub rog ntawm Admiral Duckworth hla lub Dardanelles, ib tug marble core ntawm 25 ntiv tes (635 mm) hnyav 800 phaus (244 kg) ntaus lub lawj qis ntawm lub nkoj "Windsor Castle" thiab ignited ob peb. lub kaus mom nrog rab phom, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas muaj ib tug txaus ntshai tawg. 46 tus neeg raug tua thiab raug mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus neeg tsav nkoj tau pov lawv tus kheej hla hauv kev ntshai thiab poob dej. Tib lub cannonball ntaus lub cuab tam thiab xuas nrig ntaus lub qhov loj nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov dej. Ntau tus neeg tuaj yeem lo lawv lub taub hau ntawm lub qhov no.

Xyoo 1868, tshaj li 20 lub foob pob loj loj tseem nyob ntawm cov forts uas tiv thaiv Dardanelles. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tias thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm Dardanelles xyoo 1915, 400-kilogram pob zeb cannonball ntaus lub nkoj Askiv Agamemnon. Ntawm chav kawm, nws tsis tuaj yeem tho lub armor thiab tsuas yog lom zem pab pawg.

Cia peb muab piv rau Turkish 25-nti (630-mm) tooj liab foob pob, cam khwb cia hauv 1464, uas tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej hauv Woolwich, London, nrog peb Tsar Cannon. Qhov hnyav ntawm lub foob pob Turkish yog 19 tons, thiab tag nrho ntev yog 5232 hli. Sab nraud txoj kab uas hla ntawm lub thoob yog 894 hli. Qhov ntev ntawm lub cylindrical ib feem ntawm cov channel yog 2819 hli. Chamber ntev - 2006 mm. Hauv qab ntawm lub chamber yog sib npaug. Lub foob pob hluav taws tua pob zeb phom hnyav hnyav 309 kg, tus nqi phom phom hnyav hnyav 22 kg.

Bombard ib zaug tiv thaiv Dardanelles. Raws li koj tau pom, outwardly thiab nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub channel, nws yog heev zoo ib yam li Tsar Cannon. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb thiab qhov tseem ceeb yog tias lub foob pob Turkish muaj lub ntsej muag ntsia hlau. Thaj, Tsar Cannon tau tsim los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov foob pob tawg.

Shotgun King

Yog li, Tsar Cannon yog ib lub foob pob tsim los rau kev tua pob zeb cannonballs. Qhov hnyav ntawm lub pob zeb tseem ceeb ntawm Tsar Cannon yog kwv yees li 50 phaus (819 kg), thiab lub cam khwb cia hlau ntawm lub caliber hnyav 120 phaus (1.97 tons). Raws li rab phom phom, Tsar Cannon tau ua haujlwm tsis zoo. Ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov nqi, es tsis txhob ntawm nws, nws muaj peev xwm ua tau 20 rab phom me me, uas siv sij hawm tsawg dua los thauj khoom - tsis yog ib hnub, tab sis tsuas yog 1-2 feeb xwb. Kuv yuav nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv teev npe "Nyob rau hauv Moscow Arsenal ntawm Artillery Consists" # rau 1730 muaj 40 tooj liab thiab 15 cam khwb cia hlau phom. Ua tib zoo saib xyuas lawv cov calibers: 1,500 phaus - 1 (qhov no yog Tsar Cannon), ua raws li calibers: 25 phaus - 2, 22 phaus - 1, 21 phaus - 3, thiab lwm yam. Cov phom loj tshaj plaws, 11, suav rau 2. - phaus gauge.

Thiab tseem nws tua

Leej twg thiab vim li cas thiaj sau Tsar Cannon rau hauv rab phom? Qhov tseeb yog hais tias nyob rau hauv Russia tag nrho cov qub phom uas nyob rau hauv lub fortresses, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov mortars, tau cia li pauv mus rau phom ntev lub sij hawm, uas yog, nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug fortress siege, lawv yuav tsum tau tua nrog txhaj (pob zeb), thiab tom qab ntawd - nrog cam khwb cia hlau canister ntawm infantry taug kev mus rau kev quab yuam. Nws tsis tsim nyog siv cov phom qub rau kev tua cov phom loj lossis cov foob pob: yuav ua li cas yog lub chim yuav tawg, thiab cov phom tshiab muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo dua qub. Yog li ntawd, Tsar Cannon tau sau rau hauv rab phom, thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov tub rog tsis nco qab txog cov lus txib nyob rau hauv lub fortress fortress, thiab pej xeem keeb kwm tsis paub txhua, thiab los ntawm lub npe " phom phom "lawv txiav txim siab tias Tsar Cannon yuav tsum tau siv tshwj xeeb los ua riam phom tiv thaiv kev tua "pob zeb tua".

Lub ntsiab lus hauv qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb txog seb Tsar Cannon raug rho tawm haujlwm tau muab tso rau xyoo 1980 los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm Academy. Dzerzhinsky. Lawv tau tshuaj xyuas cov channel ntawm rab phom thiab, raws li cov cim qhia, suav nrog cov khoom siv ntawm cov hmoov phom hlawv, xaus lus tias Tsar Cannon tau raug rho tawm haujlwm tsawg kawg ib zaug. Tom qab Tsar Cannon tau muab pov tseg thiab ua tiav ntawm Cannon Yard, nws raug rub mus rau Spassky Choj thiab muab tso rau hauv av ntawm ib sab ntawm Peacock cannon, thiab lawv dov ib rab phom loj uas muaj log loj loj - rollers.

Thaum xub thawj, Tsar thiab Peacock cannons nteg rau hauv av ze ntawm tus choj uas ua rau Spasskaya Ntauwd, thiab Kashpirov Cannon nyob ntawm Zemsky Prikaz, uas yog nyob rau qhov chaw Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv 1626, lawv tau raug tshem tawm hauv av thiab ntsia rau ntawm lub log cabins, densely packed nrog lub ntiaj teb. Cov platforms no hu ua roscats. Ib tug ntawm lawv, nrog Tsar Cannon thiab Peacock, tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw tua, lwm qhov, nrog rau Kashpirova Cannon, ntawm lub rooj vag Nikolsky. Xyoo 1636, ntoo roscats tau hloov nrog cov pob zeb, hauv cov tsev khaws khoom thiab cov khw muag cawv tau teeb tsa.

Tom qab "Narva txaj muag", thaum cov tub rog tsarist poob tag nrho cov siege thiab tub rog phom loj, Peter kuv tau hais kom maj mam ncuav cov phom tshiab. Tus tsar txiav txim siab kom tau cov tooj liab tsim nyog rau qhov no los ntawm kev yaj cov tswb thiab cov phom qub. Raws li "kev txiav txim ntawm tus kheej", "nws raug yuam kom nchuav rau hauv rab phom thiab mortar casting Peacock cannon, uas yog nyob rau hauv Suav teb ntawm Kev Ua Txhaum av ntawm Roskat; Kashpirov's cannon nyob rau hauv lub tshiab Monetary Yard, qhov twg Zemsky xaj yog; Echidna cannon nyob ze lub zos ntawm Voskresenskoye; Krechet cannon nrog ib rab phom ntawm kaum phaus; cannon "Nightingale" nrog 6-phaus cannon, uas yog nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj ntawm lub square."

Peter, vim nws tsis muaj kev kawm, tsis tseg cov cuab yeej qub tshaj plaws ntawm Moscow casting thiab ua qhov kev zam tsuas yog rau cov cuab yeej loj tshaj plaws. Ntawm lawv, ntawm chav kawm, yog Tsar Cannon, nrog rau ob lub mortars los ntawm casting Andrei Chokhov, uas tam sim no nyob rau hauv Artillery Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv St.