Slavs hauv Scandinavia, uas tau tsim lub xeev Scandinavian

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kuv tau sau ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Slavs hauv Scandinavia. Thiab kuv txiav txim siab muab nws ua ke thiab ua kom nws yooj yim dua. Daim duab zoo li xav paub heev. Kuv xav tias nws yuav nthuav tshwj xeeb los nyeem qhov no rau cov phooj ywg uas pom Scandinavians, los ntawm kev txhais, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj dua, muaj zog thiab ntau dua "tsim" dua li lwm cov neeg nyob hauv thaj av Baltic - lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam kev vam meej, zoo li yuav luag superhuman Germans, thiab Scandinavia nws tus kheej zoo li yog lawv qhov chaw dawb huv.

Qhov tseeb yog qhov nthuav ntau dua! Thaj, Baltic Slavs tau koom nrog hauv lub neej ntawm tsis yog thaj av Baltic nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj Scandinavia tshwj xeeb. Nrog rau nws qhov kev yuav khoom tshiab, xws li Iceland. Thiab qhov tseeb, qhov no yog, ntawm chav kawm, zoo kawg nkaus logic. Ib tug tuaj yeem xav tsis thoob ntawm qhov no tsuas yog tias ib tus ua raws qee cov tswv yim mythological, qhov siv tau thiab qhov tsim nyog uas, qhov tseeb, yog qhov tsis ntseeg. Txawm hais tias lawv muaj ntau heev.

Yog li, pib nrog, kuv yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev xav muab los ntawm ib tug phooj ywg uas hwm.

aloslum

Hauv kev sau "Slavs thiab Scandinavians" (M. 1986), Danish archaeologist N.-K. Libgott, hauv nws tsab xov xwm "Ceramics - pov thawj ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog Slavic ntug dej hiav txwv," sau txog cov Slavs hauv Denmark:

"Lub npe xws li Kramnice, Korzelice, Tillicethiab Binnitz (Danish -itze, qhev, -ice), cia peb xav txog South Danish Islands tuaj raws li thaj tsam ntawm Slavic kev sib haum xeeb. Nws tsis yog ib txwm paub meej thaum nws tshwm sim. Nws yog assumed tias nws pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9th. Txawm li cas los xij, tseem tsis tau muaj hnub nyoog archaeological pom uas tuaj yeem ua pov thawj qhov no. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, ib tug yuav taw tes rau lub unexplored nplhaib fortification Revshaleborg tam sim ntawd sab hnub tuaj ntawm Maribo ntawm Lolanda, uas nyob rau hauv nws tag nrho cov tsim daim ntawv yog nyob ze rau lub Slavic kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Dargun nyob rau hauv lub Malkhin koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Mecklenburg. Hnub tom ntej tuaj yeem rau Slavic hloov chaw yog lub xyoo pua XI, thaum lub sijhawm kav Sven Estridsen. Qhov kev xav no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov khoom siv archaeological uas nws kim heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov chaw nyob hauv Lolanda. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom tshwj xeeb Slavic ceramics, uas tau yooj yim txheeb xyuas nrog cov ceramics los ntawm ob qho tib si Wolin thiab Mecklenburg, tab sis saum toj no tag nrho nrog cov ceramics ntawm Wipper thiab Teter pawg "(p. 143-144).

Nyob rau tib qhov chaw, nws piav txog qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Denmark, Pedersborg, ze Sørø: "Los ntawm hom fortification, Pedersborg yog tib lub fortification ntawm nws hom nyob rau hauv Denmark. Qhov sib npaug ze tshaj plaws yog pom nyob rau hauv Slavic pab pawg neeg thaj chaw. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XII. lub fortress belongs rau Peder Torstenson” (p. 144). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, "Ntawm no pom cov hlab ntsha ntawm ob peb yam yooj yim, tag nrho cov uas, tsis muaj kev zam, muaj Slavic prototypes" (p. 145).

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws lub hauv paus yog los ntawm Danish feudal lords uas muaj nws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, active koom nyob rau hauv kev tsov kev rog nrog Slavic Pomorie, uas dheev los ua inveterate Slavs ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub (ceramics): Txawm li cas los xij. Txawm hais tias Peder Torstenson nws tus kheej ua lub fortress, uas tej zaum, yog nws txiv Skjalm Hvide, uas nws txoj cai feudal txuas ntxiv tsis yog txog. Zeland, tab sis kuj hais txog. Rügen, cov qauv ntawm cov qauv Zeeland no, muaj peev xwm nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Slavic ntawm Baltic”(p. 144).

Tib lub sijhawm, raws li N.-K. Libgott: Ob qho no thiab lwm yam ntawm cov nkoj los ntawm Pedersborg zoo li qub ntau dua li nws ua raws cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm yav dhau los, uas yuav txhais tau tias yog hom kev tsis txaus ntseeg nyob rau hauv thaj chaw sab nraud ntawm Slavic ceramics, uas tshwm sim, tej zaum, thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm. thib ob lossis thib peb tiam ntawm migrated Slavic potters” (p. 145).

Tsis yog nws yuav zoo dua los rov xav txog "keeb kwm" thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lawv, rub lub hauv paus ntawm lub fortress mus rau nws thawj cov thawj coj, thiab xav tias lub fortification yam ntxwv ntawm cov Slavs nrog archaic Slavic ceramics tau tsim los ntawm cov Slavs. lawv tus kheej txawm ua ntej lawv.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub sau, nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "Slavs thiab Normans nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov keeb kwm ntawm lub Baltic cheeb tsam," German archaeologist J. Herrmann sau: "Los ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th. Cov Rugen Slavs thiab Pomorians tau nruab nrog cov flotillas loj, rov ua dua qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Danes thiab, dhau los, tawm tsam Danish Islands tuaj, txawm tias muaj neeg coob coob. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, cov kev sib tw zoo sib xws tau teeb tsa los ntawm Pomorian ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Baltic tawm tsam Gotland, Öland thiab mus rau sab qab teb Sweden. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th. cov pej xeem hauv zos tau kho cov kev tiv thaiv qub qub xws li hauv Eketorp ntawm Åland; thiab muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov tub rog Slavic ntau zaus. Tus kws tshawb fawb Swedish nto moo M. Stenberger tau xaus lus tias ntau Slavic ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm Eketorp yuav qhia tsis tau tsuas yog kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo, tab sis kuj lub fact tias. Öland lub sijhawm no tau nyob los ntawm Slavs los ntawm sab qab teb ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Baltic, raws li tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Saxon Grammar thiab Danish Knütling Saga"

Dab tsi Stenberger hais txog (Stenberger M. Eketorp hauv Öland. Ancient Village thiab Trading Settlement. - Acta Archaeologica. København, 1973, v. 44, p. 14) tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau. Tab sis nyob rau hauv "Saga ntawm Knütlings" zoo nkaus li muaj lus nyob rau hauv uas ob qho tib si Eland (Eyland) thiab cov Slavs tau hais (tom kawg ntawm tshooj 76):

Eptir þetta setti Eiríkr konungr menn til landsgæzlu á Vinðlandi, okholdu þeir ríki þat undir Eirík konung. Síðan fór Eiríkr konungr til skipa sinna ok sigldi síðan heim til Danmerkr með sigri miklum. Hann kom fyrst við Eyland skipum sínum, er hann kom sunnan af Vinðlandi, sem Markús segir.

Ntawm no nws yog hais txog qhov tseeb hais tias tom qab lub yeej ntawm Danish huab tais Eric hla lub Slavs, "thaum nws los ntawm sab qab teb los ntawm Windland, nws thawj coj nws lub nkoj mus rau Eiland (Öland)".

Ib zaug ntxiv Eland tau hais hauv tshooj 123: “Christopher, Npis Sov Abs alon thiab Asbjorn tau mus rau qhov ntawd thiab caij nkoj mus rau Eiland; nyob ntawd lawv txeeb tau nyiaj ntau thiab neeg, tab sis tshooj no piav qhia txog kev tsov rog nrog cov qaib Curonian, thiab tsis yog nrog Ruyans, uas tau lees paub los ntawm tus txhais lus T. Ermolaev.

A. Ya. Gurevich sau txog lub fortifications yam ntxwv ntawm cov Slavs nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "Puas Jomsborg muaj nyob?"

"Thawj puag ncig lub fortifications tau tsim hauv Scandinavia rov qab rau xyoo pua 5th. Lub Ismantorp fortification ntawm Öland Island (Sweden), uas archaeologists ntaus nqi rau lub sij hawm ntawm "Great Migration" (raws li lwm yam kev xav, mus rau lub sij hawm tom qab) … -Western Norway (Rogaland) thiab Northern Norway (Halogaland). Fortifications nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm concentric ramparts kuj tau ua nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th. Nws txaus los taw tes rau lub npe nrov "Nplhaib" (ntiv nplhaib) ntawm Avar Kagan ntawm Danube, hauv Pannonia, rhuav tshem los ntawm Charlemagne, nyob rau hauv uas muaj txog li cuaj shafts inscribed nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ib tug mus rau lwm qhov. Slavic fortifications kuj ncig. Cov Danes paub tias muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv cov neeg nyob ze, Baltic Slavs. Thaum kawg, lub nplhaib fortifications tau tsim nyob rau hauv British Isles. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias cov kws tshawb fawb Askiv yav dhau los tau suav tias yog lub sijhawm ua ntej Viking kev sib tw, tam sim no cov suab tau hnov los ntawm Danish keeb kwm ntawm qee lub tsev kawm ntawv Askiv."

Interestingly, raws li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, Eyvind lub Skald Slayer hu ua cov inhabitants ntawm Rogaland lub holmrugs (Speeches of the Hakon. 3), uas yog, precisely "kob ntaub pua tsev", tej zaum ces lub cim xeeb ntawm lawv kev twb kev txuas nrog Ruyan-Rugen yog. tseem khaws cia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, holmrugs tau hais ua ke nrog cov khaleig, uas yog, cov neeg nyob hauv Halogaland, qhov twg, ib yam li hauv Rogaland, puag ncig fortifications tau pom.

L. Prozorov tau sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv Wendel kab lis kev cai ntawm 6-8 centuries, nrog rau Germanic nta, kuj muaj Slavic sawv daws yuav (piv txwv li, shaved ntsej muag thiab ib tug txiav plaub hau nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog nyob rau hauv cov duab), nws kuj coj ib tug plaub-ntsej muag. cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm kev faus neeg hauv Sutton Hoo (East England, tab sis kuj hais txog Wendel kab lis kev cai). Daim duab plaub-ntsej muag yog ntau tshaj li cov pob tshab siv rau Svantevit. Thaum kawg, qhov kev sib hais haum nyob rau hauv Central Sweden, uas cov kab lis kev cai muaj npe, yog pom meej txuas nrog cov vendels (uas tau hais hauv kev pabcuam ntawm cov vajntxwv Danish txawm nyob hauv Beowulf).

Tam sim no, ntawm no yog ib co quotes los ntawm Polish tsab xov xwm ntawm Slavic piracy nyob rau hauv lub Baltic: (Mariusz Zulawnik, PIRACTWO SLOWIANSKIE NA BALTYKU DO 1184 ROKU, 1999 TEKA HISTORYKA, 1999.- zeszyt 16. -S.5-18.):

"Pirates tau teeb tsa kev ntoj ke mus ntes cov neeg raug tsim txom lossis qhev. Cov nplua nuj yeej muaj nqis heev, rau qhov cov tub sab hiav txwv no tuaj yeem tau txais tus nqe txhiv loj rau lawv. Tus so ntawm cov neeg raug kaw raug muag ntawm auction. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug kaw tom qab txhua qhov kev ntoj ke mus ua rau lub fact tias tus nqi rau cov qhev nyob rau hauv lub Slavic kev lag luam poob sharply. Tej yam txawv, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Denmark, qhov twg cov nqi tam sim ntawd skyrocketed. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog qhov tsis txaus ntawm qhev tom qab lub Slavic tawm tsam. Cov neeg raug kaw raug ntes nyob rau hauv kev sib cav nrog cov Poles raug muag rau Denmark los yog rau Ruyan, thiab cov neeg raug kaw nyob rau sab qaum teb (Danes) - feem ntau mus rau sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Cov qhev muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua, xws li cov neeg nplua nuj, raug kho zoo dua li lwm tus uas tau siv, thiab lwm yam, hauv kev ua haujlwm hnyav, xws li tsim cov nkoj. Lawv feem ntau raug thab plaub. Hauv Titmar peb tuaj yeem nyeem seb peb tau ua li cas nrog qee tus neeg raug txhom: "lawv kev npau taws tau dhau mus rau lwm tus ntawm corsairs. Thaum sawv ntxov lawv txiav qhov ntswg, pob ntseg thiab txhais tes ntawm tus pov thawj (…) thiab cov neeg ua hauj lwm; ces lawv muab lawv hla mus rau hauv lub bay (…).

Ntawm no yog ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Slavic corsair ntoj ke mus kawm nyob rau hauv 1136 nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Pomor prince Ratibor kuv ntawm Konunghala (thaum lub sij hawm ntawd lub nroog Danish, tam sim no muaj los ntawm Sweden, nyob rau ciam teb nrog Norway) los ntawm tib tsab xov xwm: “(…) Cov pagans tsis ua raws li lawv tej lus, lawv tau coj txhua tus neeg, txiv neej, poj niam thiab menyuam yaus, ntau tus raug tua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas tsis muaj zog, yug me nyuam thiab cov uas nyuaj coj nrog lawv. Lawv txeeb tau tag nrho cov nyiaj uas nyob hauv lub nroog.”

Qhov no yog li cas cov peev txheej piav qhia qhov xwm txheej tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawm tsam Slavic pirates hauv Denmark, tsis ntev ua ntej kev sib tw ntawm Valdemar I ntawm Ruyana: "Lub sijhawm no, cov pirates unbelted lawv tus kheej los ntawm ciam teb ntawm Slavs mus txog rau Eidor, tag nrho cov. cov zos los ntawm sab hnub tuaj, sab laug los ntawm cov inhabitants (…), nteg nyob rau hauv ruins nrog uncultivated av. Zej zog, los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab qab teb, gaped nrog emptiness (…), tsis muaj dab tsi tshuav rau Fionia tab sis ob peb inhabitants."

Lwm qhov nthuav tseeb: Hauv kev ua lag luam hauv Mecklenburg xyoo 1168, tom qab lub yeej ntawm kev txhawb nqa, 700 Danes tau muab tso rau muag.

Yuav ua li cas ib tug tsis nco qab lub npe nrov hais los ntawm "Slavic Chronicle" los ntawm Helmold: "Lawv tsis muaj nuj nqis rau kev tawm tsam ntawm Danes, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv txawm xav tias nws zoo siab rau lawv tus kheej los koom tes nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua. lawv."

Cia peb nco qab tias raws li cov lus ceeb toom ntawm Danish Annals, ua ntej Valdemar, Lolland tau them se rau Ruyans.

"Lub Saga ntawm Hakone Dobrom" qhia txog kev tawm tsam ntawm Vikings-Wends ntawm Scandinavian thaj av (ua ke nrog Danes). Peb hais tias: "Tom qab ntawd Hakon Konung tau caij nkoj mus rau sab hnub tuaj raws ntug dej ntawm Skane thiab rhuav tshem lub tebchaws, coj tus nqe txhiv thiab se thiab tua cov Vikings, qhov chaw nws tsuas pom lawv, Danes thiab Wends."

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov kab Slavic tau pom meej meej hauv Scandinavia, ob qho tib si raws li cov tub rog tub rog uas tawm tsam, nyiag thiab rhuav tshem cov chaw nyob, lossis txawm tias tag nrho cov xeev, thiab raws li kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, cov tub lag luam thiab cov neeg txawj ntse uas nyob hauv nws thaj av.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cim ntawm cov neeg Slavic tuaj yeem pom txawm tias nyob hauv thaj chaw tshiab, xws li Iceland, uas tau ua tiav los ntawm Scandinavians hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog.

Hauv qab no yog ib tsab xov xwm Polish uas piav txog cov tsev Baltic-Slavic uas pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tebchaws Iceland, thiab tseem hais txog cov qauv zoo sib xws hauv Norway:

Slavic neeg nyob hauv Iceland (Słowiańscy osadnicy na Islandii)

Lwm lub tsev Slavic - lub xyoo pua 10th semi-dugout - tau tshawb pom los ntawm Polish archaeologists ze Lake Myvatn nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj Iceland, tus thawj coj ntawm kev tshawb fawb, xibfwb Przemysław Urbanczyk (Przemysław Urbanczyk) los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Archaeology thiab Ethnology ntawm Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Press Agency.

Kev tshawb nrhiav Polish, tau ua rau xyoo no los ntawm ib nrab ntawm Lub Rau Hli mus txog ib nrab ntawm Lub Yim Hli, tau tsom mus rau thaj tsam Sveigakot ze Lake Myvatn nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm cov kob, qhov chaw uas thawj cov neeg nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe tau tshwm sim thaum tig 9. -10 xyoo pua.

"Txij thaum pib, ib txoj kab Slavic tau pom hauv peb qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv Iceland. Peb twb tau qhib qhov thib peb Slavic tsev nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no - ib tug square semi-dugout. Xws li lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 9-10 yog ib qho zoo rau thaj chaw raws Elbe, Oder thiab Vistula Rivers, thiab rau Russia. Lawv tsis muaj qhov sib piv nrog cov tsev Scandinavian. Raws nraim tib lub tsev Slavic, txawv ntawm Scandinavian sawv daws, kuv pom ua ntej hauv Norway, "hais tias xibfwb Urbanchik.

"Nws tsis paub meej uas Slavs nkag mus rau sab qaum teb, mus rau Iceland. Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias cov no yog Polabian Slavs, thiab tsis yog peb cov poj koob yawm txwv los ntawm ntug dej ntawm Vistula. Lawv tau nyob nrog Vikings hauv thaj av suab puam ntawm Iceland. Cov zej zog thaum ntxov medieval tsis yog haiv neeg homogeneous li tam sim no ntseeg. Lub zej zog Viking tau qhib - lawv txaus siab rau cov neeg tsav nkoj zoo thiab cov tub rog, lees txais cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau haiv neeg, suav nrog Slavs, Germans thiab Celts, rau hauv lawv qib, "hais tias xibfwb Urbanchik.

Cov kev tshawb fawb xyoo no tau lees paub qhov kev xav ua ntej uas cov neeg nyob hauv ntxov tau rhuav tshem ib puag ncig ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm cov kob hauv ob peb tiam. Cov hav zoov tau raug tshem tawm vim cov ntoo xav tau rau kev tsim kho thiab cua sov ntawm lub tsev, thiab cov nyom tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw.

Cov colonists coj nyuj, yaj thiab npua. Kev noj nyuj ntau dhau, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog npua rhuav tshem hauv av, ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov nyom. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev yaig tom qab, ib txheej nyias ntawm cov av ploj mus, thiab cov suab puam xuab zeb-pob zeb tau tsim.

Kev ntoj ke mus thoob ntiaj teb yuav pib rau xyoo tom ntej - nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm 4th International Polar Year - kev tshawb nrhiav cov kab ntawm Viking kev nyob hauv Greenland.

"Nws yuav yog ib qho kev nthuav dav rau Polish archaeologists thiab. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias cov Slavs tau mus rau qhov chaw ntawd, "saib xibfwb Urbanchik sau tseg. (Lus txhais los ntawm Polish los ntawm S. Baslov.)

Tsab ntawv nws tus kheej raug coj los ntawm no (yav dhau los nws tau qhib dawb, tam sim no lawv xav tau nkag rau hauv). Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntawv Polish qub nrog rau kev txhais lus.

Tib cov ntaub ntawv tau lees paub hauv zaj duab xis no los ntawm National Geographic, uas peb ua tsaug rau tus hlub

smelding (SLAvS NTAWM LUB SIJ HAWM NTAWM ICELAND).

Nws kuj hais txog cov neeg Slavic neeg nyob hauv Iceland. Ntxiv mus, xibfwb Urbanchik nws tus kheej tham txog qhov no, tib yam uas tau hais hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov Slavs pib ntawm 11:20.

Yog li, archaeological kab lis kev cai ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Scandinavians thiab Baltic Slavs mus rau thaj av tshiab yog qhov pom tseeb heev. Ntawm no, ib yam nkaus, kuv xav tias nws tsim nyog yuav tsum nco qab tias S. Gedeonov tau lees tias hauv qee cov ntawv Askiv uas txaus ntshai piav txog kev tawm tsam ntawm Normans ntawm Askiv thiab Ireland, Vendians kuj tau teev npe ntawm cov neeg lim hiam no.

Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yuav zoo kom paub meej cov ntaub ntawv no. Vim nws xav paub heev. Thiab, txiav txim los ntawm daim duab pom, kev koom tes ntawm Baltic Slavs thiab Scandinavians hauv Norman phiaj xwm yuav yog qhov laj thawj heev. Cov Baltic Slavs yog cev nqaij daim tawv thiab ntshav ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, thiab, thaj, yog ib feem tseem ceeb heev! Txawm hais tias, hmoov tsis, qhov no yog undeservedly tsis nco qab lawm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov tswv yim niaj hnub, los yog ntau tshaj, niaj hnub mythology txog lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm. Kuv xav tias qhov no yuav tsum nco ntsoov!

Kuv xav nyeem cov lus thiab cov lus nug.