Yuav ua li cas cov Russians sau txog nyob rau hauv birch bark ntawv?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, historians ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia, muaj peev xwm sau thiab nyeem ntawv yog lub prerogative ntawm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub siab tshaj plaws strata ntawm haiv neeg - boyars thiab cov txiv plig. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kev tshawb pom ntawm thawj cov tsiaj ntawv tawv ntoo (uas, raws li nws tau muab tawm, tau sau los ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam), cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum rov xav txog lawv cov kev xav.

Thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus no xav tsis thoob cov kws tshawb fawb. Yog li thaum twg cov qauv ntawm niaj hnub "cov tub txib" tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab dab tsi tib neeg sau rau ib leeg nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus nyob rau hauv birch bark - txog tag nrho cov no ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv.

Qhov twg thiab thaum twg yog thawj daim ntawv tawv ntoo birch nrhiav pom

Raws nraim 70 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Xya Hli 26, 1951, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm Novgorod archaeological ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm Nerevsky excavation site, cov kws tshawb fawb pom thawj daim ntawv bark bark. Thaum kawg ntawm tib lub xyoo, archaeologists unearthed 8 ntau artifacts. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntau tshaj li ib txhiab ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv zoo li no tau pom nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam txog tam sim no. Thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus no tsuas yog hloov cov tswv yim tshawb fawb txog txoj kev ntawm lub neej thiab txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm Slavs hauv X-XV centuries.

Cov ntawv sau nyob rau hauv birch bark ntawv ua rau cov neeg tshawb fawb xav tsis thoob nrog lawv cov kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Cov no yog ob qho tib si los ntawm leej txiv rau tus tub, tus txiv rau tus poj niam lossis tus muam rau kwv tij, thiab "kev sau ntawv lag luam" ntawm cov tub lag luam thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm lossis cov tub lag luam nrog lawv cov thawj coj. Tseem muaj cov ntawv cog lus, kev tsis txaus siab thiab kev hais lus phem, kev caw tuaj xyuas lossis ceeb toom txog kev mus ntsib.

Raws li txoj cai, tag nrho cov ntawv bark birch yog cov lus luv luv ntawm 25-50 lo lus. Lawv tau scrawled rau sab hauv ntawm pieces ntawm birch bark. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim, cov neeg nyob ntawm cov lus no tom qab tau txais thiab nyeem lawv, cov "cov ntawv sau" tsuas yog muab pov tseg. Tab sis qee zaum, txhawm rau khaws cia qhov zais cia ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm, cov ntawv ntawm cov nplooj ntoo birch tau raug torn rau hauv me me.

Tsis yog float, thiab tsis yog hairpin

Tom qab qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm thawj daim ntawv bark bark nyob rau hauv kab lis kev cai txheej ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th nyob rau hauv Novgorod, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias lawv tau tuaj hla cov khoom qub qub thaum lub sij hawm excavations ua ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qee qhov laj thawj, archaeologists tsis thab los tshuaj xyuas lawv thiab nkag siab tias lawv yog dab tsi tiag. Tseeb tiag, thaum folded (nyob rau hauv uas feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv birch bark tau pom), lawv zoo li nuv ntses floats.

Muaj unrolled tsab ntawv Novgorod, uas tau khaws cia zoo kawg nkaus, cov kws tshawb fawb tau nyeem nws cov ntawv nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw, txawm tias dhau los ntawm txheej av nkos. Cov lus no muaj cov npe ntawm cov zos thiab cov zos uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm rau ib qho "Roma". Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo 1951, thaum lub sij hawm tom qab pom ntawm birch bark ntawv nyob rau hauv Novgorod, cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua lwm yam tseem ceeb nrhiav tau.

Feem ntau ntawm cov lus no tau pom dov li "hauv ib lub raj" daim ntawv. Cov ntoo me me tau pom nrog ntau ntawm lawv. Thaum xub thawj, cov kws tshawb fawb suav tias lawv yog qee hom plaub hau kom tsab ntawv yuav nyob twj ywm dov thaum lub sijhawm "hloov chaw". Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tau pom tias cov sticks no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li ntoo "sau". Nws yog nrog cov stylos uas cov lus tau raug khawb ntawm cov tawv ntoo birch.

Discovery ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam nyob rau hauv Russia mus txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua 15th

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom overestimate lub keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev pom ntawm birch bark ntawv. Tseeb tiag, ua ntej ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem sawv cev rau cov lus thiab cov lus ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob deb ntawm lub Koom Txoos Slavonic cov phau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm. Cov tom kawg, txawm li cas los xij, ntau qhov nrov tshaj plaws tsis yog hais txog lub neej thiab lub neej ntawm cov tib neeg, tab sis hais txog ntau cov ntsiab lus "tshuaj" - kev tsov kev rog, kab mob thiab kev kis mob, kev tsim kho nroog thiab cov ntseeg Vajtswv, lub neej ntawm cov neeg dawb huv thiab cov thawj coj.

Tom qab kawm txog birch bark ntawv, historians muaj peev xwm kho kom raug raws li qhov ua tau raws li txoj kev ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub xeev, kev sib raug zoo thiab tus kheej kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg, raws li zoo raws li peculiarities ntawm cov lus ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Ib qho kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb tias ob tus neeg xa ntawv thiab cov neeg tau txais cov ntawv ntawm birch bark yog cov neeg ntawm cov pab pawg sib txawv thiab thaj chaw. Tseeb tiag, ua ntej ntawd, nws tau lees paub tias tsuas yog boyars thiab cov pov thawj tuaj yeem sau thiab nyeem nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Russia.

Tsis tsuas yog txiv neej, tab sis kuj cov poj niam tau sau cov lus ntawm birch bark. Tsis tas li ntawd, feem ntau cov "cov lus" hais los ntawm cov poj niam rau lawv tus txiv yog qhov tseem ceeb lossis kev txib hauv qhov xwm txheej. Qhov no debunked cov dab neeg hais tias nyob rau hauv ancient Slavic ntiaj teb no ib tug poj niam tsis muaj cai, thiab tag nrho subordinate rau nws tus txiv.

Nrog txhua qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv birch bark, ntau thiab ntau cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub X-XV centuries tau tshwm sim rau historians. Tom qab nrhiav pom cov ntawv ntawm tus tub Onfim, uas nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, cov kws tshawb fawb los xaus lus tias cov neeg siv tsis tau tsuas yog paub sau thiab nyeem xwb, tab sis kuj sim qhia lawv cov menyuam nyeem thiab sau los ntawm ib qho thaum ntxov. Graphologists, tau kawm cov duab kos thiab cov ntawv ntawm Onfim, tuaj txog qhov xaus tias tus tub thaum lub sijhawm ntawd yog 4 txog 6 xyoo.

Yuav ua li cas cov Russians sau nyob rau hauv birch bark ntawv

Los ntawm cov ntawv ntawm birch bark ntawv, cov kws tshawb fawb tau kawm ntau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb los ntawm keeb kwm thiab haiv neeg ntawm qhov pom. Yog li, cov npe ntawm tus kheej uas tau muab rau cov neeg zoo tib yam hauv tebchaws Russia tsis paub ua ntej pom hauv Novgorod. Piv txwv li, xws li Voislav, Radoneg, Tverdyata, Guests, Nezhka, Nozdrka, Plenko, Ofonos.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv ntawm birch bark lus kuj txawv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv, uas cov archaeologists tau txais cov lus nug naj npawb 138, thiab yog hnub tim kwv yees li 1300-1320, ib tug tej yam Selivestr sau nws lub siab nyiam. Archaeologists kuj pom birch bark sau ntawv los ntawm ib tug poj niam rau nws tus hlub, lus rau ib tug tub luam los ntawm cov tub lag luam raug kaw, xaj los ntawm ib tug boyar mus ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm, thiab ntau lwm yam lus luv luv piav txog tej yam yooj yim lub neej txhua hnub.

Cov kws sau keeb kwm kuj tau kawm cov nqi ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd rau qee yam khoom. Yog li ntawd, ib tug nyuj nyob rau hauv Novgorod thaum pib ntawm lub XIII caug xyoo raug nqi 3 hryvnias, thiab rau 750 cubits ntawm "vodmol" - ib tug ntxhib unbleached linen, cov tub lag luam tau npaj them 31 hryvnia 3 kunas.

Tom qab nrhiav tau tus kheej cov ntawv, cov kws tshawb fawb kuj tau debunked cov dab neeg hais tias kev cog lus nyob rau hauv Russia tshwm sim tom qab lub Tatar-Mongol ntxeem tau. Hauv qee cov ntawv, hnub rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 12th, muaj ob peb lo lus cog lus.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tsuas yog ib qho tseeb txuas nrog cov ntawv ntawm birch bark. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis paub leej twg thiab yuav xa cov lus li cas los ntawm tus xa mus rau tus neeg nyob hauv. Muaj tsuas yog ib qho kev xav tias thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ib tug tej yam birch bark xa kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv Novgorod.

Yog vim li cas yuav luag tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawv bark tau pom nyob rau hauv Novgorod

Tam sim no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom 1 txhiab 196 tsab ntawv sau rau ntawm birch bark. Ntawm cov no, tsuas yog 107 tau pom sab nraum Novgorod. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv lub capital ntawm Russia - Kiev, archaeologists pom tsuas yog ib tug birch bark tsab ntawv. Thiab txawm thaum ntawd nws yog khoob. Nws tsis tuaj yeem yog tias cov neeg ntawm Kiev thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tsis paub nyeem ntawv tsawg dua li cov neeg ntawm Novgorod. Rau historians, qhov puzzle no tsis ua hauj lwm tawm nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog cia nyob rau hauv lawv ko taw txhua lub sijhawm.

Nws yog txhua yam hais txog av. Kiev yog nyob rau ntawm cov av xoob xoob nrog cov lus sib sib zog nqus hauv av - qhov nruab nrab ntawm 4.5 txog 5 meters. Txhua yam khoom ntawm organic keeb kwm nyob rau hauv xws li av decompose nyob rau hauv ob peb puas xyoo. Novgorod av yog moist thiab ntom. Nws zoo kawg nkaus kaw qhov kev nkag tau ntawm huab cua mus rau ntoo, tawv ntoo, tawv nqaij thiab pob txha nyob rau hauv nws, ntseeg tau khaws cia rau ntau pua xyoo.

Qhov tseeb birch bark ntawv pom los ntawm archaeologists hnub rov qab mus rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Vim li cas lawv thiaj tsis siv "tus tub txib" hauv tebchaws Russia tom qab lub sijhawm no? Txhua yam yog yooj yim heev. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, daim ntawv poob qis heev. Thiab nws yog nws uas tau pib siv los xa txhua yam lus.