Tsis tau nyob mus txog 30. Dab tsi yog tus neeg tuag nyob hauv tsarist Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

150 xyoo dhau los, thaum kawg ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj 1867, Alexander II tau pom zoo cov kev cai "Ntawm kev ntsuas los txiav txim lub pes tsawg tus neeg tuag nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg." SPB. AIF. RU nco qab tias cov txheeb cais yog dab tsi thiab dab tsi demographers tau sau txog lub xeev xwm txheej hauv tebchaws Russia.

Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau pom zoo tias cov neeg txom nyem thiab kev tsis huv tsis zoo yog ib qho laj thawj rau cov neeg tuag coob.

150 xyoo dhau los, thaum kawg ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj 1867, Alexander II tau pom zoo cov kev cai "Ntawm kev ntsuas los txiav txim lub pes tsawg tus neeg tuag nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg." SPB. AIF. RU nco qab tias cov txheeb cais yog dab tsi thiab dab tsi demographers tau sau txog lub xeev xwm txheej hauv tebchaws Russia.

"Lavxias teb sab kev tuag, feem ntau, yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ua liaj ua teb thiab rov qab lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv huv si, kab lis kev cai thiab kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo," sau Doctor of Medical Sciences, Academician Sergei Novoselsky nyob rau hauv 1916.

Tus kws tshawb fawb tau ntseeg tias Russia tau coj qhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm cov xeev zoo sib xws vim tias "qhov tshwj xeeb qhov siab ntawm kev tuag thaum yau thiab tsis tshua muaj neeg tuag thaum laus."

Taug qab cov txheeb cais no nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws officially pib tsuas yog thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Alexander II, uas tau kos npe rau ib daim ntawv tswj lub sab ntawm lub zej zog. Cov "txoj cai" ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj tau hais tias tus kws kho mob tuaj koom lossis tub ceev xwm yuav tsum tau muab daim ntawv pov thawj tuag, uas tau dhau mus rau tub ceev xwm. Nws tsuas yog ua tau kom muab lub cev rau lub ntiaj teb "thaum nthuav tawm daim ntawv pov thawj kho mob ntawm kev tuag rau cov txiv plig hauv toj ntxas." Qhov tseeb, txij li lub sijhawm cov ntaub ntawv no tau tshwm sim, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias qhov nruab nrab lub neej expectancy ntawm cov txiv neej thiab cov poj niam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog dab tsi, thiab dab tsi yuav cuam tshuam rau cov nuj nqis no.

31 rau poj niam, 29 rau txiv neej

Thaum thawj 15 xyoo ntawm kev tswj xyuas cov kev txheeb cais, ib daim duab pib tshwm sim tias lub teb chaws tau poob ntau tus menyuam yaus. Rau txhua 1000 tus neeg tuag, ntau tshaj ib nrab - 649 tus neeg - yog cov uas tsis muaj hnub nyoog 15 xyoos; 156 tus neeg yog cov uas tau dhau 55 xyoo. Qhov ntawd yog, 805 tus neeg ntawm ib txhiab yog menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus.

Raws li rau poj niam txiv neej, cov tub hluas tuag ntau zaus thaum tseem me nyuam mos. Muaj 388 tus tub ntawm 1000 tus neeg tuag, thiab 350 tus ntxhais. Tom qab 20 xyoo, cov kev txheeb cais tau hloov: ntawm 1000 tus neeg tuag, muaj 302 tus txiv neej thiab 353 tus poj niam.

Tus tsim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv huv huv hauv tsev, Pyotr Kurakin, tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 1897 kev suav pej xeem thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov neeg tuag rau 1896-1897, suav tias qhov nruab nrab lub neej nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe rau cov poj niam yog me ntsis ntau dua 31 xyoo, rau cov txiv neej - 29 xyoo. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Ukraine thiab Belarus, cov duab no tau me ntsis siab dua - 36 xyoo thiab 37 xyoo rau cov poj niam, nrog rau 35 thiab 37 xyoo rau cov txiv neej.

Nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm "Fertility and Mortality in the Capitalist States of Europe," nws pom ib tug qauv: txoj kev loj hlob ntawm loj-scale Hoobkas kev lag luam cuam tshuam rau kev tuag ntawm cov neeg laus.

Siv cov piv txwv ntawm Bogorodsky koog tsev kawm ntawv, nws pom hais tias qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv no hais txog tau hloov mus ua lub hauv paus, qhov chaw uas loj thiab nruab nrab factories nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm tus dej Klyazma.

Cov neeg tuag coob tshaj plaws yog nyob ntawm no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj chaw tsim khoom loj: tawm ntawm 9 lub parishes hauv cheeb tsam no nrog cov neeg tuag ntau dua 48%, 7 yog concentrated hauv cov chaw lag luam loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub nroog.,”nws sau.

Lwm qhov tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau kev cia siab rau lub neej qis yog cov kab mob sib kis uas cuam tshuam tag nrho cov zos. Ib tug ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm kev huv huv thiab kev sib kis, tus xibfwb Alexei Sysin tau sau tias nyob rau xyoo ua ntej kev hloov pauv Russia yog qhov chaw tsis tu ncua ntawm kev sib kis:

"Tsis muaj kev cai lij choj huv huv, lub network ntawm cov tsev kho mob tsim nyog thiab huv huv hauv lub tebchaws tau tsim kho tsis zoo; lub xeev tsis tshua muaj nyiaj pab rau lub hom phiaj no. Raws li koj paub, kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv kab mob kis tau mus rau txhais tes ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos, zemstvos thiab cov nroog; tab sis tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm rau tom kawg. Nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyuaj tej yam kev mob yog lub sab nrauv ntawm lub teb chaws - Siberia. Central Asia, Caucasus, North; peb cov cheeb tsam nyob deb nroog kuj yog qhov chaw kub ntxhov ntawm kev sib kis."

Kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam yaus tseem yog qhov tseeb tsis tuaj yeem

Qhov kev puas tsuaj tiag tiag rau lub tebchaws nyob rau xyoo ntawd yog tus menyuam mos tuag coob heev. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub xeev Moscow, cov menyuam mos muaj 45.4% ntawm tag nrho cov neeg tuag ntawm txhua lub hnub nyoog. Thiab, raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm 1908-1910, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg tuag hnub nyoog qis dua 5 xyoos yog yuav luag 3/5 ntawm tag nrho.

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv 1867-1871 ntau tshaj 26 tus me nyuam ntawm 100 yug nyob rau hauv ib xyoos tuag, ces tom qab 40 xyoo lub zog xyaum tsis hloov. Ntawm ib puas tus me nyuam, 24 tuag ua ntej lawv thawj hnub yug.

“25-30 xyoo dhau los. Hauv txhua lub xeev, kev tuag tau poob qis; txawm tias qhov twg nws sawv qis heev, xws li, piv txwv li, hauv Sweden, nws yuav luag halved. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, Russia - raws li cov ntaub ntawv no, xa mus rau xyoo 1901, tsis yog nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog European, tab sis kuj nrog txhua lub xeev (tsis suav nrog Mexico ib leeg) yog ib qho kev tu siab primacy nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev poob ntawm cov me nyuam coob tshaj plaws thaum thawj zaug. xyoo ntawm lawv lub neej nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog cov naj npawb ntawm cov yug, - sau tus thawj coj ntawm lub Central Statistical Committee, xib fwb Pavel Georgievsky.

Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau pom zoo tias ib qho ntawm cov laj thawj rau kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam mos liab siab yog cov neeg pluag, qhov teeb meem tsis huv thiab tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm rau cov poj niam ua haujlwm. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog qhov kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub Hoobkas uas yog ib qho ntawm ntau tshaj plaws hauv tsarist Russia.

Vladimir Lenin kuj tau sau txog qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm ntau lawm, me nyuam mos tuag kuj loj hlob. Xyoo 1912, nws tsab xov xwm "Capitalism thiab Nrov Consumption" tau luam tawm, uas nws tau sau tseg tias: "Kev tsim cov cheese loj hlob tuaj, cov mis nyuj muag muag tau loj hlob, ob peb cov neeg ua liaj ua teb muaj nyiaj thiab cov tub lag luam tau nplua nuj, thiab cov neeg pluag yog. tau txom nyem. Cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov neeg pluag, sab laug tsis muaj mis nyuj, tuag coob heev. Kev tuag ntawm cov menyuam yaus hauv tebchaws Russia yog qhov siab kawg."

Lawv ntxiv lawv cov xim rau daim duab dav dav thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kws kho mob huv.

"Cov pejxeem, uas tshwm sim los ntawm tes mus rau qhov ncauj, thiab feem ntau tshaib plab, tsis tuaj yeem muab cov menyuam muaj zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias peb ntxiv rau cov xwm txheej tsis zoo uas, ntxiv rau qhov tsis muaj zaub mov noj, tus poj niam pom nws tus kheej thaum cev xeeb tub thiab tom qab nws, " sau ib qho ntawm thawj tus kws kho mob menyuam yaus Lavxias Dmitry Sokolova thiab tus kws kho mob Grebenshchikova.

Hais lus nyob rau hauv 1901 nrog ib daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Lavxias teb sab kws kho mob, lawv tshaj tawm hais tias "kev ploj tuag ntawm cov me nyuam tseem yog ib tug undeniable qhov tseeb." Hauv nws cov lus, Grebenshchikov tau hais tias "tus me nyuam lub cev tsis muaj zog yog nyob ntawm lub xeev kev noj qab haus huv ntawm nws niam nws txiv thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas leej niam thaum cev xeeb tub."

"Yog li, yog tias peb tsa cov lus nug txog kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub zog ntawm cov niam txiv, ces, hmoov tsis zoo, peb yuav tsum lees paub tias qib kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev hauv Russia yog qis heev thiab, nws tuaj yeem hais tsis muaj qhov yuam kev, txhua xyoo nws yog. tau qis thiab qis. Muaj, tau kawg, muaj ntau qhov laj thawj rau qhov no, tab sis nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej muaj undoubtedly ib qho nyuaj nyuaj rau lub hav zoov thiab ib puas zuj zus kis ntawm cawv thiab syphilis …"

Ib tug kws kho mob rau 7 txhiab tus neeg

Hais txog qhov muaj tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov xyoo ntawd, nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias xyoo 1913 tag nrho cov nqi kho mob yog 147.2 lab rubles. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau pom tias rau txhua tus neeg nyob hauv ib xyoos muaj txog 90 kopecks. Nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv ceeb toom "Nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub koom haum ntawm kev kho mob nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv 1913," nws tau hais tias muaj 24,031 tus kws kho mob pej xeem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman, ntawm uas 71% nyob rau hauv lub nroog.

"Raws li kev suav rau tag nrho cov pej xeem, nroog thiab nyob deb nroog, ib tus kws kho mob pej xeem nyob nruab nrab tau pab 6,900 tus neeg nyob hauv, nrog 1,400 hauv nroog thiab 20,300 nyob sab nraud," cov ntaub ntawv tau hais.

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm Soviet hwj chim, cov duab no pib hloov. Yog li, piv txwv li, thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1955 cov kws kho mob hauv USSR tau tshaj 334 txhiab tus neeg.

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P. S.

Cov neeg uas xav "crunch ib Fabkis bun" rau qee qhov laj thawj ntseeg tias tsoomfwv Soviet tau dag lawv ntawm lub npe suav, thiab tsis yog khau bast!