Cov me nyuam tsis zoo siab ntawm USSR: lub voj voog dawb thiab kev kawm ua haujlwm. Capitalism thiab tib neeg creators yog incompatible

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Zoo li niaj hnub no tsis muaj teeb meem nrog cov menyuam yaus lub voj voog thiab ntu. Cia li them nyiaj, raws li lawv hais. Txhua tus niam txiv tuaj yeem muab lawv tus menyuam rau cov neeg hlau, yuav luag los ntawm lub txaj, txawm mus ua luam dej, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, rau lus Askiv, yuav ua li cas ib tug neeg muaj hnub nyoog 5 xyoos ntawm Russia nyob tsis muaj nws? Tab sis cia saib yuav ua li cas nrog qhov no tsis ntev los no, ob peb xyoos dhau los.

"Make up - sim - tsim" lub ntsiab lus ntawm 60s - 70s tej zaum yuav nco ntsoov los ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm cov xyoo uas tam sim no tau ua cov nyiaj laus. Kev mob siab rau kev muaj tswv yim muaj tswv yim yog loj heev nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws Soviet, thiab Vajtswv tsis ua phem rau peb nrog cov txuj ci, thiab peb cov neeg paub yuav ua li cas tinker. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, muaj ib tug haib system ntawm stimulating scientific thiab technical creativity ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas - NTTM, uas muab thawj kev txawj ntse, txawm nyob rau hauv me me lub zos muaj technical voj voog, cov neeg tuaj koom uas tom qab xaiv lawv cov hauj lwm raws li cov ntsiab lus. ntawm cov voj voog no. Cov ntawv xov xwm Soviet "Soviet Designer", "Young Technician", "Modelist - Designer", "Tekhnika Molodezhi" yog rau ntau lab tus tub, thiab qee zaum cov ntxhais, lub qhov rais mus rau lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, tsim kev muaj tswv yim thiab coj mus. los ntawm txoj kev, nkag thiab chaw nres nkoj cawv.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm NTTM hnub rov qab mus rau 1966, thaum ib tug loj-scale cov tub ntxhais zog txav tau tsim thoob plaws lub teb chaws rau mastering lub tshiab khoom thiab technology, thiab nce qib kev txawj ntse thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tshwj xeeb ntawm lub enterprise. Hauv txhua cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws, kev tshuaj xyuas txog kev ua tiav tshiab, kev sib tw ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom tshiab thiab cov neeg tsim khoom tau tuav, cov txiaj ntsig tau suav nrog ntawm All-Union Exhibition of Scientific and Technical Creativity of Youth at the USSR Exhibition of Economic Achievements. Cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam txhua xyoo los ntawm kev qhia txog ntau yam kev tsim khoom yog kwv yees li ib lab rubles. Nyob rau hauv 60-70, ntau tshaj 20 lab tus tib neeg thoob plaws lub tebchaws tau koom nrog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thoob plaws lub tebchaws, ntau dua 2.5 lab tus tub ntxhais kawm tau nyiam nws, ntau dua 60 txhiab lub voj voog ntawm kev muaj tswv yim tshawb fawb tau ua haujlwm hauv cov tsev kawm ua haujlwm. Kwv yees li ib lab tus menyuam kawm hauv 450 lub koom haum tshawb fawb ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv, muaj ntau dua 400 lub koom haum ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj, cov neeg tsav nkoj, cov kws tsav dav hlau, cosmonauts, 140,000 cov koom haum rau cov tub ntxhais hluas cov kws tshaj lij. Tab sis tsis tsuas yog lub voj voog, kev kawm ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov txheej txheem kev kawm ntawm tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab Soviet.

Rau lub hom phiaj no, interschool kev kawm thiab ntau lawm complexes tau tsim, nruab nrog txhua yam tsim nyog rau mastering loj ua hauj lwm professions. Cov kws tshaj lij kev tsim khoom tau dhau los ua cov kws qhia-cov kws qhia ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Ntxiv nrog rau cov kev qhia ua haujlwm, qhov twg cov tub hluas thiab cov ntxhais ua lawv tus kheej tes thawj zaug, kuj tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg thiab cov khoom seem. Kuv nco qab lub motto "BAM - pioneer tsheb ciav hlau" thiab dragged ntau yam hlau rubbish mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab qhov ntau, qhov zoo dua. Nrog hlau nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, thiab yog li ntawd nws yog tag nrho cov, tab sis yeej nyob rau hauv lub sau ntawm recyclable cov ntaub ntawv thiab koom nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub xyoo pua - rau ntau nws yog ib tug zoo siab xyiv fab. Koj puas nco qab tsev kawm ntawv subbotniks? Peb cog ntoo - "Cia Kho Kom Zoo Nkauj Niam Txiv nrog Lub Vaj", lossis "Lub Caij Ntuj Sov ntawm Txiv Plig". Tag nrho cov kev ua no muaj lub ntsiab lus tob thiab muaj xim nrog tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev hlub. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias txij li xyoo 1943, cov tub hluas thiab cov ntxhais kawm sib cais, nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv sib txawv, mus txog rau xyoo 1954. Thiab ib tug neeg yuav nco ntsoov cov lus hais tias: "Tsuas yog cov uas nyiam ua hauj lwm hu ua Octois." Lub Kaum Hli Revolutions tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1920; cov no yog cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog ib yam li Lub Kaum Hli. Cov tho kev. Txhua leej txhua tus ces ua npau suav ntawm hnav ib tug khi liab. Thawj detachments tau tshwm sim ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom. Yuav tsum tau lub nruas bugle thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nws cov chij. Tom qab ntawd, tom tsev kawm ntawv, Octobrist dhau los ua ib tug tho kev, kom tom qab ntawd muab ib daim ntawv cim Komsomol rau ntawm nws lub hauv siab.

Interestingly, muaj ntau tus pioneers thiab Octobrists ntawm cov neeg saib ntawm lub channel? Leej twg muaj liab ties thiab paib, sau rau hauv cov lus. Cov neeg uas paub lawv tus kheej thaum lawv kawm - cov tub ntxhais kawm zoo thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam - tau raug caw tuaj rau Kremlin. Kev nco ntawm tsev kawm ntawv theem siab yog hais txog kev kawm, kev loj hlob thiab kev sib raug zoo hauv lub neej, lawv tsis sib cais thiab sib cuam tshuam. Niaj hnub no nws tsis yog ib qho yooj yim los thuam lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet. Zoo li, nws yog ib feem ntawm lub tshuab ideological, tab sis leej twg yuav sib cav nrog qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv uas tso peb tseg, lawv tau qhia tiag tiag. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem kev qhia tau raug teeb tsa kom txhua tus paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev kawm los ntawm tus hniav, txawm tias cov tub ntxhais kawm qib C.

Thiab cov kev kawm hauv tebchaws Soviet hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab tau teeb tsa hauv txoj hauv kev uas peb tau txais kev paub rau lub neej. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov phau ntawv (nrog rau cov yeeb yaj kiab raws li lawv) los ntawm Alexander Dumas, Walter Scott, Alexander Green, science ntawv tseeb los ntawm Efremov, Belyaev thiab Strugatskikh poob rau hauv qeb ntawm "cov menyuam yaus xinesmas" thiab "cov menyuam ntawv nyeem", thiab Pikul cov niam txiv cov phau ntawv. kuj tau nqos cov hluas sai sai.