Japanese castles thiab lawv siege

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov phab ntsa muaj zog, cov pej thuam zoo nkauj, kev tawm tsam ntshav thiab kev dag ntxias: txhua qhov no tsis yog nyob hauv Europe xwb. Thiab los ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov fortresses, cov neeg Nyij Pooj tuaj yeem muab cov neeg European pib lub taub hau.

Lub era ntawm castles

Tub rog fortifications nyob rau hauv Nyiv tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub 1 xyoo txhiab AD. e. Lawv yog cov ntoo forts - cov qauv ua los ntawm palisades thiab ditches. Lawv tau yooj yim tsim thiab yooj yim rau hlawv; lawv tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab feem ntau stormed head-on. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub samurai tub rog kos duab tseem nyob rau hauv battlefield. Fragmentation, exacerbation ntawm nom tswv kev tawm tsam, qhov tshwm sim ntawm phom thiab kev txhim kho ntawm technology nyob rau hauv lub 15th thiab 16th centuries. tso cai rau cov Japanese fortification coj ib kauj ruam rau pem hauv ntej - kom dav siv pob zeb tsim thiab rov xav txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm fortifications.

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. thiab mus txog rau xyoo 1620s. kev tsim kho ntawm pob zeb ntauwd fortresses txuas ntxiv mus. Lub sijhawm no, ntau tus thawj coj nom tswv tau sim sib sau Nyij Pooj nyob rau hauv lawv txoj cai thiab xaus rau kev sib cais ntawm feudal. Tau kawg, ntau tus tswv feudal (daimyo) npau suav tsis koom nrog lub hwj chim, tab sis kom ntxiv dag zog rau nws.

Nyob rau hauv kev tsov rog rau kev rov faib nom tswv ntawm Nyiv, daimyo tau tsim ntau pua lub tsev fuabtais los tswj cov cheeb tsam ib puag ncig thiab npog thaum muaj kev tawm tsam. Cov phab ntsa muaj zog ua ke nrog cov tub rog siab tawv ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov yeeb ncuab, txawm tias muaj ntau zaus ntawm cov neeg nyob ze.

Daimyo. Tau qhov twg los: youtube.com

Feem ntau ntawm cov Japanese fortresses zoo li cov Europeans ua (cov Nyij Pooj txawm ntiav engineers los ntawm Tebchaws Europe). Hauv thaj av ntawm Lub Hnub Sawv Cev, cov tsev fuabtais kuj muaj cov phab ntsa thiab qhov khoob, cov kwj deg qhuav lossis dej puv, cov rooj vag muaj zog thiab "txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tuag"; ntawm no, ib yam nkaus, lawv ua los ntawm pob zeb thiab ntoo, kuj siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm toj roob hauv pes thiab npaj ntxiab rau cov yeeb ncuab. Tab sis txawm nyob rau ntawm thawj glance ntawm ib tug Japanese fortress, ib tug yuav pom lub teb chaws originality ntawm lub fortress.

Osaka tsev fuabtais. Tau qhov twg los: ja.ukiyo-e.org

Nyiv cov chaw ruaj khov muaj lub hauv paus muaj zog (ishigaki) - inclined earthen ramparts, zoo ib yam li cov phab ntsa, fortified nrog pob zeb (feem ntau txog 7 m siab, tab sis lawv kuj pom ntau dua). Ntawm cov ramparts muaj cov phab ntsa qis nrog cov qhov khoob ntawm ntau yam duab thiab kaum yees (zoo ib yam li outbuildings).

Lub pob zeb "hnav khaub ncaws" ntawm lub ramparts tau pw nrog tshwj xeeb masonry thiab feem ntau nrog kev siv ntawm cov pob zeb loj (qhov hnyav kaum lossis ntau tshaj ib puas tons; lawv tau teeb tsa los ntawm ntau pua tus neeg).

Osaka Castle, yees duab 1865. Source: blogs.yahoo.co.jp

Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Japanese fortress yog lub ntsiab zoo nkauj (tenshu) nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj ntawm Japanese architecture. Lawv tau ua los ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj ntawm ntoo, npog nrog hluav taws-resistant plaster thiab dai kom zoo nkauj.

Luxurious tenshu yuav tsum ua kom pom lub zog thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm daimyo, kom lawv tsis pom zoo li cov qauv tub rog, thiab zoo li ntau qhov chaw nyob. Lawv tau siv los ua European donjons - raws li kev soj ntsuam thiab qhov chaw zaum kawg thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tom qab phab ntsa. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv tau khaws cia hauv cov yees.

Tus neeg Portuguese João Rodriguez, uas yog ib tug neeg ncig teb chaws Jesuit, hais txog cov neeg Nyij Pooj tenshu: "Ntawm no lawv khaws lawv cov khoom muaj nqis thiab ntawm no lawv cov poj niam sib sau ua ke thaum lub sij hawm siege. Thaum lawv tsis muaj peev xwm tiv tau txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua, lawv tua lawv cov poj niam thiab cov me nyuam kom tsis txhob poob rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab txhais tes; Tom qab ntawd, tom qab teeb tsa tus pej thuam nrog cov hmoov phom thiab lwm yam khoom siv, kom txawm tias lawv cov pob txha yuav tsis muaj sia nyob, lawv rub qhib lawv lub plab … ".

Osaka, 1614 Source: Pinterest

Lub pej thuam nplua nuj tshaj plaws overlooks Himeji Castle. Zoo kawg nkaus tansa kuj pom nyob rau hauv castles ntawm Nagoya, Kumamoto, Kochi, Matsumoto, Matsue, thiab lwm yam.

Lub ntsiab pej thuam ntawm Himeji. Tau qhov twg los: hrono.info

Matsue Castle. Tau qhov twg los: rutraveller.ru

Daim duab ntawm tus pej thuam Kakegave. Source: S. Turnbull "Japanese Castles"

Ib yam Japanese tsev fuabtais - tsa rau ntawm. Kyushu xyoo 1624 Shimabara. Lub tsev fuabtais yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug moat, cov phab ntsa muaj loj loj pob zeb foundations, saum toj no uas muaj lub teeb, lub teeb yees coj upwards.

Shimabara. Tau qhov twg los: vanasera.ru

Siege art

Castles tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm Japanese. Tau ntev lawv hindered, tab sis thaum kawg ib lub fortress tau pab los sib sau ua ke lub teb chaws. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Fushimi Castle hauv 1600 tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. 62-xyoo-laus Torii Motomada, tus tub qhe ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, tau txib ob txhiab tus tub rog.

Fushimi tau tawm tsam 30 txhiab tub rog ntawm Ishida Mitsunari. Isis xa cov tub rog mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam hnyav ntawm lub fortress, tab sis nws cov neeg tiv thaiv tau foob pob zeb thiab mos txwv los ntawm arquebus. Rau 11 hnub, Fushimi staunchly tiv thaiv nws tus kheej thiab tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv kev sib ntaus, yog tias tsis yog rau kev ua siab phem blackmail ntawm cov neeg nyob ze. Ib tug ntawm cov neeg nyob ze tau ntxeev siab rau nws lub tsev fuabtais, raws li Ishida Mitsunari hem tias yuav muab nws tsev neeg, uas tau raug ntes ua ntej.

Tus neeg ntxeev siab tau tswj xyuas qhov hluav taws kub thiab rhuav tshem lub pej thuam thiab ib ntu ntawm phab ntsa.

Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Fushimi. Source: S. Turnbull "Japanese Castles"

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub tsev fuabtais raug coj mus, txawm hais tias Torii Mototada txuas ntxiv tawm tsam yuav luag rau cov tub rog kawg. Nws coj kev tawm tsam, ib qho tom qab, kom txog thaum nws tsuas muaj kaum tus txiv neej sab laug.

Torii muaj ib qho kawg ua - kom tuag nrog kev hwm los ntawm kev ua seppuku. Tab sis tus yeeb ncuab maj nrawm rau nws - samurai Saiga Shigetomo, uas yuav coj lwm tus yeeb ncuab lub taub hau. Torii muab nws lub npe, thiab tawm ntawm kev hwm rau Shigetomo, nws nres, tso cai rau tus thawj coj ntawm Fushimi tiv thaiv kom ua tiav kev tua neeg. Tsuas yog thaum ntawd nws thiaj txiav Mototad lub taub hau.

Mitsunari coj lub tsev fuabtais no, tab sis poob 3 txhiab tus neeg nyob rau hauv nws, thaum Tokugawa tau txais sijhawm los sau nws cov tub rog. Tsis ntev, nws cov tub rog tau kov yeej cov tub rog uas tsis muaj zog ntawm Mitsunari, thiab tom qab Tokugawa tau los ua tus kav Nyij Pooj.

Tokugawa Ieyasu. Tau qhov twg los: ru.wikipedia.org

Lub Fushimi Defense yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev tawm tsam luv luv. Cov tub rog loj tuaj yeem ua qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los coj ib lub fortress, thiab cov phiaj xwm zoo li no tau siv sijhawm ntau lub hlis lossis ntau xyoo.

Ua ntej txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm pob zeb fortification nyob rau hauv lub 16th thiab 17th centuries. txhua yam yog yooj yim: cov besiegers feem ntau stormed lub rooj vag los yog phab ntsa ncaj qha nyob rau hauv lub hauv pliaj, sim ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov mus tua hluav taws rau cov ntoo fortifications nrog incendiary xub los yog lwm yam combustible cov ntaub ntawv. nkaum tom qab ntoo lossis xyoob thaiv thaiv, cov tub rog tau mus rau kev tawm tsam, teeb tsa cov ntaiv thiab sim nce phab ntsa.

Nrog pob zeb fortifications, txhua yam tau ua nyuaj (thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev siv cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm siege - tua hluav taws). Samurai tau kawm mus tsis tau tsuas yog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tes, tab sis kuj rau kev ua kom yuam kev.

Lub fortresses nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm ntxiab - protruding stakes khawb nyob rau hauv nrog ntse xyoob stalks thiab hlau pos (ib tug analogue ntawm Lavxias teb sab "qej"). Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm sieges, nws yog tsim nyog tsis tsuas yog los xyuas kom meej ntau tus lej superiority, tab sis kuj yuav tsum tau ntse thiab nquag siv engineering.

Siege yees, khawb thiab mining, xiab ntawm cov neeg nyob ntawm lub besieged, systematic sieges nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav thaiv lub tsev fuabtais thiab coj nws los ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis, kua thiab tshuaj lom ntawm cov dej hauv lub fortress, thiab lwm yam.

Yog tsis muaj kev dag ntxias, qee qhov ntawm cov xauv yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem kov yeej. Nyob rau hauv 1614, 20 txhiab Tokugawa warriors tsis tuaj yeem nqa Osaka, uas tau tiv thaiv los ntawm ib tug me me garrison. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los xaus kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb, nyob rau hauv uas tus kav Osaka Toyotomi Hideyori tau pom zoo los sau cov kwj deg sab nraud. Thaum nws ua li no, tus yeeb ncuab, ntawm chav kawm, nyob ntawm lub rooj vag dua. Lub sijhawm no, lub tsev fuabtais raug coj mus, thiab Toyotomi Hideyori thiab nws niam tau tua tus kheej. Lawv tsev neeg tau poob rau hauv keeb kwm.

Kev tiv thaiv ntawm Osaka. Source: Pinterest

Kato Kiyomasa (1561 - 1611), lub npe hu ua "dab ntxwg nyoog-tus thawj coj", kuj tau coj lub fortresses nrog nws lub siab. Thaum tsim nyog, nws muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab thaum hmo ntuj kom txiav cov stalks ntawm nplej nyob rau hauv lub teb thiab sau tus yeeb ncuab lub ditch nrog khi sheaves - thaum sawv ntxov nws cov tub rog twb nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa. Hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej, nws tau tsim "lub plhaub tortoise" - lub laub npog nrog cov tawv tawv qhuav.

Samurai nyob rau hauv "plhaub" crept mus rau lub fortress, dismantled ib seem ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab ces tsoo mus rau hauv qhov txhaum cai.

Kato Kev. Tau qhov twg los: ru.wikipedia.org

Toyotomi Hideyoshi tau nto moo rau nws txoj kev txawj ntse zoo thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm Takamatsu tsev fuabtais xyoo 1582. Tus thawj coj pom tias lub fortress nyob rau hauv cov lowlands ze tus dej Asimori. Los ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim, ib lub pas dej tau tsim 4 km deb, thiab cov dej ntws tau hloov mus rau nws. Tom qab ntawd, lub pas dej tauv raug rhuav tshem, thiab Takamatsu Tsev fuabtais raug dej nyab. Lub garrison ntshai heev uas nws surrendered rau Hideyoshi lub siab nyiam.

Siege ntawm Takamatsu. Tau qhov twg los: sengoku.ru

Dej nyab ntawm Takamatsu. Tau qhov twg los: flashbak.com

Nyob rau hauv 1620s. Kev tsim kho vaj tse nyob hauv Nyij Pooj tau nres. Feudal fragmentation thiab kev tsov kev rog tau dhau mus, thiab cov fortresses poob lawv qhov tseem ceeb. Qee qhov chaw ruaj khov raug rhuav tshem, thiab cov shogun txwv tsis pub tsim cov tshiab - yog li daimyo ntawm lub koom haum Nyij Pooj yuav tsis muaj lub siab xav coj cov qub thiab rhuav tshem kev nom kev tswv kev sib sau ua tiav nrog ntshav.

Qhov kev txwv no yog qhov pov thawj zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm pob zeb castles nyob rau hauv Japanese tub rog kos duab.

Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev fuabtais Nyij Pooj, pom tias yog lub cim ntawm kev ua tsis ncaj ncees feudalism thiab samurai era, raug rhuav tshem nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob kuj coj kev puas tsuaj (piv txwv li, lub tsev fuabtais hauv Hiroshima raug rhuav tshem los ntawm lub foob pob atomic, tom qab ntawd rov qab los). Ntau tshaj 50 Japanese fortresses ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Niaj Hnub Nyoog tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no.